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Nutritional Disorder

Nutritional disorders arise from inadequate nutrient intake, absorption issues, or overconsumption, leading to conditions like obesity and anemia. Common disorders include protein-energy malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, and iodine deficiency, which can severely impact growth and health, particularly in children. Specific conditions such as marasmus and kwashiorkor illustrate the effects of malnutrition, while deficiencies in vitamins and minerals can lead to various health complications.

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Nutritional Disorder

Nutritional disorders arise from inadequate nutrient intake, absorption issues, or overconsumption, leading to conditions like obesity and anemia. Common disorders include protein-energy malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, and iodine deficiency, which can severely impact growth and health, particularly in children. Specific conditions such as marasmus and kwashiorkor illustrate the effects of malnutrition, while deficiencies in vitamins and minerals can lead to various health complications.

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mahendrasevda9929
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dr.

Rajendra Singh
Hort. 322(Principles of Food Science and Nutritions)

Nutritional disorders
Nutritional Disorder is the disorder caused by an insufficient
intake of food or of certain nutrients, by an inability of the body
to absorb and use nutrients, or by overconsumption of certain
foods. In other words Nutritional Disorder is nutritional
imbalance which is due to either over nutrition or under
nutrition. It may cause by the presence of a toxin in the diet.
Deficiency of specific nutrients is commonly associated with a
disorder of the digestive system, such as coeliac disease,
Crohn’s disease, or pernicious anaemia (see anaemia,
megaloblastic).Naturally occurring toxins can interfere with the
digestion, absorption, and/or utilization of nutrients, or can
cause specific disorders due to their toxic effects. Protein
malnutrition in children causes impaired myelin development.
Examples of nutrition disorder include obesity caused by excess
energy intake, anemia caused by insufficient intake of iron, and
impaired sight because of inadequate intake of vitamin A.
Nutritional nervous system disorder include vitamin deficiency
especially vitamin B group. Nutrition disorders can affect
particularly to children, because they interfere with growth and
development, and may cause serious health problems, such as
infection and chronic disease. The common nutritional
disorders are as follows:
• Protein–energy malnutrition (PEM)

• Vitamin A deficiency (VAD)

• Iron Deficiency

• Vitamin B complex Deficiency


• Iodine deficiency

Protein - energy malnutrition (PEM)


• Protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) or protein–calorie
malnutrition refers to a form of malnutrition where there is
inadequate calorie or protein intake.
Types include:

• Kwashiorkor (protein malnutrition predominant)

• Marasmus (deficiency in calorie intake)

• Marasmic Kwashiorkor (marked protein deficiency and


marked calorie insufficiency signs present, sometimes referred
to as the most severe form of malnutrition)
Marasmus

• Marasmus is a form of severe malnutrition characterized by


energy deficiency. A child with marasmus looks emaciated.

• Body weight is reduced to less than 60% of the normal


(expected) body weight for the age.

• Marasmus occurrence increases prior to age 1


Clinical Manifestations:
1. Wasting
2. Muscle wasting
3. Growth retardation
4. Mental changes
5. No edema
6. Variable-subnormal temp,
slow PR, good appetite,
often w/diarrhea, etc
Kwashiorkor

• Kwashiorkor occurrence increases after 18 months.

• Marasmus can be distinguished from kwashiorkor in that


kwashiorkor is protein deficiency with adequate energy
intake.
Clinical Manifestations:

A. Diagnostic Signs
1. Edema
2. Muscle wasting
3. Psychomotor changes

B. Common Signs
1. Hair changes
2. Diffuse depigmentation of skin
3. Moon face
4. Anemia
Vitamin A deficiency
• Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a lack of vitamin A in
humans.
• It is common in poorer countries but rarely seen in more
developed countries.
• Nyctalopia (night blindness) is one of the first signs of VAD.
• Xerophthalmia,
• Keratomalacia, and
• Complete blindness
• Can also occur since Vitamin A has a major role in
phototransduction.
Iron deficiency anemia symptoms
Anemia that comes on quickly often has greater symptoms
which may include:
• confusion,
• feeling like one is going to pass out
• increased thirst.
• There needs to be significant anemia before a person becomes
noticeably pale.
• There may be additional symptoms depending on the
underlying cause.
Iron deficiency anemia symptoms
• Easy fatigue and loss of energy
• Unusually rapid heart beat, particularly with exercise
• Shortness of breath and headache, particularly with exercise
• Difficulty concentrating
• Dizziness
• Pale skin
• Leg cramps
• Insomnia
Vitamin B complex Deficiency
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine):
• Deficiency causes beriberi. Symptoms of this disease of the
nervous system include weight loss, emotional disturbances,

• Wernicke's encephalopathy (impaired sensory perception),


weakness and pain in the limbs, periods ofirregular heartbeat,
and edema (swelling of bodily tissues).

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin):

Deficiency causes ariboflavinosis. Symptoms may include


• cheilosis (cracks in the lips), high sensitivity to sunlight,

• angular cheilitis, glossitis (inflammation of the tongue),

• seborrheic dermatitis or

Vitamin B complex Deficiency

Vitamin B3 (Niacin):
Deficiency,along with a deficiency of tryptophan causes
pellagra.
Symptoms include
• aggression
• dermatitis
• insomnia
• weakness
• mental confusion
• diarrhea
• In advanced cases, pellagra may lead to dementia and death
(the 3(+1) Ds: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death).

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)


• Deficiency can result in acne and paresthesia, although it is
uncommon.

• Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin)

• The classic clinical syndrome for vitamin B6 deficiency is a

• seborrhoeic dermatitis-like eruption


Vitamin B7 (Biotin):

• Deficiency does not typically cause symptoms in adults but


may lead to impaired growth and neurological disorders in
infants.

Vitamin B9 (Folic acid):

• Deficiency results in a macrocytic anemia, and elevated


levels of homocysteine.

• Deficiency in pregnant women can lead to birth defects.


• Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
• Deficiency results in a macrocytic anemia, pernicious
anemia elevated homocysteine, peripheral neuropathy,
memory loss and other cognitive deficits.
Iodine deficiency

• Iodine deficiency is a lack of the trace element iodine.

• It may result in goiter (so-called endemic goiter), as well as


cretinism.

• Which results in developmental delays and other health


problems.

• Iodine deficiency is an important public health issue as it is a


preventable cause of intellectual disability.

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