Here are MCQs, Short and Long Q&A questions based on the topics in the image you sent:

Computer Science XII - C Language Exam Questions

Note: These questions are designed based on the syllabus provided in the image.

I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Topic 1: Introduction and history of C language

1.​ Which decade was C language developed in?​

a) 1960s​
b) 1970s​
c) 1980s​
d) 1990s​
Answer: b) 1970s
2.​ C language was developed at:​
a) Microsoft Corporation​
b) Google​
c) Bell Laboratories​
d) IBM​
Answer: c) Bell Laboratories
3.​ C is considered a ______ level language.​
a) High​
b) Low​
c) Middle​
d) Machine​
Answer: c) Middle

Topic 2: Basic Structure/Block structure of C program

1.​ Which stage is the preprocessor directive processed in?​

a) Compilation​
b) Linking​
c) Execution​
d) Preprocessing​
Answer: d) Preprocessing
2.​ What is the entry point of a C program?​
a) start()​
b) main()​
c) program()​
d) init()​
Answer: b) main()
3.​ Which symbols are used to enclose the body of the main() function?​
a) ()​
b) {}​
c) []​
d) <>​
Answer: b) {}

Topic 3: Explain (Variables, Identifiers, Token, Constant)

1.​ Which of the following is NOT a valid identifier in C?​

a) _variable​
b) variable_1​
c) 1variable​
d) variable​
Answer: c) 1variable
2.​ A keyword in C is a:​
a) User-defined word​
 b) Predefined word with special meaning​
c) Variable name​
d) Constant​
Answer: b) Predefined word with special meaning
3.​ Which of the following is a constant in C?​
a) int age;​
b) const float PI = 3.14;​
c) char name[20];​
d) void function();​
Answer: b) const float PI = 3.14;

Topic 4: Data types with sizes

1.​ What is the size of an int data type in a typical 32-bit C compiler?​
a) 1 byte​
b) 2 bytes​
c) 4 bytes​
d) 8 bytes​
Answer: c) 4 bytes (Note: Size can vary depending on the compiler and architecture)
2.​ Which data type is used to store character values?​
a) int​
b) float​
c) char​
d) string​
Answer: c) char
3.​ Which data type is used to store floating-point numbers?​
a) int​
b) char​
c) double​
d) string​
Answer: c) double (or float)

Topic 5: Operators and its usages

1.​ Which operator is used for assignment in C?​

a) ==​
b) =​
c) +​
d) *​
Answer: b) =
2.​ Which operator is used for logical AND?​
a) &​
b) |​
c) &&​
d) ||​
Answer: c) &&
3.​ What is the operator % used for in C?​
a) Division​
b) Modulus (remainder)​
c) Percentage​
d) Multiplication​
Answer: b) Modulus (remainder)

Topic 6: Control structures - Selection/Decision making Structure

1.​ Which control structure is used for decision making in C?​

a) for loop​
b) while loop​
c) if-else statement​
 d) do-while loop​
Answer: c) if-else statement
2.​ Which statement is used to execute one block of code from multiple blocks based
on a condition?​
a) for​
b) while​
c) if-else if-else​
d) do-while​
Answer: c) if-else if-else
3.​ Which statement allows you to choose one option from several choices?​
a) if​
b) switch​
c) while​
d) for​
Answer: b) switch

Topic 6: Control structures - Iterative Structure

1.​ Which loop is an entry-controlled loop?​

a) do-while​
b) for​
c) while​
d) Both for and while​
Answer: d) Both for and while
2.​ Which loop is an exit-controlled loop?​
a) for​
b) while​
c) do-while​
d) if​
Answer: c) do-while

Topic 6: Control structures - Unconditional

1.​ Which keyword is used to terminate the loop or switch statement immediately?​
a) continue​
b) return​
c) break​
d) goto​
Answer: c) break
2.​ Which keyword is used to skip the current iteration and proceed to the next
iteration of a loop?​
a) break​
b) return​
c) continue​
d) goto​
Answer: c) continue
3.​ Which keyword is used to transfer control to a labeled statement?​
a) break​
b) return​
c) continue​
d) goto​
Answer: d) goto

Topic 7: Functions - System define/Predefine function

1.​ printf() is an example of a:​

a) User-defined function​
b) System-defined function​
c) Main function​
 d) Recursive function​
Answer: b) System-defined function
2.​ Which header file is required to use the printf() function?​
a) stdio.h​
b) conio.h​
c) math.h​
d) string.h​
Answer: a) stdio.h

