CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

 Introduction

Managing vehicle parking efficiently has become a growing challenge in urban areas
due to increasing population and vehicle density. Conventional parking methods are
often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to errors, leading to traffic congestion
and driver dissatisfaction. To address these issues, there is a pressing need for a smart
and automated approach to parking management.

This project presents a prototype model of a Smart Car Parking System based on
Arduino technology. The system is designed to demonstrate how sensors and
microcontrollers can be integrated to automate vehicle entry and exit, monitor parking
slot availability, and provide real-time updates to users via an LCD display. It uses IR
sensors to detect vehicle presence and ultrasonic sensors to measure slot occupancy,
while servo motors manage barrier control at entry and exit points.

As a prototype, this system serves as a proof of concept, showcasing the potential of

affordable hardware and simple algorithms in solving real-world parking problems.
Though developed on a small scale, the model is scalable and can be expanded for use
in larger or multi-level parking facilities. This project also opens up possibilities for
future enhancements such as mobile app integration, wireless communication, and
cloud-based monitoring for smart city applications.

1.1 Project Motivation

Urban areas are increasingly challenged by the lack of efficient parking solutions, which
results in traffic congestion, wasted fuel, and driver frustration. In response to the rising
demand for a smart parking system, your project—"Arduino Based Automatic Parking
System – Prototype" ()—aims to provide a digital solution that automates parking
management.

The system uses sensors and microcontrollers to guide drivers to available parking slots,
thereby saving time and reducing congestion. Parking issues have become increasingly
common in our country. Vehicles are often not parked properly within designated slots
due to the lack of a well-structured parking system. In situations where drivers fail to
find a vacant spot, vehicles are frequently left on the roadside, leading to narrower roads
and traffic congestion. Disagreements and even fights over parking spaces are sometimes
observed, as there is no way for drivers to know in advance whether a spot is available.
A considerable amount of time is wasted due to this inefficient system. Until now, no
effective smart technology has been introduced to tackle this problem. This project is
designed to bring a standardized and intelligent solution to parking management.

The automated car parking system is intended to make the process of parking vehicles
easier and more efficient compared to traditional methods. Better service and
convenience are provided to users through the use of this system.

In this system, the total number of vehicles present in the parking lot is counted

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automatically. Entry and exit points are monitored. As a vehicle enters, it is detected by
a sensor, and the current count is updated on a digital display. Similarly, when a vehicle
exits, the count is reduced and shown accordingly. If the parking area reaches full
capacity, a message indicating the same is displayed, preventing further entry.

This system is built using components like Arduino, sensors, and a display unit. The
sensors identify whether a vehicle is entering or leaving, and the corresponding data is
processed and displayed in real time.

By implementing this automated approach, traffic issues caused by improper parking

can be minimized, disputes over parking slots can be avoided, and time can be saved.
This project has the potential to introduce a smarter and more organized method for
managing parking in public or private lots.

1.2 Similar product

1. Arduino Automated Car Parking System

Overview:
This project utilizes an Arduino UNO, IR sensors, a servo motor, and an LED display to
manage parking slots. When a vehicle approaches, the system checks for available slots and
opens the gate if space is available.Cirkit Designer Tutorials
Image:

FIG1.1 Arduino Automated Car Parking System

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2. Arduino and RFID Based Smart Parking System
Overview:
This project integrates RFID technology with Arduino to control access to parking spots. Each
vehicle is assigned an RFID tag, and the system uses servo motors to manage individual gates
for each parking spot.Instructables
Image:

FIG1.2 Arduino and RFID Based Smart Parking System

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
In 2012, M. M. Rashid and colleagues conducted a study on an Automatic Parking
Management System with a focus on electronic fee collection through Number Plate
Recognition. The system utilized image processing techniques to identify vehicle
number plates, allowing for automated parking and payment transactions. The approach
involved extracting license plate data from vehicle images, segmenting characters, and
rearranging them for identification. (1)

An ultrasonic sensor is a device that detects obstacles by emitting ultrasound waves. In

2016, Ter-Feng Wu and his team in Taiwan published a study titled "Research and
Implementation of Auto Parking System Based on Ultrasonic Sensors." This study
demonstrated how sensors could analyze parking spaces and replicate a driver’s parking
techniques. The research introduced a Smart Wheeled Mobile Robot (SWMR) that
autonomously navigated, reversed, and adjusted parking based on sensor feedback,
ensuring efficient parking. (2)

A group of researchers in Indonesia developed an RFID-based Parking System in 2020,

using a microcontroller (AT89C51) for automation. The system facilitated a
subscription-based parking model, where RFID tags contained user data, allowing for
quick identity verification at parking lots. The project also involved a small-scale
simulation of an automated entry and exit system for vehicles using RFID tags. (3)

Another study in 2020, by Mohapatra and colleagues, focused on an Ultrasonic-Based

Parking System using microcontrollers. This research aimed to improve vehicle parking
efficiency and prevent collisions. The system calculated slot availability by measuring
distances via ultrasonic sensors, ensuring a streamlined parking process. This approach
reduced fuel wastage and time consumption, making parking more convenient for
drivers. (4)

Saudi Arabian researchers, led by Mohammed Omar Ba Sabean, explored Smart Parking
System Development in a separate study. This research highlighted the challenges of
parking management in urban areas and proposed a mobile-application-based system for
monitoring and controlling vehicle access in parking lots. The study also introduced
SMS notifications for users regarding parking confirmations. (5)

