vv Communication can be defined as the exchange of information between two or more bodies. In today’s world, exchange of information is not only between people, but also information exchange also takes place between machines or systems. For instance Data services like Social Media — Direct Message (DM), Instant Message (IM), SMS Text Messaging, Email Marketing, Blogging, Voice Calling, Video Chat and web browsing are some of the examples of communication. 14.1 Communication Channels: The communication channel is the medium chosen by the sender (transmitter) for the transmission of the signal to the receiver. Communication channel Signal Signal transmitted received In any communication system, channels are the vital part. They may be used on land, sea or even in space. The Communication channel can be broadly classified into two categories- Cable and Broadcast. These categories are further divided into its following main components. Cable: ____ Twisted Pair Cable ~~ Coaxial Pair Cable —~ Optical Fibre Cable Broadeca: ____ Radio or Infrared link _____ Microwave link ___ Satellite Fig: 14.1 Telephone, telegraph, and power lines over the streets of New York City during the Great Blizzard of 1888.Twisted-Pair Cable: Twisted -pair cable was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1881. It becomes widely used for telephone communication and as well as in Ethernet (joining two computers) networks. Two conducting wires are twisted forming a circuit that can transmit data and to prevent various signal interference. There are two types of Twisted-pair cable: Shielded Twisted -pair cable (STP) and Unshielded Twisted-pairs cable (UTP). STP is used to provide protection against crosstalk, noise and electromagnetic __ interference. However, UTP is used in Ethernet Installation Coaxial Cable: The concept of Coaxial cable was given by an English Physicist and Mathematician Oliver Heariside in 1880. It consists of a copper core surrounded by an inner dielectric insulator which is then surrounded by woven copper shield. Covering this shield is the insulating & jacket. In this way it has two insulating and two conducting materials act simultaneously. Optical Fiber: Fiber optics sends information coded in a beam of light down a glass or plastic pipe. It works on the principle of total internal reflection. A fiber-optic cable is made up of incredibly thin strands of glass or plastic known as optical fibers; one cable can have as few as two strands or as many as several hundred. Each stra~ less than a tenth as thick as a human hair and can carry something like 25,000 telephone calls, so an entire fiber- optic cable can easily carry several million calls. The optical fibre is consist of fibre core wrapped by cladding, coating, buffer, strength members and finally surrounded by outer insulating jacket as shown in figure.14.5 Radio Waves: Radio waves as already discussed in chapter 13, are the lowest-energy, lowest-frequency and longest-wavelength - : electromagnetic waves, In communication of radio wave. aa. the emission of electromagnetic waves takes place by the transmitter antenna at one place and reached the receiving Fig: 14.6 Modes of radio antenna at the other place after travelling through the waves propagation space. Propagation of Radio Waves: The three modes for radio waves propagation are: 1. Ground Wave or Surface Wave Propagation: The radio waves propagate over the earth's surface from transmitting antenna to receiving antenna in low and medium frequencies up to 2 MHz are called Ground waves. These are used for local broad casting. 2. Sky Wave Propagation: Sky Wave propagation, also called ionospheric propagation, It is either the reflected or refracted to the earth from the ionosphere It is suitable for frequency between 2 MHz to 30 MHz and used for long distance radio communication. 3. Space Wave Propagation: These waves are suitable for 30 MHz to 300 MHz and used in television communication and radar communication. It is also called line of sight communication as these waves travel straight from transmitting antenna to receiving antenna. Microwaves: Electromagnetic waves having frequency range from 1 to 300 GHz are known as microwaves .They can be used to transmit signals over large distances through the space without the use of cable. As microwave signals cannot pass obstacles like hill, the transmitter and receiver should be in a line of sight. Microwaves are broadly used for point-to-point communications as their small wavelength permits suitably-sized antennas to direct them vee Si in 0 Fig: 14.7 A Microwave Link in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna, In radar, microwave communication is used to locate the flying objects in space.Satellite Communication: Satellites are used for larger distance communication which revolves around the earth in elliptical orbits. Watching the Cricket match of a world cup from 7 anywhere in the world friends would