ANNALS of Faculty Engineering Hunedoara

– International Journal of Engineering

Tome XIV [2016] – Fascicule 4 [November]
ISSN: 1584-2665 [print; online]
ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD-Rom; online]
a free-access multidisciplinary publication
of the Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara

1.YehiaSayed M. ALI, 2.Adel A. EL-BASET,

3.Amer Nasr A. ELGHAFFAR

MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC

FIELD IN HIGH VOLTAGE SUBSTATIONS TO TREATMENT
ITS EFFECT ON THE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS
1-3. Electrical Engineering Department, Minia University, Minia, EGYPT

ABSTRACT: It's not economically to design and manufacture costly high voltage equipment’s that is fail
service at small fault or any abnormal condition in power system, so by using the protective equipment's
will be restrict danger for human life and high voltage equipment’s. In another hand the protective
equipment's should be provide fast, reliable localizes faults, and selectivity. Electric and magnetic fields are
much better to understood and documented despite the large number of studies and their increasing
quality, researchers have been show that EMFs have effect on the protective equipment’s, either in the high
voltage substations. The purpose of study electric and magnetic fields in substations to treatment the
affection of the field on the protective equipment’s, overcome its impact on the protection devices. This
paper presents a study of the electromagnetic fieldin high voltage substation 500kV overhead transmission
line, and explicitly shows how the fields vary under high voltage lines by employing easily understood
mathematical models, this methods use 2D free space case study results of a 500kV alternating current
overhead transmission line and treatment to overcome the affection of the electromagnetic field on the
protective equipment.
Keywords: High voltage, Protection Equipment’s, Electromagnetic field and Grounding

1. INTRODUCTION
The electromagnetic fields generated around high-voltage lines in general have received many
investigations concerning their intensities and their influence to human beings. In some places,
especially where people live just under or nearby these lines, the awareness of the effects of the
fields produced by these lines becomes a serious problem. [1]
Magnetic fields are produced by electric currents, which can be macroscopic currents in wires, or
microscopic currents associated with electrons in atomic orbits. So, magnetic fields are produced
wherever electricity or electrical equipment is in use, magnetic fields of power transmission lines
cause electrical currents inside any equipment in zone of the field, so some people are concerned
that daily exposure to magnetic fields may cause health problems or the affecting on the tools in
field zone as the same of current transformer, voltage transformer, cables, or numerical relays in
control room in high voltage substations or energy meters which will case error and low
accuracy. This paper aims to explicitly showing a more practical approach on how the maximum
charge values are obtained from the overhead line geometric dimensions and its highest rated
system voltage. From the overhead line geometric dimensions and system current flows, the
magnetic field intensity distribution on the ground is as well clearly obtained for both the lateral
and longitudinal profiles. Hence, it is explained how electric fields arise from electric charges and
how magnetic fields arise from the motion of these electric charges. This has been done by way of
numerical simulations, in MATLAB, of a case study of a 500kV AC.
2. ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD
Electric fields are caused by the voltage difference between electrodes while magnetic fields are
caused by currents flowing in conductors. Electric fields are important in high voltage