In India, D. J. Bonde and colleagues presented research in 2018 on an Automated Car

Parking System operated through an Android application. Their project demonstrated a
model that optimized parking space management by allowing vehicles to enter and exit
automatically. The goal was to minimize human intervention, as most conventional
systems still require manual parking. (6)

A similar study by D. Yashwant and his team in 2019 also focused on automating vehicle
parking through sensors and an Android-based system. The system enabled cars to enter,
exit, and park autonomously, reducing reliance on human operators. (7)

In 2015, Basavaraj S. R. introduced an IoT-based Smart Parking System aimed at urban

areas where parking congestion is a major issue. The system allowed users to locate the
nearest available parking space, helping to reduce unnecessary fuel consumption and

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traffic congestion. (8)

A 2016 study by Abhirup Khanna further emphasized the role of IoT in parking systems,
integrating cloud computing to improve parking management. Sensors monitored and
displayed real-time parking slot availability, making it easier for drivers to find a vacant
space. (9)

An intelligent parking space detection system based on image processing was proposed
by R. Yusnita and colleagues. This system captured images of parking lots, processed
them, and displayed real-time parking availability using a seven-segment display. (10)

In 2007, D. B. L. Bong, K. C. Ting, and K. C. Lai developed the Car Park Occupancy
Information System (COINS). This research aimed at reducing the time drivers spent
searching for parking spaces, especially in large areas such as shopping malls and
stadiums. The system utilized security cameras to monitor parking occupancy in real-
time. (11)

A cloud-based intelligent car parking service for smart cities was introduced by Ivan
Guanche and Mairtin O’Dorma. Their system consisted of multiple layers, including
sensors, a communication network, and an application interface. The goal was to allocate
parking spots efficiently and reduce waiting times for drivers. (12)

Another cloud-based smart parking system leveraging IoT technologies was proposed to
enhance parking space management. This system integrated GPS data and parking slot
information to provide drivers with real-time updates on available parking spots. The
cloud platform calculated parking costs and regularly updated users through a mobile
application. (13)

A novel resource allocation and reservation-based Smart Parking System was also
explored. This system dynamically assigned parking slots to users based on their location
and cost preferences. The allocation process followed a Mixed Integer Linear
Programming (MILP) model, ensuring efficient slot utilization. (14)

A survey on smart parking systems by Faiz Shaikh and colleagues (2015) discussed
different technologies aimed at overcoming parking challenges in metropolitan areas.
The paper reviewed wireless sensor networks, real-time parking guidance, and
automated reservation systems to improve parking efficiency. (15)

Another Android-based smart parking system was proposed by Prof. Yashomati R. and
her team in 2016. Their approach allowed users to reserve parking spaces through a
mobile application while employing sensors for automated parking guidance. (16)

In 2016, Vishwanath Y. conducted a survey on IoT-based parking systems that aimed to

optimize parking space management. The research suggested cloud-based solutions
integrated with RFID technology and mobile applications to minimize waiting times and
improve parking availability tracking.( 17)

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2.1 Summery
A wide range of smart parking technologies has been explored in recent years to tackle urban
parking challenges. In 2012, M. M. Rashid and team introduced a system that used image
processing to recognize vehicle number plates for automatic entry and fee collection. In 2016,
Ter-Feng Wu’s team designed a robot that could park itself using ultrasonic sensors to interpret
surroundings in real time.
Researchers in Indonesia (2020) implemented an RFID-based model using a microcontroller
(AT89C51), enabling automated access through user-specific RFID tags. Around the same
time, Mohapatra and colleagues developed a parking system using ultrasonic sensors to detect
slot occupancy and reduce accidents.
Mobile applications have increasingly become part of parking automation. A Saudi Arabian
team led by Mohammed Omar Ba Sabean created a smartphone-controlled system that also
provided SMS updates to drivers. Meanwhile, D. J. Bonde (2018) and D. Yashwant (2019)
developed Android-based systems that allowed vehicles to move and park with minimal human
input.
IoT-based solutions have also gained traction. Basavaraj S. R. (2015) and Abhirup Khanna
(2016) designed systems that combined IoT and cloud services to give users real-time parking
data and improve traffic flow. Another study introduced a layered cloud system integrating
GPS, apps, and sensors for slot allocation.
Image-based systems, like the one by R. Yusnita, used visual analysis and simple displays to
show parking availability. D. B. L. Bong’s earlier COINS project (2007) used cameras to
monitor large parking areas in real time.
Other studies introduced advanced methods like MILP (Mixed Integer Linear Programming)
for optimal reservation, and integrated technologies like RFID, GPS, and IoT for more precise
parking control. Comprehensive reviews by researchers such as Faiz Shaikh and Vishwanath
Y. provided insights into trends like wireless networks, mobile control, and sensor-driven
automation in smart parking systems.
.