Topic 7: Functions - User define functions

1.​ What is the process of creating a function called?​

a) Function calling​
b) Function declaration​
c) Function definition​
d) Function prototype​
Answer: c) Function definition
2.​ What is the process of invoking a function called?​
a) Function definition​
b) Function declaration​
c) Function calling​
d) Function prototype​
Answer: c) Function calling

Topic 8: Array and Strings - Array declaration, Initialization, 2D Array

1.​ How do you declare an integer array of size 5 named numbers?​

a) int numbers;​
b) int numbers[5];​
c) array numbers[5];​
d) int array numbers[5];​
Answer: b) int numbers[5];
2.​ How do you initialize an integer array arr of size 3 with values 1, 2, and 3?​
a) int arr = {1, 2, 3};​
b) int arr[] = {1, 2, 3};​
c) int arr[3] = {1, 2, 3};​
d) All of the above​
Answer: d) All of the above
3.​ How do you declare a 2D array of integers with 3 rows and 4 columns?​
a) int matrix[3][4];​
b) int matrix[3, 4];​
c) int matrix[][];​
d) int matrix[4][3];​
Answer: a) int matrix[3][4];

Topic 8: Array and Strings - String and few function of string

1.​ In C, a string is terminated by a:​

a) Space character​
b) Null character \0​
c) Newline character \n​
d) End of file​
Answer: b) Null character \0
2.​ Which function is used to read a string with spaces from the user?​
a) scanf()​
b) printf()​
c) gets()​
d) puts()​
Answer: c) gets()
 3.​ Which function is used to copy one string to another?​
a) strcat()​
b) strcmp()​
c) strcpy()​
d) strlen()​
Answer: c) strcpy()
4.​ Which function is used to compare two strings?​
a) strcat()​
b) strcmp()​
c) strcpy()​
d) strlen()​
Answer: b) strcmp()
5.​ Which function is used to concatenate (join) two strings?​
a) strcat()​
b) strcmp()​
c) strcpy()​
d) strlen()​
Answer: a) strcat()

Topic 9: Pointers

1.​ What does a pointer variable store?​

a) Value of a variable​
b) Data type of a variable​
c) Address of a variable​
d) Name of a variable​
Answer: c) Address of a variable
2.​ Which operator is used to get the address of a variable?​
a) *​
b) &​
c) ->​
d) .​
Answer: b) &
3.​ Which operator is used to access the value at the address pointed to by a pointer?​
a) &​
b) *​
c) ->​
d) .​
Answer: b) *

II. Short Question & Answers

Topic 1: Introduction and history of C language

1.​ What are the key features of the C language?

○​ Answer: Portability, efficiency, mid-level language, structured programming
language, rich set of built-in functions, extensibility.
2.​ Name at least two languages that were influenced by C.
○​ Answer: C++, Java, C#, Python, Perl, etc. (Any two will suffice)

Topic 2: Basic Structure/Block structure of C program

1.​ Explain the three stages of compiling a C program.

○​ Answer: Preprocessing (handling directives), Compilation (source code to
assembly code), Linking (combining object code and libraries to create
executable).
2.​ What is the role of header files in a C program? Give an example.
○​ Answer: Header files contain function declarations, macro definitions, and other
pre-written code that can be included in your program. Example: stdio.h for
standard input/output functions.
Topic 3: Explain (Variables, Identifiers, Token, Constant)

1.​ Differentiate between variables and constants in C.

○​ Answer: Variables are named storage locations that can hold values that can be
changed during program execution. Constants are fixed values that cannot be
changed during program execution.
2.​ What are tokens in C? List different types of tokens.
○​ Answer: Tokens are the smallest individual units in a C program. Types:
Keywords, Identifiers, Constants, Strings, Special symbols, Operators.

Topic 4: Data types with sizes

1.​ List the basic data types in C along with their typical sizes.
○​ Answer: int (typically 4 bytes), char (1 byte), float (4 bytes), double (8 bytes), void
(0 bytes). (Sizes may vary based on the system).
2.​ What is the difference between float and double data types?
○​ Answer: Both are for floating-point numbers. double provides higher precision
and a larger range than float. double typically uses 8 bytes, while float uses 4
bytes.