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engineering due to the following effects the performance of electric insulating materials is
adversely affected by excessive electric field magnitudes and the presence of electric fields causes
induced voltages on non-earthed objects underneath energized high voltage conductors.
Similarly, the charge at the base of a thundercloud causes an electric field near the earth surface
that may induce charge on objects such as transmission lines.
Magnetic fields do not have a direct effect on the properties of insulating materials but they affect
the power system indirectly in the following way, high AC currents cause time-varying magnetic
fields that induce voltages in conducting loops. Similarly, high time-varying currents due to
lightning may cause induced voltages. These over voltages cause high electric fields in power
system components that may cause failure of the insulation systems. [2]
The mathematical modeling for electromagnetic radiation in a linear, homogeneous, isotropic,
and time invariant medium can be solved using Maxwell’s equations. To facilitate the solving of
Maxwell’s equations for the case of specified or known sources, vector and scalar potentials are
used [3], Maxwell’s equations are usually formulated in differential form (i.e., as relationships
between quantities at the same point in space and at the same instant intime) or in integral form
where, at a given instant, the relations of
the fieldswith their sources are considered
over an extensive region of space. The
twoformulations are related by the
divergence and Stokes’ theorems [4,5].
Figure (1) illustrates the electric fields of
several transmission lines where the
intensity of the electric field produced
depends on the following factors: [1, 6]
» The distance between the conductors
and ground.
» The phase spacing if we have two
circuits next to each other as well as the
geometric configuration of conductors.
» By the surrounding environment (if we
have tall object near-by such as trees,
fences etc).
» The transmission center line tangential Figure 1.Illustrates the electric fields of several
distance. transmission lines
» The point of measurement elevation with respect to ground.
» The line voltage (the actual not the nominal).
The magnetic field produced is affected by several factors:
 The ratings of the currents passing in the
conductors typically lines have average
currents of 2000 A, largest line existing
supports a current of 4000 A.
 The clearance of the line. We can notice
that the maximum fields occur
underneath the conductors and falls
rapidly with distance either side.
 The phasing of the conductors such as the
conductor spacing, the phase positioning
and the phase balancing affects the
magnetic field. For example, for “un-
transposed” phasing (where the phases on
both sides of the line are in the same order Figure 2. Discuss magnetic field around single &
from top to bottom) we have a magnetic double circuits 400kV transmission line, 1m above
field that decrease with the inverse square ground, Io=1000A
of distance from the line. While for "transposed" phasing (where the phases on one side are of
opposite order to the others on the second side) the reduction in the magnetic field is inversely
proportional to the cube of the distance, in figure (2) discussmagnetic field around single &
double circuits 400kV transmission line, 1m above ground, Io=1000. [1]

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3. MATHEMATICAL MODELS ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD FOR HIGH VOLTAGE AMPERS LOW
High voltage 500 kV lines can carry large currents and as a result may produce relatively high
magnetic fields, but primary distribution lines with voltages less than 63 kV can produce fields
similar to those measured around a transmission line if they are carrying enough
current.Magnetic fields become weaker rapidly with distance from the source. However, they do
pass through most non-metallic materials and are therefore more difficult to shield. In the
literature, magnetic field data are presented in either units of Gauss (G) or Tesla (T). A milli gauss
(mG) is equal to one-thousandth of a Gauss (G). One Tesla is equal to 10,000 Gauss. A micro tesla
(μT) is equal to one-millionth of a Tesla or 10 mG.[7, 8]
A useful law that relates the magnetic field along a closed loop to the electric current passing
through the loop is Ampere's Law that first discovered by André-Marie Ampere in 1826. Ampere's
Law is used to find the magnetic field generated by currents in highly symmetric geometries like
the infinitely long wire and the solenoid. This law express that the integral of B around any closed
mathematical path equals times the current intercepted by the area spanning the path. Equation
(3.1) could describe the content of this concept. [7, 8]
∮ dL = µ0 I (3.1)
where, the line integral is over any arbitrary loop, I is the current enclosed by that loop and 𝑟𝑟 is
the distance from the center of the wire.
The magnetic field of an infinitely long straight wire can be obtained by applying Ampere's law.
The magnetic field generated by a single wire is equal to the following equation.
B�⃗ = µ0 a�⃗φ (3.2)
2πr
In Cartesian coordinate system 𝑎𝑎⃗𝜑𝜑 and 𝑟𝑟 can be rewritten as follows:
y−yn x−xn
aφ = − a�⃗x + a�⃗y (3.3)
R R
r = [(xn − x)2 + (yn − y)2 ]0.5 (3.4)
So, equation (3.2) can be rewritten as follows
B = BX . a�⃗x + By . a�⃗y (3.5)
µ0 y−yn µ0 x−xn
B= �− �; H= �− � (3.6)
2πr r 2πr r
1 𝐵𝐵
|B| = (Bx2 + By2 ) , θ = Arc tan( 𝑦𝑦 )
2 (3.7)
𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥
Finally,
B = |B| ∠θ (3.8)
3.1. Magnetic field of power transmission line [7,8]
Based on Ampere's Law Magnetic field of power transmission line in any point can be calculated
as following equations
−µ (I +j I )(y −y ) 1
Bxa = 0 ra ia a n � 2 2� (3.9)
2π (xn −xa ) +(yn −ya )
−µ0 (Ira +j Iia )(xa −xn ) 1
Bya = � � (3.10)
2π (xn −xa )2 +(yn −ya )2
Equations (3.9) and (3.10) can be rewritten as follows:
Bxa = Brxa + j Bixa (3.11)
Bya = Brya + j Biya (3.12)
So,
Brx = Brxa + Brxb + ⋯ (3.13)
Bix = Bixa + Bixb + ⋯ (3.14)
Bry = Brya + Bryb + ⋯ (3.15)
Biy = Biya + Biyb + ⋯ (3.16)
Then, the real and imaginary values of the magnetic field can be calculated.
Bx = Brx + j Bix (3.17)
By = Bry + j Biy (3.18)
And finally, the amplitude of magnetic field can be calculated as follows:
2 0.5
|B| = �|Bx |2 + �By � �
|Bx | = (|Brx |2 + |Bix |2 )0.5 (3.19)