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 CHAPTER 3
SCOPE OF PROJECT

The Arduino Based Smart Car Parking System – Prototype is developed as a practical solution
to common parking issues encountered in urban environments. As cities grow and vehicle
numbers increase, managing limited parking spaces becomes more challenging. This system
provides an automated, sensor-driven approach to detect available slots, monitor vehicle
movement, and guide users efficiently, thus minimizing traffic congestion, time delays, and
human error.
This chapter explains the current scope, applications, future expansion, and limitations of the
project to define how the system works, where it can be applied, and how it can evolve into a
full-scale smart parking solution.
3.1 Research and Component Selection
1. Arduino Microcontroller:
o Component: Arduino Uno
o Purpose: Central controller for sensor data and motor control.
o Reason: Affordable, easy to program, and has sufficient I/O pins.
2. IR Sensors:
o Component: IR Sensor Module
o Purpose: Detects vehicle presence in parking slots and at entry/exit points.
o Reason: Reliable for short-range detection, cost-effective, and easy to
implement.
3. Servo Motors:
o Component: SG90 Micro Servo Motor
o Purpose: Controls the entry/exit gate barrier.
o Reason: Compact, precise control, and suitable for light-duty tasks.
4. LCD Display:
o Component: 20x4 LCD
o Purpose: Displays available and occupied parking slots, system status, and other
relevant messages.
o Reason: Provides more space for displaying information and user-friendly
interface.
5. Power Supply:
o Component: 5V USB Power Supply

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 o Reason: Powers both the Arduino and servo motors, providing a stable 5V
source.
6. Additional Components:
o Resistors, wires, and connectors for circuit stability and prototyping.
3.2 Functional Scope
The functional scope refers to the current capabilities and operations the prototype can perform:
 The system automatically detects vehicles at the entry and exit points using IR
(Infrared) sensors.
 IR sensors are used to detect the presence or absence of a vehicle in each parking slot.
 The total number of available and occupied slots is calculated and displayed on an LCD
screen in real-time.
 Servo motors control the barrier gate to allow or deny vehicle entry based on slot
availability.
 If the parking area is full, the system displays a "Parking Full" message and keeps the
gate closed.
 Simple Arduino-based code and logic ensures that the system works with minimal
human intervention.
 The design is modular, allowing easy modification, extension, or replacement of
components.
3.3 Future Scope
This prototype forms the base for a wide range of advanced features and scalability. With slight
improvements, the system can evolve into a fully functional smart parking solution.
Possible Future Enhancements:
 IoT Integration: Connecting the system to the internet allows remote access, real-time
monitoring, and central management through cloud services.
 Mobile Application Support: A user-friendly app can display live slot availability,
provide directions to free slots, and even allow advance booking.
 RFID / QR Code Integration: Automates vehicle authentication, logs entry and exit
times, and enables contactless operation.
 Digital Payment Integration: Enables cashless, automated billing based on parking
duration using UPI, cards, or mobile wallets.
 Security Features: Integration with cameras or motion sensors can enhance safety and
help with surveillance.
 Data Analytics: Long-term parking data can be analysed to optimize space usage,
manage peak hours, and predict availability.
 Voice Assistance / Announcements: Systems can provide audio messages for entry/exit
and slot directions.

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  Solar Power Option: For sustainable deployment in outdoor or remote parking areas.
 Multi-Level Parking Management: Can be scaled up to work in large or multi-story
parking structures using networked microcontrollers.
3.4 Limitations of the Current System
While the prototype effectively demonstrates the concept of smart parking, it has a few
limitations that can be improved in future versions:
 Limited Scale: The current system supports only 6 parking slots; larger
implementations would need more advanced hardware and processing capability.
 Environmental Factors: IR sensors may give false readings under extreme sunlight,
dust, or reflective surfaces.
 No User Authentication: At present, the system does not distinguish between authorized
and unauthorized users.
 No Remote Connectivity: The prototype operates offline and lacks mobile or cloud
connectivity.
 Wired System: The project uses wired connections which may not be feasible in full-
scale deployments; wireless modules (Wi-Fi/Bluetooth) are recommended.
3.5 Application Of Educational and Technological
The Automatic Car Parking System serves not only as an academic demonstration but also has
broad real-world applications across various sectors:
 Educational Institutions: Ideal for practical learning in diploma/engineering colleges,
particularly in subjects like IoT, Embedded Systems, or Industrial Automation. It allows
students to gain hands-on experience in sensor integration, system automation, and
embedded programming.
 Residential Buildings and Societies: Helps manage limited parking spaces, providing
better organization and monitoring, ensuring optimal use of available slots, especially
in densely populated residential areas.
 Corporate Offices and Small Businesses: Can be implemented in parking lots to
streamline employee and visitor vehicle management, reducing congestion and
ensuring efficient use of parking spaces.
 Hospitals, Schools, and Colleges: Offers a low-cost, reliable solution for managing
limited parking space, improving accessibility, and reducing time spent searching for
parking.
 Prototype Demonstrations: Perfect for exhibitions, innovation contests, and project
expos, the system demonstrates how automation and IoT technologies can address real-
world parking challenges.
 Educational and Technological Learning Tool: Serves as an excellent learning platform
for students, hobbyists, and professionals interested in embedded systems, automation,
and IoT. It allows for experimentation and further exploration into smart infrastructure
and technology development.

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 CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
The development of the Arduino-Based Smart Parking System followed a structured approach
divided into several key phases: planning, hardware selection, software development,
integration, and testing. The primary objective was to create a prototype that can detect
available parking slots, control access gates automatically, and display real-time slot
information to users.

