##[5902]-43

**S.Y. B.Sc. (Computer Science) – MTC-241: Computational Geometry (2019 Pattern)

**Time:** 2 Hours

**Max. Marks:** 35

### Q1) Attempt any Five of the following:

**[5 × 2 = 10]**

**a) Find homogenous co-ordinate of point A =[1].**

- The homogeneous coordinates of a point $$(x, y)$$ are $$[x, y, 1]$$.

- So, for $$A = [1,$, the homogeneous coordinates are **[1][1]**.

**b) If Area of $$\triangle ABC = 5$$ sq. units is reflected through $$y = x$$ line, find Area of
transformed object.**

- Reflection is an isometric transformation; it preserves area.

- **Area remains 5 sq. units.**

**c) Find Foreshortening factor $$f_y$$ of the transformation Matrix for Axonometric
projection:**
$$

T = \begin{bmatrix}

0.5 & 0.43 & 0 & 0 \\

0 & 0.86 & 0 & 0 \\

0.86 & 0.25 & 0 & 0 \\

0.58 & 0.75 & 0 & 1

\end{bmatrix}

$$

- The foreshortening factor $$f_y$$ is the scaling factor for the $$y$$-axis.

- From the matrix, $$f_y = 0.86$$ (from the $$T_{2,2}$$ entry).

**d) Find direction cosines of the plane $$x + y + z = 0$$.**

- The normal vector to the plane is $$[1][1][1]$$.

- Direction cosines are:

$$

L = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \quad m = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \quad n = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}

$$

**e) Write types of all Axonometric parallel projections.**

- **Isometric**
- **Dimetric**

- **Trimetric**

**f) Define projection in three-Dimensional space.**

- **Projection** is a mapping of points from 3D space onto a 2D plane by lines

**g) Find Initial point of part of circle $$x^2 + y^2 = 16$$ in second quadrant.**

- The circle has center $$(0,0)$$, radius 4.

- In the second quadrant, $$x 0$$.

- At the intersection with the positive $$y$$-axis: $$x = 0$$, $$y = 4$$.

- At the intersection with the negative $$x$$-axis: $$x = -4$$, $$y = 0$$.

- The initial point (starting from the positive $$y$$-axis, counterclockwise) is **(0, 4)**.

### Q2) Attempt any three of the following:

**[3 × 5 = 15]**

**a) Show that the $$2 \times 2$$ matrix**

$$
T = \begin{bmatrix}

\cos t & -\sin t \\

\sin t & \cos t

\end{bmatrix}

$$

**represents pure rotation in 2D space.**

- A pure rotation matrix in 2D is:

$$

R(\theta) = \begin{bmatrix}

\cos \theta & -\sin \theta \\

\sin \theta & \cos \theta

\end{bmatrix}

$$

- The given matrix matches this form with $$t$$ as the angle of rotation.

- **Thus, $$T$$ represents a rotation by angle $$t$$ about the origin.**

**b) If circle $$(x –1)^2 + (y + 1)^2 = 9$$ is translated by 2 units in $$X$$-direction and 3
units in $$Y$$-direction, find centre of transformed circle.**

- Original center: $$(1, -1)$$.

- After translation: $$(1+2, -1+3) = (3, 2)$$.

**c) Find concatenated transformation matrix for:**

- First, shearing in Y-direction proportional to $$x$$ and $$z$$ with 1 and 3 units,
respectively.

- Then, reflection through $$xz$$ plane ($$y = 0$$ plane).

**Step 1: Shearing in Y-direction:**

$$

S = \begin{bmatrix}

1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\

1 & 1 & 3 & 0 \\

0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\

0&0&0&1

\end{bmatrix}

$$

**Step 2: Reflection through $$xz$$ plane:**

$$

R = \begin{bmatrix}

1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\

0 & -1 & 0 & 0 \\

0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\

\end{bmatrix}

$$

**Concatenated matrix: $$T = R \cdot S$$:**

$$

T = \begin{bmatrix}

1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\

-1 & -1 & -3 & 0 \\

0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\

0&0&0&1

\end{bmatrix}

$$

**d) Obtain transformation matrix to Reflect the object through plane $$x = -2$$.**

- Reflection about $$x = -2$$:

- Translate by $$+2$$ to origin, reflect about $$x = 0$$, translate by $$-2$$ back.