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2 2 0.5
�By � = ��Bry � + �Biy � �
3.2. Magnetic field of three phase transmission line
Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating-current electric power
generation, transmission, and distribution. It is a type of poly phase system and is the most
common method used by electrical grids worldwide to transfer power. Three-phase systems can
produce a magnetic field that rotates in a specified direction. In a three-phase system, three
circuit conductors carry three alternating currents (of the same frequency) which reach their
instantaneous peak values at one third of a cycle from each other. Current of phases in these
systems can be expressed as follows [7, 8]
Ia = Im cos(ωt + φa ); Ib = Im cos(ωt + φb ); Ic = Im cos(ωt + φc ) (3.20)
φb = φa − 120 ; φc = φa + 120
The effective values of currents can be calculated using following equations.
I I I
Ira = m cos(φa ); Iia = m Sin(φa ); Irb = m cos(φb );
√2 √2 √2
Im Im Im
Iib = Sin(φb ); Irc = cos(φac ) , Iic = Sin(φac ) (3.21)
√2 √2 √2
According the equations (3.9) and (3.10), magnetic field induced using phases a, b and c at an
arbitrary point N (Xn ,yn)
Hx = Hxa + Hxb + Hxc (3.22)
Hy = Hya + Hyb + Hyc (3.23)
where:
|Hx | = ((Hrxa + Hrxb + Hrxc )2 + (Hixa + Hixb + Hixc )2 )0.5 (3.24)
2 2 0.5
|Hy | = �(Hrya + Hryb + Hryc ) + (Hiya + Hiyb + Hiyc ) � (3.25)
and finally
0.5 |Hy |
|Hn | = �|Hx |2 + |Hy |2 � ,θ = Arctg � �,Hn =|H|∠θ (3.26)
|Hx |
4. MATHEMATICAL MODELS ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD FOR HIGH VOLTAGEOVER HEAD LINE
EXTERNAL INSULATION [9]
The magnetic field from a power line can vary widely because the current in the wires depends
upon the amount of power consumed, there are two basic 50Hz magnetic field, passive magnetic
field and active magnetic field,and the magnetic field depends on the following factors rating
current was passing in the conductors.
For example, typical lines- average current of 700A, largest line average current of 4000A. We
observe that maximum field occur underneath the conductor, and falls rapidly with distance on
either side. Phasing of the conductors like conductor spacing, phase positioning, and phase
balancing affects the magnetic field. The phase positioning are of two types, un transposed
phasing and transposed phasing, un transposed phasing is where the phases on both sides of the
line are in the same order from top to bottom and we have a magnetic field which decreases with
inverse-square of the distance. Transposed phasing is where the phases of one side are opposite
order to the others on the second side. The magnetic field
decreases inversely proportional to the cube of the distance.
Magnetic fields are the result of motion of electric charge or
current when there is a current flowing through a power
line. The magnetic field lines run in circles around the
conductor.
4.1. Conductor surface voltage gradient
To find the conductor surface voltage gradient, equation
(4.1) is first used to derive the 3×3 inverse matrix [M] from
the Maxwell’s potential coefficients matrix [P], which is
calculated from the overhead line geometric dimensions. This
inverse matrix is then applied in equation (4.2) for the
derivation of charges sustained on the three overhead line Figure 4. Three-phase horizontal
conductors. A horizontal three-phase configuration is configuration of an overhead
assumed for the work in this paper as figure (4) shows. transmission line
[M] = [P]−1 (4.1)