4.1 Research and Background Study

Before the actual development of the Automatic Car Parking System, extensive research was
conducted to gather the necessary knowledge for creating a functional and efficient system.
This research was centred around:
 Smart Parking Systems: A thorough review of existing smart parking systems was
performed to understand their limitations, functionalities, and technologies. The goal
was to identify the challenges in current parking systems and develop solutions that
address these issues in terms of space optimization, vehicle tracking, and ease of use.
 Sensor Technologies: A variety of sensor technologies were explored, such as ultrasonic
sensors (which you chose not to use) and IR (Infrared) sensors. The focus was to select
the most reliable and cost-effective sensor for vehicle detection. The IR sensors were
selected due to their simplicity, accuracy in detecting vehicle presence, and lower cost
compared to other options.
 Embedded Systems and Arduino: The research also covered the capabilities of the
Arduino microcontroller in embedded systems. It was chosen for its affordability, ease
of use, and compatibility with a variety of sensors and actuators.
 System Requirements and Constraints: Various factors such as power requirements,
scalability, and the limitations of sensor accuracy were evaluated. A decision was made
to use a 5V USB power supply that can effectively power both the Arduino and the
servo motors, ensuring the system's reliability without excessive power consumption.
4.2 Designing the System
The next phase involved the design of the system, which was aimed at ensuring
that all components worked seamlessly together. This stage involved:
 System Architecture Design: A block diagram was created to represent the
overall architecture of the parking system, showing how the Arduino, IR
sensors, servo motors, and LCD display would be interconnected. The flow
of information, from vehicle detection to gate control, was mapped out.
 Parking Slot Layout: The physical arrangement of the parking slots was
considered, including the placement of IR sensors at strategic locations
such as the entry/exit points and within the parking slots. The goal was to
ensure effective vehicle detection and a smooth parking experience.
 User Interface Design: The system would require real-time display of
available parking slots. Therefore, a 20x4 LCD was chosen to provide
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 adequate space for displaying parking availability, slot statuses, and other
system messages. The display was also designed to alert users when the
parking lot is full.
 System Logic Flow: A flowchart was created to define how the system
would respond to different inputs. It included conditions for detecting an
empty or occupied slot, controlling the barrier gates, and updating the
display.
4.3 Choosing Components and Building the System
 Arduino Uno: This microcontroller was selected because of its capability to interface
with multiple sensors and actuators, and it has enough input/output pins to manage the
system components effectively.
 IR Sensors: These were chosen for vehicle detection in both the entry/exit area and
individual parking slots. Their compact size and simplicity made them ideal for this
project.
 SG90 Micro Servo Motors: These motors were selected to control the entry/exit gate.
They are small, precise, and capable of handling light-duty tasks like gate control.
 20x4 LCD Display: This display was chosen to present parking information clearly. Its
larger size (compared to smaller 16x2 displays) allowed for more detailed information
to be shown simultaneously, which is helpful in a system like this.
 5V USB Power Supply: Both the Arduino and the servo motors require 5V, making this
a convenient power source. It ensures stable operation without the need for additional
voltage regulators or adapters.
 Wires, Resistors, and Connectors: Standard components for wiring and connections to
ensure proper circuit stability and functionality.
4.4 Assembling and Putting Everything Together
After completing the circuit design and selecting the components, the system was physically
assembled. This process included:
 Connecting the Sensors: The IR sensors were placed at the entry/exit points and within
the parking slots. These sensors were wired to the Arduino, allowing it to detect the
presence or absence of a vehicle in real-time.
 Servo Motor Setup: The servo motors were connected to the Arduino to control the gate
mechanism. They were programmed to open when there is available parking and close
when the parking lot is full.
 LCD Display Integration: The 20x4 LCD was connected to the Arduino and
programmed to display available slots, occupied slots, and other relevant messages such
as "Parking Full" when the system is at capacity.
 Power Connections: A 5V USB power supply was used to power both the Arduino and
servo motors, ensuring that the system was energy-efficient while maintaining the
required power for smooth operation.

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4.5 Programming the Arduino
 Sensor Data Processing: The Arduino was programmed to continuously check for input
from the IR sensors. When a vehicle was detected, the Arduino would update the
parking status and control the gate mechanism accordingly.
 Controlling the Servo Motors: The Arduino was programmed to control the servo
motors, opening the gate when a parking spot was available and closing it when the lot
was full.
 Display Updates: The 20x4 LCD was programmed to update in real-time, showing the
number of available parking slots and alerting users to any changes in parking
availability.
 Conditional Logic: The logic included conditions such as if the parking lot was full, the
gate would stay closed, and if there were available spaces, the gate would open to allow
vehicles to enter.
4.6 Testing and Debugging
After the initial programming, the system was thoroughly tested to identify any potential issues.
This process included:
 Testing Vehicle Detection: The IR sensors were tested to ensure accurate vehicle
detection and proper communication with the Arduino.
 Servo Motor Testing: The servo motors were tested to ensure smooth operation of the
gate mechanism, ensuring that they opened and closed correctly when required.
 LCD Display Testing: The display was tested to confirm that it showed the correct
parking status and that it updated in real-time as the system responded to changes in the
parking lot's occupancy.
 Debugging: Any issues discovered during testing, such as sensor malfunctions or
incorrect responses from the motors, were addressed by adjusting the code or improving
sensor placement.

4.7 Final Adjustments and Evaluation

Once testing was complete, final adjustments were made to enhance the system's performance:
 Sensor Calibration: The IR sensors were calibrated to ensure accurate readings,
eliminating false positives or missed detections.
 System Optimization: Minor adjustments were made to the code to improve system
response times and overall efficiency.
 Final Evaluation: The system was evaluated for reliability, ease of use, and
performance. The system was checked under different conditions (e.g., full parking lot,
vehicle movement) to ensure its robustness.