$$

T = T_{-2} \cdot R_{x=0} \cdot T_{+2}

$$

Where:
$$

T_{+2} = \begin{bmatrix}

1 & 0 & 0 & 2 \\

0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\

0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\

0&0&0&1

\end{bmatrix}

$$

$$

R_{x=0} = \begin{bmatrix}

-1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\

0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\

0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\

0&0&0&1

\end{bmatrix}

$$

$$

T_{-2} = \begin{bmatrix}

1 & 0 & 0 & -2 \\

0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\

0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\

0&0&0&1

\end{bmatrix}
$$

Multiply:

$$

T = \begin{bmatrix}

-1 & 0 & 0 & -4 \\

0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\

0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\

0&0&0&1

\end{bmatrix}

$$

**e) Develop the bottom view of the line segment $$AB$$ where $$A = [0, 0,nd $$B
=[1][1]$$.**

- Bottom view is projection onto the $$xy$$-plane ($$z = 0$$).

- Project $$A$$ and $$B$$ onto $$z = 0$$:

- $$A’ = (0, 0, 0)$$

- $$B’ = (1, 0, 0)$$

- So, **bottom view is the segment from (0, 0) to (1, 0) in the $$xy$$-plane**.
### Q3) Attempt any one of the following:

**[1 × 10 = 10]**

**a) Find the parametric equation of Bézier curve determined by four control points $$B_0
[0,1, B_2, B_3 [2,Also, find position vectors for $$t = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6$$.**

**General cubic Bézier curve:**

$$

B(t) = (1-t)^3 B_0 + 3(1-t)^2 t B_1 + 3(1-t)t^2 B_2 + t^3 B_3, \quad t \in[1]

$$

Let’s compute for each $$t$$:

**For $$t = 0.2$$:**

$$

B(0.2) = (0.8)^3 + 3(0.8)^2(0.2) + 3(0.8)(0.2)^2 + (0.2)^3

$$

$$

= 0.512 + 0.384 + 0.096 + 0.008

$$

$$

= [0, 1.024] + [0.768, 1.152] + [0.288, 0.192] + [0.016, 0]

$$

$$
= [0.768 + 0.288 + 0.016, 1.024 + 1.152 + 0.192 + 0]

$$

$$

= [1.072, 2.368]

$$

**For $$t = 0.4$$:**

$$

B(0.4) = (0.6)^3 + 3(0.6)^2(0.4) + 3(0.6)(0.4)^2 + (0.4)^3

$$

$$

= 0.216 + 0.432 + 0.288 + 0.064

$$

$$

= [0, 0.432] + [0.864, 1.296] + [0.864, 0.576] + [0.128, 0]

$$

$$

= [0.864 + 0.864 + 0.128, 0.432 + 1.296 + 0.576 + 0]

$$

$$

= [1.856, 2.304]

$$

**For $$t = 0.6$$:**

B(0.6) = (0.4)^3 + 3(0.4)^2(0.6) + 3(0.4)(0.6)^2 + (0.6)^3

$$

$$

= 0.064 + 0.288 + 0.432 + 0.216

$$

$$

= [0, 0.128] + [0.576, 0.864] + [1.296, 0.864] + [0.432, 0]

$$

$$

= [0.576 + 1.296 + 0.432, 0.128 + 0.864 + 0.864 + 0]

$$

$$

= [2.304, 1.856]

$$

**Summary:**

| $$t$$ | Position Vector |

| 0.2 | [1.072, 2.368] |

| 0.4 | [1.856, 2.304] |

| 0.6 | [2.304, 1.856] |

- Circle center: (0,0), radius = 6.

- Second quadrant: $$x 0$$.

- Angles for three equispaced points in second quadrant: $$120^\circ, 135^\circ,

$$

(x, y) = (6\cos\theta, 6\sin\theta)

$$

- For $$\theta = 120^\circ$$: $$(-3, 5.196)$$

- For $$\theta = 135^\circ$$: $$(-4.243, 4.243)$$

- For $$\theta = 150^\circ$$: $$(-5.196, 3)$$

**Points:**

$$

(-3, 5.196),\ (-4.243, 4.243),\ (-5.196, 3)

$$

**(ii) Write the transformation matrix for dimetric projection with $$3zf(0,0)$$.**

- In dimetric projection, two axes have equal foreshortening, the third is different.

- The transformation matrix depends on the chosen angles; for standard dimetric
projection, typical angles are $$\theta = 42^\circ$$, $$\phi = 7^\circ$$.
- The matrix form is:

$$

P = \begin{bmatrix}

F_x & 0 & 0 & 0 \\

0 & f_y & 0 & 0 \\

0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\

0&0&0&1

\end{bmatrix}

$$

- Where $$f_x, f_y$$ are the foreshortening factors for the axes. For specific values,
substitute the actual angles.

**End of Solutions.**