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2H √4H2 −4S2 √4H2 −S2
P11 = P22 = P33 = ln ; P13 = P31 = ln[ ]; P12 = P21 = P23 = P32 = ln[ ]
req 2S S
Note that phases A, B, and C respectively refer to 1, 2, and 3 in these entries. H is the conductor
height in meters, S is conductor spacing in meters,req is given in equation (4.2) and is the
equivalent radius of the conductor bundle in meters.
Equation (4.2) shows bundle radius R (R = B/√3 in this paper, B is bundle spacing), N number of
conductors in a bundle, and radius of sub-conductor r.
req = R ∗ (N ∗ r)−0.5 (4.2)
When the three conductors experience a balanced positive-sequence voltage excitation
understeady -state, a matrix of charges [Q] can be derived as shown in equation (4.3), where V is
rms value of line-to-ground voltage and , i=1, 2, 3 for ith row.
Q
� i � = √2V[mi1 2 + mi2 2 + mi3 2 − (mi1 mi2 + mi2 mi3 + mi3 mi1 )]0.5 (4.3)
2πQi
Equation (4.4) is then used to evaluate the electric field E on conductor surface
Q 1 1 r
E = i ∗ ∗ ∗ [1 + (n − 1) ] (4.4)
2πQi N r R
For respective maximum electric field expressions, EOP and ECP , for any point P on outer.
Conductor surface and on center conductor surface, equations (4.5) and (4.6) can be used.
(n−1)r
(1+ )
EOP = 2H
R
1 V (4.5)
N∗r∗ln[ ∗
r 2H 2 H 2
[�1+� � �∗�1+� � �]0.25
s s
(n−1)r
(1+ R )
E CP = 2H 1 V 4.6)
N∗r∗ln[ ∗
req 2H 2
[1+� � ]0.5
s
Equations (4.1) through (4.6) stipulate that with only the knowledge of an overhead line
geometric dimensions and the system’s highest rated voltage, it is possible to determine the
maximum conductor surface voltage gradient.
4.2. Ground level electric field distribution
The three-phase overhead line conductors can attract either (+q, +q, +q), (+q, 0, -q) or (+q, -2q,
+q) charge conditions. These three representations respectively lead to the mathematical models
for ground level electric field Ev distributions indicated by equations (4.7), (4.8) and (4.9).
Q 1 1 2
EV1 = [ (d+s)2 + d2 + (d−s)2 (4.7)
πe0 H 1+ 1+ 2 1+ 2
H2 H H
Q 1 1
EV2 = [ (d−s)2 − (d+s)2 (4.8)
πe0 H 1+ 1+ 2
H2 H
Q 1 1 1
EV3 = [ (d+s)2 + (d−s)2 − (d)2 (4.9)
πe0 H 1+ 1+ 1+
H2 H2 H2
In equations (4.7) through (4.9), d is the lateral distance from the center phase towards corridor
edge. The factor Q/πε0 is obtained from equation (4.3). Only the vertical component Ev is
evaluated as its horizontal component is zero on an equipotential ground.
4.3. Ground level magnetic field distribution
The horizontal component of the magnetic field intensity HZ H in equation (4.10) is used. Since
its vertical component is zero as the ground surface is assumed to be a flux line. In transmission
circuits, currents are usually balanced. Hence, the phases A, B, and C respectively haveIa =
i∠0 Ib = i∠120, and Ic = i∠240 currents flowing through them. The other parameters are as
defined in equations (4.7) through (4.9).
HIa HI HIC
EHZ = + 2b 2 + (4.10)
π[(d+s)2 +H2 ] π[d +H ] π[(d−s)2 +H2 ]
Equations (4.1) through (4.10) can now be applied in electromagnetic field measurements for a
real-life situation captured in the following section. These mathematical models can prove very
handy even without the measuring instruments available on the market.
5. CALCULATION ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD FOR BUSBAR 500 KV
The following data for bus bar in substation 500 kV, it is can be determine electromagnetic field,
where, H= 17 m, s = 6.5 m, 12.55mm from point at surface ground,