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 CHAPTER 5
DETAILS OF DESIGN, WORKING AND PROCESSES

5.1 Block Diagram

Fig. 5.1 Block diagram of Arduino Based Smart Parking System

5.2 Design Details
5.2.1 Mechanical Structure
The physical design is a simplified prototype of a smart parking system that supports 6 parking
slots. Major mechanical components include:
 Single Entry/Exit Gate: One gate mechanism is shared for both vehicle entry and exit.
A single servo motor is used to open or close this gate.
 Slot Arrangement: Six defined parking spaces simulate a small parking area, each
monitored by an IR sensor.

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  Mounting Base: A flat surface(wood) holds the Arduino, sensors, display, and wiring
for organized assembly and demonstration.

5.2.2 Electrical and Electronic Components

The system relies on Arduino and various connected components to function efficiently. These
include:
 Arduino UNO: Central controller that manages logic and component interaction.
 IR Sensors:
o 6 for detecting vehicles in individual parking slots.
o 2 for detecting vehicles at entry and exit.
 1 SG90 Servo Motor: Controls a shared gate that opens for both incoming and
outgoing vehicles.
 20x4 LCD Display: Displays total and available slots in real-time.
 5V USB Power Supply: Powers all components efficiently through a single source.
5.3 Wiring diagram

Fig. 5.2 Wiring diagram of Arduino Based Smart Parking System

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5.4 Components and Description

1. Arduino UNO

2. IR Sensors (8)

3. SG90 Servo Motor (1)

4. 20x4 LCD Display

5. USB Cable / 5V Power Supply

6. Jumper Wires

7. Breadboard

8. Resistors

9. Mounting Base / Chassis

10. Connecting Wires

11. LED (optional, for indication)

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 5.4.1 Arduino UNO

FIG 5.3 Arduino UNO

In the Automatic Car Parking System, the Arduino UNO acts as the central brain of the
entire setup. It is responsible for processing sensor data, controlling the gate motor, and
updating the LCD display.

Role in the Project:

 Receives input signals from 8 IR sensors (6 for slots, 1 for entry, 1 for exit).

 Controls 1 SG90 servo motor that operates the shared entry/exit gate.
 Sends real-time parking status to the 20x4 LCD display.

 Executes the logic to count available/occupied slots.

 Ensures the system works automatically with minimal human interaction.

Why Arduino UNO is Suitable:

 Has enough digital and analog pins to connect all sensors and components.

 Easy to program and debug using the Arduino IDE.

 Operates at 5V, making it fully compatible with your USB power supply setup.
 Stable and reliable for small-scale automation projects.

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Key Features:
 Microcontroller: ATmega328P
 Operating Voltage: 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended): 7–12V
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 can provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz
 USB Interface: Standard Type-B for programming and power
 Flash Memory: 32 KB (0.5 KB used by bootloader)
 SRAM: 2 KB
 EEPROM: 1 KB
PIN CONFIGURATION

FIG 5.4 Pin configuration

(Arduino UNO)

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5.4.2 IR Sensors

FIG 5.5 IR Sensors

In the Automatic Car Parking System, IR sensors are used to detect the presence of
vehicles at various positions, including the entry/exit points and the individual parking slots.

Role in the Project:

 Entry/Exit Detection: The IR sensors at the entry and exit detect whether a vehicle is
coming in or out of the parking area.

 Slot Occupancy Detection: The IR sensors placed at each of the 6 parking slots detect
whether a parking space is occupied or free.
 The data collected by these sensors is sent to the Arduino UNO, which processes it to
update the system status on the LCD display and control the servo motor.

Why IR Sensors are Suitable:

 Non-contact technology: Works without physical contact, reducing wear and tear.
 Accurate Detection: Helps to detect the presence of vehicles accurately using infrared
light.
 Low Power Consumption: Ideal for the 5V USB supply powering your system.

 Cost-effective: Provides a reliable solution for slot detection at a low cost.

Working Principle:
 The IR sensor sends out infrared light.
 If an object (vehicle) is in the path, the reflected light is detected by the sensor’s
receiver.

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  When the vehicle is detected, the sensor sends a signal to the Arduino to update the
slot status.

General Features:
 Type: Active IR sensor (Emitter and Receiver).
 Operating Voltage: 3.3V to 5V (compatible with Arduino 5V supply).
 Working Distance: Typically 10 cm to 80 cm (depends on the sensor
model).
 Detection Angle: 10° - 30° (may vary based on sensor).
 Response Time: < 2ms (fast enough for real-time parking system
monitoring).
 Output Type: Digital (High or Low output based on object detection).
 Output Pin: Digital (sends HIGH signal when an object is detected).
Sensor Pinout:
 VCC: Power input (3.3V to 5V).
 GND: Ground connection.
 OUT: Digital output (HIGH/LOW depending on detection).

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5.4.3 SG90 Servo Motor

FIG 5.6 SG90 Servo Motor

The SG90 micro servo motor is used in your project to automate the gate that controls both
entry and exit of vehicles. It moves the barrier arm up or down based on slot availability,
helping to manage vehicle flow.

Role in the Project

 Gate Automation: The servo lifts or drops the barrier arm when a vehicle is detected
and parking space is available.

 Shared Control: A single SG90 servo motor is used to handle both entry and exit,
simplifying the design and reducing hardware.
 Connected to Arduino: Controlled using a PWM signal from the Arduino UNO.

Why SG90 is Suitable

 Compact and Lightweight: Fits easily into small projects like prototypes.
 Low Power Operation: Fully compatible with your 5V USB power supply.