have been impossible without this. A communication satellite is an artificial satellite that transmits the signal via a » ranamit Antenna transponder by creating a Channel between the transmitter and the receiver located at Destination Ground different locations on the Earth. They have "™"stng.crewn Suton a wide range of applications like radio, Fig: 14.8 Satellite Communication navigation, military, atmospheric conditions, crop monitoring, etc. Hence, satellites have become an integral part of our daily life. 14.1.2. Merits of Channel of Communication: ET Twisted Wire Pair: Easy to implement and low cost for short distances. Breakage in a segment doesn't affect the whole network. Less vulnerable to interference. Coaxial Cable: Suitable for analog and digital data transmission, higher bandwidth, and cost-effective compared to fiber optic cables. Optical Fiber: High bandwidth and speed, cost-effective for long distances, and minimal signal loss compared to copper wires. Microwave Radio Systems; Transmit large data volumes over long distances without physical cables, using repeaters. Lower construction costs than other transmission methods. Satellite Communication is versatile and location-independent, providing mobile and wireless communication. A single satellite can cover wide areas, entire countries, or regions. It is easy to install and manage ground stations. Used for audio, data, video, internet, and GPS applications, it has various uses like forecasting, broadcasting, military intelligence, navigation, global mobile communication, and connecting remote areas...Amplitude Modulation: It is the type of modulation in which the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in proportion to the message signal whereas the frequency and phase of the carrier are constant. Television Broadcast is an example of AM. Expression for Amplitude Modulated Wave: We have carrier wave and modulating signal, m(t}=AnsinOmt and c(t}=A.sine.t} wl m(t) = modulating signal and c(t) = carrier wave. Amand A, are Amplitude of modulating signal and carrier wave respectively in Amplitud modulation. Amplitude~ modulated wave C,.(t) will be Ca(t) = (Ac + Am SiN @mt) sin Met am This is the general form of amplitude modulated wave. Where, A=A¢ + Am SiN @mt = Amplitude of the modulated wave sin wet = Phase of modulated wave Amplitude Ca(t)=Ac(1+AmAcSinOmt)sinoct =A.sinat+AwAc Asin@ntsinoct Where, Tem AqwA=p=modulation index Cm (t) = Ac sin@et + Aqusin@mtsinot Amplitude (Carrier Signal Message Signal Frequency Modulation: It is the type of modulation in which the frequency of the carrier signal varies in proportion to the message signal and the amplitude of a carrier wave remains constant. Cellular communication is an example of FM. a Amplitude Frequency Modulated Signal Fig: 14.11 Frequency Modulation Expression for Frequency Modulated Wave: ‘As we know from amplitude modulation, we need two sine (or) cosine waves for modulation. m(t) = Am cos (at) and c(t) = Ac cos (wt) .... or m(t) = Am cos (27 fit) and o(t) = Ac cos (2nf.t) Then frequency modulated wave will be; fis(t) = fe + K Am COS (27 fin t ) eesvesseeee fm (t) = fe +k m(t) Where, fm(t) = is frequency modulated wave f. — frequency of the carrier wave m(t) > modulating signal and k — proportionality constant.Advantages of AM (Amplitude Modulation); 1, Simplicity: AM modulation is relatively simple to implement, making it cost-effective and widely used in broadcasting. 2. Efficient use of bandwidth: AM occupies a narrower bandwidth compared to FM, making it suitable for long-range communication and more efficient use of available frequencies. 3. Compatibility: AM receivers can pick up weak signals, making it suitable for reception in areas with weaker signals or during atmospheric disturbances. 4. Immunity to sudden interference: AM signals are less affected by sudden noise or interference, allowing for clearer reception during temporary disturbances. Advantages of FM (Frequency Modulation); 1, Better sound quality; FM provides better sound quality compared to AM, making it ideal for broadcasting music and high-fidelity audio, 2. Noise immunity: FM is less susceptible to noise and static interference, resulting in clearer and more consistent reception. 3. Wider frequency range: FM has a wider frequency range, allowing for more channels and better transmission of stereo signals. 4. Higher signal-to-noise ratio: FM provides a higher signal-to-noise ratio, enhancing the overall signal quality and reducing the impact of background noise. In summary, AM is advantageous for simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and long-range communication, while FM offers superior sound quality, noise immunity, and a wider frequency range, making it suitable for broadcasting high-quality audio and music. The choice between AM and FM depends on the specific requirements and objectives of the communication system or broadcasting application.