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21∗10−2
R= = 12.2435 ∗ 10−2 ,
√3
req = 12.12435 ∗ 10−2 ∗ (2 ∗ 12.55 ∗ 10−3 )1/2 = 1.9397 ∗ 10−2 .
From the equation (4.1) determined the inverse matrix
2H 17 √4∗172 −4∗6.52
P11 = P22 = P33 = ln = ln = 6.7758; P13 = P31 = ln � � = 1.02963
req 1.9397∗10−2 2∗6.5
�(4∗172 )−6.52
P12 = P21 = P23 = P32 = ln[ ].
6.5
From equation (4.3)
Q Qi
� i � = √2V[mi1 2 + mi2 2 + mi3 2 − (mi1 mi2 + mi2 mi3 + mi3 mi1 )]0.5 ; = 150.9807 ∗ 103
2πQi πQi
Calculation at lateral distance from center phase towards corridor edge d=20m
As, charged on three phase (+q, +q, +q)
Calculation the electric fields from equation no (4.7).
150.9807∗103 1 1 2
EV1 = [ (20+6.5)2
+ 202
+ (20−6.5)2
]; EV1 = 17.2073 kvm−1 .
17 1+ 1+ 2 1+
172 17 172
Calculation the magnetic fields from equation no (4.10).
1∠0° = 1 + j0
1∠ − 120° = −0.5 − j0.866
1∠ − 240° = −0.5 + j0.866
EHZ = −8.4185 + j6.2854 T
Calculation at lateral distance from center phase towards corridor edge d=22.5 m
Electric field
150.9807∗103 1 1 2
EV1 = [ (22.5+6.5)2
+ 22.52
+ (22.5−6.5)2
], EV1 = 14.9179 kvm−1
17 1+ 1+ 2 1+
172 12 172
Magnetic field
17∗2000<0° 17∗2000<−120° 17∗2000<−240°
EHZ = + + .
π[(22.5+6.5)2 +172 ] π[22.52 +172 ] π[(22.5−6.5)2 +172 ]
Calculation electric field and magnetic field for multipoint at ground surface in table (1) and
table (2) which using to draw the relation between distances with the electric field in figure (5).
EHZ = −7.156 + j5.4115 T
Table (1). Calculation the electric field for a multi -point at ground surface
Dm 17 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 35
Ev 20.3491 17.2076 14.9179 12.9435 11.2638 9.8439 8.6455 7.6328
Table (2). Calculation magnetic field for a multi -point at ground surface
Dm 17 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 35
-10.0508 -8.4185 -7.1560 -6.0459 -5.1001 -4.3081 -3.6507 -3.1069
EHZ
+7.2597i +6.2854i +5.4115i + 4.593 i + 3.8722i + 3.258 i + 2.745 i + 2.3202i
6. RESULT AND RECOMMENDATION
High voltage 500 kV lines can carry large
currents and as a result produce relatively
high magnetic fields; the research on
electromagnetic and different mitigation
technique discusses the different equations
that allow us to calculate the magnetic
fields. Magnetic fields become weaker
rapidly with distance from the source.
However, they do pass through most non-
metallic materials and are therefore more
difficult to shield. The grounding portion
of substation design will be explored. In
order to properly plan and design the
grounding grid, calculations of the Figure 5. Relation curve between the distances
following will be done maximum fault coordinates with the electric field
current, grid resistance, grid current, safe touch and step voltages, ground potential rise, as well
as expected touch and step voltage levels [11]. So the electromagnetic field effect on all tools in
high voltage substation, and also effecting on the protection instrument, that’s make error on the

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fault location, the value of measuring and the value of fault current, To decrease the affection of
the electromagnetic field:
1. The building for the control room should be
after the value for the electromagnetic field at
minimum value which discussed for the table
(1) and (2)
2. For the cables by the selection of the type for Figure 6. Sample control cable covered by a shell
isolation a cover and sheath earthed in two side, the sample cable in the Figure (6),
3. The instrument transformersshould beprotecting by a shield and it’s earthed.
4. Cable tray should be throw underground cable tray where the ground voltage is zero and
underground point which is small point affection by the electromagnetic field as in figure (7).
5. The protection panel which fix the equipment’s can be decrease electromagnetic field direct by
earthed as show in figure (8).
6. The selection of the measuring instrument (ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter… etc) and the
protection equipment’s should be covered by metal (aluminum or cupper) to can be connect to
earth and connected in steel panel which can be earthed also, as show in figure (9).