20
  Easy to Interface: Directly controlled by Arduino using simple code and the Servo
library.

 Precise Movement: Allows for accurate gate movement between fixed angles.
Sure! Here are the SG90 Servo Motor specifications point-wise:
 Operating voltage: 4.8V to 6V

 Stall torque: ~1.8 kg·cm at 4.8V

 Rotation range: 0° to 180°

 Control signal: PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

 Speed: 0.1 sec/60° at 4.8V

 Weight: ~9 grams

 Dimensions: 22.5 x 11.8 x 31 mm

 Operating temperature: 0°C to 55°C

 Cable length: ~25 cm

 Connector: 3-pin (VCC, GND, Signal)

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5.4.4 20x4 LCD Display

FIG 5.7 20x4 LCD Display

The 20x4 LCD Display is used to show the real-time status of parking slots. It can display
20 characters per line across 4 lines, which provides enough space to show messages like
"Welcome", "Slot Available", "Parking Full", and the number of occupied or free slots.

This LCD uses the HD44780 controller, making it fully compatible with Arduino UNO. It
operates at 5V, matching your USB power supply setup. A contrast-adjustable potentiometer
is connected to improve screen visibility. The LCD communicates with the Arduino using
either 4-bit or 8-bit parallel mode, and it also includes an LED backlight for clear visibility
in different lighting conditions.

Role in the Project:

 Real-time Status Display:
Shows the number of available and occupied parking slots.

 User Messages:
Displays alerts and notifications like:
o "Welcome"

o "Slot Available: 2"

o "Sorry, Parking Full"
o "Please Wait"

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  Visual Feedback:
Helps users understand parking availability without needing assistance from a guard.

 System Monitoring:
Reflects the input from IR sensors and the actions of the servo motor controlled by
the Arduino UNO.
Here are the specifications of the 20x4 LCD Display in simple point-wise format:

 Display type: Character LCD

 Display size: 20 characters × 4 lines

 Controller: HD44780 or compatible

 Operating voltage: 4.7V to 5.3V (typically 5V)

 Interface: Parallel (16-pin)

 Backlight: LED (usually yellow-green or blue)
 Character size: Approx. 5x8 dots

 Viewing area: ~76 mm × 26 mm (varies by manufacturer)

 Contrast adjustment: Via external potentiometer

 Communication: 4-bit or 8-bit mode (selectable)

 Compatible with: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and other microcontrollers

PIN CONFIGURATION

FIG 5.8 20x4 LCD Display(PIN CONFIGURATION )

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5.5 Working Principle
The system uses IR sensors and a single servo motor to manage vehicle entry and exit, track
occupancy, and update the display. Here’s how it works:
1. Vehicle Arrives at Entry: The IR sensor at the entrance detects the vehicle.
2. Slot Availability Check: Arduino scans the 6 slot sensors to confirm if any space is
free.
3. Gate Operation (Entry): If a slot is available, the servo motor opens the gate,
allowing the car to enter. The slot becomes occupied.
4. Vehicle Exit Detection: When a vehicle leaves, the IR sensor at the exit detects it.
5. Gate Operation (Exit): The same servo motor is activated to open the gate again.
6. Slot Update: Once the vehicle exits, the slot is marked available, and the LCD reflects
the new count.
5.6 Features and Benefits
 One Motor for Both Gates: Cost-effective design using a single servo motor for
entry/exit.
 Supports 6 Slots: Ideal for compact parking models.
 Real-Time Display: Easy-to-read LCD showing available and full slots.
 Sensor-Based Automation: Minimizes human involvement.
 Low Power Usage: Operates entirely on a 5V USB supply.
 Scalable System: Can be upgraded with more features like remote access or app
control.

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 CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND APPLICATIONS
6.1 Results
The developed Automatic Car Parking System prototype successfully met its intended design
objectives. After careful integration and testing of all hardware and software components, the
system performed with high accuracy and stability under various trial conditions.
Key Observed Results:

 The IR sensors consistently detected vehicles at the entry/exit gates and in all 6
individual parking slots.
 The Arduino UNO processed sensor data efficiently to update the LCD display and
operate the servo motor in real time.

 The 20x4 LCD effectively communicated parking slot availability and system messages
like:
o "Welcome"

o "Slot Available: 3"

o "Sorry, Parking Full"

o "Gate Opening" or "Please Wait"

 The single servo motor smoothly handled both gate operations (entry and exit),
demonstrating smart utilization of limited components.

 The system operated seamlessly using a 5V USB power supply, confirming its
suitability for low-power embedded applications.

6.1.1 Project Photo

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26
6.2 Interpretation and Explanation of Results
The prototype demonstrates how automation and microcontroller-based logic can simplify
everyday challenges, such as managing limited parking space.
Detailed Interpretation:
 The IR sensors proved to be cost-effective and accurate for short-range detection,
providing reliable input to identify vehicle movement and slot occupancy.
 The Arduino UNO, acting as the brain of the system, accurately processed inputs and
managed all outputs, confirming the reliability of microcontroller-based automation.

 Real-time updates on the LCD display helped simulate an interactive experience for
users, replacing manual monitoring systems.
 The gate control logic, driven by IR feedback and executed through a servo motor,
showed that physical access control can be automated easily.

 The system logic also handled edge cases well, such as:
o Preventing gate opening when parking is full

o Updating the LCD instantly when a vehicle exits and a slot becomes available
These results suggest that the design is not only functional but also adaptable to real-world
smart infrastructure systems.