Topic 5: Operators and its usages

1.​ Explain the difference between logical AND (&&) and bitwise AND (&) operators.
○​ Answer: Logical AND (&&) operates on boolean values (true/false) and returns
true only if both operands are true. Bitwise AND (&) operates on individual bits of
integers.
2.​ List and briefly explain any three types of operators in C.
○​ Answer:
■​ Arithmetic Operators: (+, -, *, /, %) for mathematical operations.
■​ Relational Operators: (==, !=, >, <, >=, <=) for comparisons.
■​ Logical Operators: (&&, ||, !) for logical operations.
■​ Assignment Operators: (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=) for assigning values.
■​ Increment/Decrement Operators: (++ , --) to increase or decrease value
by 1.

Topic 6: Control structures - Selection/Decision making Structure

1.​ Explain the if-else if-else ladder with a simple example.

○​ Answer: Used for multi-way decision making. It checks conditions sequentially,
and executes the block associated with the first true condition. The else block
(optional) executes if none of the conditions are true. (Provide a simple code
example demonstrating its use).
2.​ When is the switch statement preferred over if-else if-else?
○​ Answer: When you need to choose one option from a set of discrete values for a
single variable. switch is more efficient and readable for such cases.

Topic 6: Control structures - Iterative Structure

1.​ Compare and contrast while and do-while loops.

○​ Answer: while loop is entry-controlled (condition checked before execution),
do-while loop is exit-controlled (condition checked after execution, loop executes
at least once).
2.​ Explain the syntax of a for loop and when it is typically used.
○​ Answer: Syntax: for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) { // loop body
}. Used when you know the number of iterations in advance or need to iterate a
specific number of times.

Topic 6: Control structures - Unconditional

1.​ Explain the use of break and continue statements within loops.
 ○​ Answer: break terminates the loop execution immediately and transfers control to
the statement after the loop. continue skips the current iteration of the loop and
proceeds to the next iteration.

Topic 7: Functions - System define/Predefine function

1.​ What are system-defined (predefined) functions? Give two examples.

○​ Answer: Functions that are built into the C library and are readily available for
use. Examples: printf(), scanf(), sqrt(), pow(), strlen(), etc.

Topic 7: Functions - User define functions

1.​ Explain the concept of function declaration, definition, and calling.

○​ Answer:
■​ Declaration: Informs the compiler about the function's name, return type,
and parameters (prototype).
■​ Definition: Contains the actual code or body of the function.
■​ Calling: Invoking the function from another part of the program to execute
its code.
2.​ What are the advantages of using user-defined functions?
○​ Answer: Code reusability, modularity, improved readability, easier debugging,
abstraction, and breaking down complex problems into smaller, manageable
parts.

Topic 8: Array and Strings - Array declaration, Initialization, 2D Array

1.​ What is an array? How is it declared and initialized in C?

○​ Answer: An array is a collection of elements of the same data type stored in
contiguous memory locations. Declaration: dataType arrayName[arraySize];
Initialization: dataType arrayName[arraySize] = {value1, value2, ...};
2.​ Explain the concept of a 2D array with a simple example.
○​ Answer: A 2D array is an array of arrays, organized in rows and columns. It's
used to represent tables or matrices. Example: int matrix[3][3]; (Explain how to
access elements using row and column indices).

Topic 8: Array and Strings - String and few function of string

1.​ What is a string in C? How is it represented?

○​ Answer: A string in C is an array of characters terminated by a null character (\0).
Represented as char stringName[size];
2.​ Explain the purpose and syntax of strcpy(), strcat(), and strlen() functions.
○​ Answer:
■​ strcpy(destination, source);: Copies string source to destination.
■​ strcat(destination, source);: Appends string source to the end of
destination.
■​ strlen(string);: Returns the length of the string (excluding the null
character). (Explain syntax and usage with brief examples).

Topic 9: Pointers

1.​ What is a pointer? How is it declared and initialized?

○​ Answer: A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another
variable. Declaration: dataType *pointerName; Initialization: pointerName =
&variableName; (Explain the * and & operators).
2.​ Explain the benefits of using pointers in C.
○​ Answer: Dynamic memory allocation, efficient data manipulation (especially with
arrays and strings), passing arguments by reference in functions, implementing
data structures like linked lists and trees.