6.3 Critical Evaluation

While the system delivered expected results, a deeper evaluation helps identify potential areas
for refinement:

Strengths:
 Efficient resource utilization: Only one servo motor was used to control both gates,
showcasing a minimalist yet functional design.

 User-friendly interface: The LCD output was clear, readable, and capable of conveying
multiple messages simultaneously.
 Power-efficient design: Operates entirely on a 5V USB power source, aligning well
with portable or battery-operated systems.

 Scalability potential: With minor adjustments, more slots or features could be added.
Limitations:

 Single gate control: Using one motor for both entry and exit is suitable for
demonstration but would not be ideal for high-traffic areas.
 No authentication: The system allows any vehicle to enter if space is available. This
could be improved by adding RFID, QR code, or number plate recognition.

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  Sensor accuracy in harsh conditions: IR sensors might give false readings in outdoor
lighting, rain, or dusty environments.

 No communication module: Currently, the system cannot send or receive data

wirelessly. Adding Wi-Fi/Bluetooth would open up features like app control or remote
monitoring.
 Manual slot reset: In the case of a sensor fault or power cut, there's no memory or
backup to maintain slot records.

Applications
This project has wide-ranging real-world applications, especially in:

 Small residential or commercial parking lots

 Educational institutions, as a learning tool in electronics, automation, and IoT

 Prototyping for smart city concepts

 Exhibitions, tech fairs, and innovation challenges

 Remote or temporary parking setups, where low-cost and quick deployment is

required

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 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

7.1 Conclusion
The Automatic Car Parking System based on Arduino was successfully designed,
implemented, and tested. The system met all functional requirements including automatic
vehicle detection using IR sensors, real-time monitoring of six parking slots, automated
gate operation via a servo motor, and clear display of parking status on a 20x4 LCD screen.

The project showcased a smart approach to managing limited parking spaces using embedded
technology. It eliminated the need for human supervision, minimized waiting time for drivers,
and provided a cost-effective and energy-efficient solution, operating on a 5V USB power
supply.
This system proves that Arduino-based automation can significantly improve basic
infrastructure challenges when properly designed and programmed. Despite being a prototype,
it accurately simulates the logic and structure of real-world smart parking systems.
The successful completion of this project has enhanced understanding of microcontroller-based
systems, sensor integration, component interfacing, and embedded programming—all of which
are crucial in today’s technology-driven world.

7.2 Recommendations
While the project achieved its primary objectives, several improvements are recommended to
enhance functionality, reliability, and scalability:
 Dedicated Entry and Exit Mechanism: In future models, using separate gates and
servo motors for entry and exit would improve traffic flow and reduce confusion,
especially in busy areas.
 User Identification: Incorporating RFID cards, QR code scanners, or license plate
recognition systems would allow tracking of individual vehicles and improve security.

 Error Handling and Alerts: Add features to detect sensor failures or invalid entries
and display error messages or send alerts.
 Energy Backup System: A small battery backup or memory system like EEPROM
can be used to retain data such as the number of free slots even in case of power failure.

 Compact Enclosure Design: Housing all electronic components in a neat,

weatherproof casing can make the system more durable and ready for real-world
deployment.

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  Wireless Integration: Replace wired connections with Bluetooth or Wi-Fi modules
for easier installation and more flexibility in system layout.

7.3 Scope of Future Development

This project offers a strong foundation for future expansion. With technological advancements
and growing demand for smart urban solutions, the system can be scaled up and enhanced in
multiple ways:

1. IoT-Based Smart Parking System

 By integrating Wi-Fi or GSM modules, the system can be connected to the internet,
allowing for remote monitoring, real-time data uploading, and cloud control.

 It can be linked to smart city databases to optimize city-wide parking management.

2. Mobile Application Support

 A dedicated mobile app can be developed to show real-time slot availability, guide
users to free slots, and enable pre-booking.
 Notifications can be pushed to the app if a booked slot is nearing expiration or in case
of a system alert.

3. Payment Gateway Integration

 A digital payment system can be added to charge users based on time spent in the
parking area using UPI, Paytm, Google Pay, etc.

 This can reduce the need for manual billing or security staff.

4. Expansion for Multi-Level Parking

 By networking multiple Arduino boards or using more powerful microcontrollers, the
system can be adapted for multi-floor parking complexes.
 Each level can be monitored independently and summarized on a central display.

5. Environment-Friendly Deployment
 Powering the system with solar panels and rechargeable batteries makes it suitable
for outdoor use, especially in rural or off-grid areas.

6. Advanced Data Analytics

 Parking usage data can be recorded over time and analysed to:

o Optimize slot allocation during peak hours.

o Predict traffic patterns.

o Plan expansion of parking infrastructure.

7. Audio and Visual Assistance

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 Future versions can include voice announcements, LED indicators, or buzzer alerts
to enhance user experience.

 Example: "Slot 2 Available" or "Please Exit Now."

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 CHAPTER 8
APPENDIX
APPENDIX 1
Source Code
#include <Servo.h> //includes the servo library
#include <Wire.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
// Initialize the LCD, set the address to 0x27, and the LCD size (16x2).

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

Servo myservo;
#define ir_enter 2
#define ir_back 4

#define ir_car1 5
#define ir_car2 6
#define ir_car3 7

#define ir_car4 8
#define ir_car5 9

#define ir_car6 10
int S1=0, S2=0, S3=0, S4=0, S5=0, S6=0;

int flag1=0, flag2=0;

int slot = 6;

void setup(){
lcd.init(); // Initialize the LCD
lcd.backlight(); // Turn on the backlight

lcd.setCursor(0, 0); // Set cursor to the first row, first column

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(ir_car1, INPUT);
pinMode(ir_car2, INPUT);
pinMode(ir_car3, INPUT);

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pinMode(ir_car4, INPUT);
pinMode(ir_car5, INPUT);

pinMode(ir_car6, INPUT);

pinMode(ir_enter, INPUT);
pinMode(ir_back, INPUT);

myservo.attach(3);
myservo.write(90);

lcd.begin(20, 4);
lcd.setCursor (0,1);

lcd.print(" Car parking ");

lcd.setCursor (0,2);
lcd.print(" System ");

delay (2000);
lcd.clear();

Read_Sensor();
int total = S1+S2+S3+S4+S5+S6;

slot = slot-total;
}

void loop(){
Read_Sensor();

lcd.setCursor (0,0);
lcd.print(" Have Slot: ");
lcd.print(slot);

lcd.print(" ");
lcd.setCursor (0,1);

if(S1==1){lcd.print("S1:Fill ");}
else{lcd.print("S1:Empty");}

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lcd.setCursor (10,1);
if(S2==1){lcd.print("S2:Fill ");}

else{lcd.print("S2:Empty");}

lcd.setCursor (0,2);
if(S3==1){lcd.print("S3:Fill ");}

else{lcd.print("S3:Empty");}

lcd.setCursor (10,2);
if(S4==1){lcd.print("S4:Fill ");}

else{lcd.print("S4:Empty");}

lcd.setCursor (0,3);

if(S5==1){lcd.print("S5:Fill ");}
else{lcd.print("S5:Empty");}

lcd.setCursor (10,3);

if(S6==1){lcd.print("S6:Fill ");}
else{lcd.print("S6:Empty");}

if(digitalRead (ir_enter) == 0 && flag1==0){

if(slot>0){flag1=1;
if(flag2==0){myservo.write(180); slot = slot-1;}
}else{

lcd.setCursor (0,0);
lcd.print(" Sorry Parking Full ");

delay(1500);
}
}

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if(digitalRead (ir_back) == 0 && flag2==0){flag2=1;
if(flag1==0){myservo.write(180); slot = slot+1;}

}
if(flag1==1 && flag2==1){

delay (1000);
myservo.write(90);

flag1=0, flag2=0;
}

delay(1);
}

void Read_Sensor(){
S1=0, S2=0, S3=0, S4=0, S5=0, S6=0;

if(digitalRead(ir_car1) == 0){S1=1;}
if(digitalRead(ir_car2) == 0){S2=1;}

if(digitalRead(ir_car3) == 0){S3=1;}
if(digitalRead(ir_car4) == 0){S4=1;}

if(digitalRead(ir_car5) == 0){S5=1;}
if(digitalRead(ir_car6) == 0){S6=1;}

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 CHAPTER 9
REFERENCES
1. M. M. Rashid et al. (2012)
o Focus: Automatic Parking Management System with electronic fee collection
using Number Plate Recognition and Image Processing.

2. Ter-Feng Wu et al. (2016, Taiwan)

o Title: Research and Implementation of Auto Parking System Based on
Ultrasonic Sensors
o Focus: Smart Wheeled Mobile Robot (SWMR) simulating parking behavior
using ultrasonic sensors.

3. RFID-based Parking System (2020, Indonesia)

o Tech: Microcontroller (AT89C51) + RFID for automated entry/exit and
subscription-based access.

4. Mohapatra et al. (2020)

o Focus: Ultrasonic-based Parking System with microcontroller for collision
prevention and slot calculation.

5. Mohammed Omar Ba Sabean (Saudi Arabia)

o Focus: Mobile app-based smart parking with SMS notifications for entry
confirmations.

6. D. J. Bonde et al. (India, 2018)

o Focus: Android app-controlled car parking system with minimal human
intervention.

7. D. Yashwant et al. (2019)

o Focus: Autonomous parking using sensors and Android apps.

8. Basavaraj S. R. (2015)
o Focus: IoT-based smart parking in urban areas to reduce fuel consumption and
congestion.

9. Abhirup Khanna (2016)

o Focus: IoT + Cloud Computing for real-time parking slot monitoring.

10. R. Yusnita et al.

o Focus: Image-processing-based intelligent detection with 7-segment display
outputs.

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11. D. B. L. Bong, K. C. Ting, and K. C. Lai (2007)
o Project: COINS (Car Park Occupancy Information System) using CCTV-based
real-time monitoring.

12. Ivan Guanche & Mairtin O’Dorma

o Concept: Cloud-based intelligent car parking with layers for sensors,
communication, and app interface.

13. Unnamed Study on Cloud + IoT Smart Parking

o Features: GPS integration, real-time updates, mobile app interaction, cost
calculation.

14. MILP-based Smart Parking System

o Focus: Dynamic resource allocation based on cost and location preferences.

15. Faiz Shaikh et al. (2015)

o Study: Comprehensive survey on smart parking—covering sensor networks,
real-time guidance, and reservations.

16. Prof. Yashomati R. et al. (2016)

o Approach: Android reservation app integrated with sensors for automated
parking.

17. Vishwanath Y. (2016)

o Survey on IoT-based parking, emphasizing RFID + cloud-based monitoring.

18. Arduino Based Smart Parking System – Prototype

https://youtu.be/H5HNCOP2qdE?feature=shared

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