III. Long Question & Answers

Topic 2: Basic Structure/Block structure of C program

1.​ Describe the basic structure of a C program with a detailed explanation of each
section. Include preprocessor directives, the main() function, and the importance
of delimiters/braces.
○​ Answer: (Provide a detailed explanation of each section of a C program structure.
Include:
■​ Preprocessor Directives: Explanation of #include, #define, etc., and
their role in preprocessing.
■​ Global Declarations: Variables declared outside main().
■​ main() function: Entry point, return type, function body.
■​ Local Declarations: Variables declared inside main().
■​ Executable statements: Code within main().
■​ Delimiters/Braces {}: Importance in defining code blocks and function
bodies.
■​ Illustrate with a simple example C program and label each section.)

Topic 6: Control structures

1.​ Discuss different types of control structures in C, explaining their purpose,

syntax, and providing suitable examples for each (Selection, Iteration, and
Unconditional).
○​ Answer: (Explain each category of control structures with details and examples:
■​ Selection/Decision Making: if, if-else, if-else if-else, switch-case. Explain
syntax, flow, and provide code examples for each.
■​ Iteration/Looping: for, while, do-while. Explain syntax, entry vs. exit
control, when to use each, and provide code examples for each.
■​ Unconditional Control: break, continue, goto, return. Explain their
purpose and usage within control flow with examples.)

Topic 7: Functions

1.​ Explain the concept of functions in C. Differentiate between system-defined and

user-defined functions. Describe the steps involved in creating and using
user-defined functions (declaration, definition, calling). Discuss the different
methods of user-defined functions (No arguments no return, arguments no return,
no arguments with return, arguments with return) with illustrative examples for
each method.
○​ Answer: (Comprehensive explanation of functions:
■​ Introduction to Functions: Definition, purpose, advantages.
■​ System-defined vs. User-defined: Difference and examples of each.
■​ User-defined Function Steps: Detailed explanation of declaration
(prototype), definition (function body), and calling (function invocation).
■​ Methods of User-defined Functions: Explain and provide code
examples for each of the four methods:
■​ No arguments and no return value (void return type, void
parameters).
■​ Arguments but no return value (void return type, parameters).
■​ No arguments but with return value (return type, void parameters,
return statement).
■​ Arguments and with return value (return type, parameters, return
statement).

Topic 8: Array and Strings

1.​ Explain arrays and strings in C. Describe how to declare, initialize, and access
array elements, including 2D arrays. Discuss common string manipulation
functions like gets(), puts(), strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp() with syntax and
examples of their usage.
○​ Answer: (Detailed explanation of arrays and strings:
 ■​ Arrays: Definition, declaration, initialization (different ways), accessing
elements using indices, concept of contiguous memory, advantages of
arrays.
■​ 2D Arrays: Declaration, initialization, accessing elements using row and
column indices, representation as matrices, examples of use cases.
■​ Strings: Definition, representation as char arrays, null termination,
declaration, initialization.
■​ String Manipulation Functions: Explain each function listed: gets(),
puts(), strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp(). For each function, provide:
■​ Purpose and functionality.
■​ Syntax.
■​ Example code demonstrating its use.)

Topic 9: Pointers

1.​ Explain pointers in C with examples. Discuss pointer declaration, initialization,

and dereferencing. Explain how pointers are related to arrays and demonstrate
pointer arithmetic. Discuss the advantages and potential pitfalls of using pointers.
○​ Answer: (In-depth explanation of pointers:
■​ Introduction to Pointers: Definition, purpose (memory addresses), need
for pointers.
■​ Pointer Declaration and Initialization: Syntax, data type association,
initialization with & operator, null pointers.
■​ Dereferencing Pointers: Using the * operator to access the value
pointed to by a pointer.
■​ Pointers and Arrays: Relationship between array names and pointers
(array name as a pointer to the first element), accessing array elements
using pointer arithmetic.
■​ Pointer Arithmetic: Explain addition, subtraction, increment, decrement
of pointers and how it relates to data type size.
■​ Advantages of Pointers: Dynamic memory allocation, efficiency,
function arguments by reference, data structures.
■​ Pitfalls of Pointers: Dangling pointers, memory leaks, segmentation
faults, importance of careful memory management.)

These questions cover the syllabus provided and are designed to test understanding at different
levels. Remember to study each topic thoroughly and practice coding to be well-prepared for
your exam. Good luck!