Figure 7. Control cable trays in substation Figure 8. Sample for protection panel earthed

Figure 9. Cover protection equipment earthed

7. CONCLUSIONS
The convection electric current is represented by the motion of electrically charged bodies with
respect to a reference frame. Here, the electric current produced by the motion of a great number
of electrically charged particles (for instance a flux of electrons or of protons) in empty space is
included[12]. Overhead HV lines are sources of the electric and magnetic fields of low frequency
(50/60 Hz). Near the ground surface, these fields cannot exceed values determined by ecological
and health regulations or EMC standards. According to the above regulations, the considered
fields should be estimated during the HV line designing [13]. Magnetic fields are the result of
motion of electric charge or current when there is a current flowing through a power line. The
magnetic field lines run in circles around the conductor, magnetic fields are usually measure in
Tesla. So this field available in the space outer of the power line cable, if the field cut any
equipment in this space this will generate magnetic field which can be induced current in this
equipment which can be current transformer or voltage transformer or secondary connection
cable or etc. The magnetic field from a power line can vary widely because the current in the
wires depends upon the amount of power consumed. There are two basic 50Hz magnetic field,
passive magnetic field and active magnetic field. The magnetic field depends on the following

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factors, the ratings of current passing in the conductors, Clearance of the line where maximum
field occur underneath the conductor, and falls rapidly with distance on either side, Phasing of
the conductors like conductor spacing. The induced current may be in the same main direction or
opposite direction where this will do error in the protection relay or measurement equipment. In
this paper part (6) discuss how can be overcome or reduce this affection which the main
treatment for the induced electromagnetic field by grounding for all equipment’s.
References
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[2.] Dr JP Holtzhausen and Dr WL Vosloo, “High Voltage Engineering Practice and Theory”, ISBN: 978-
0-620-3767 -7
[3.] Adel Z. El Dein, G. Shabib, and Said I. Abouzeid “New Electromagnetic Field Expressions due to
Inclined Lightning Channel” 16 International Middle- East Power Systems Conference -
MEPCON'2014, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, 2014
[4.] Adel Z. El Dein “Mitigation of Magnetic Field under Egyptian 500kVOverhead Transmission Line”
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London, U.K. ISBN: 978-988-18210-7-2
[5.] Mazenabdelsalam, Hussein Anis, Ahdab EL- morshedy, Roshdyradwan, “High voltage engineering
theory and practice” second edition, ISBN: 0-8247-0402-9
[6.] M. S. H. Al Salameh, I. M. Nejdawi and O. A. Alani,” Using The Non-linear Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) Algorithm To Reduce The Magnetic Fields From Over Head High Voltage
Transmission Lines” IJRRAS 4 (2010)
[7.] Mehdi Nafar “Magnetic Field Calculation Around 230kV Bundled Transmission Lines” International
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[8.] Mehdi Nafar, GhahramanSolookinejad and MasoudJabbari, “Magnetic field calculation of 63KV
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[10.] M. S. H. Al Salameh, I. M. Nejdawi and O. A. Alani,” Using The Nonlinear Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) Algorithm To Reduce The Magnetic Fields From Over Head High Voltage
Transmission Lines” IJRRAS 4 (2010).
[11.] Mohammad Ali Adelian “Improvement of Substation Earthing “International Journal of Engineering
and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), ISSN: 2249 – 8958, 2014
[12.] Andrei NICOLAIDE, “Electromagnetics general theory of the electromagnetic field classical and
relativistic approaches”,Third Edition, Revised and Augmented, ISBN 978-606-19-0113-5, 2012
[13.] W. Krajewski “Numerical evaluation of the magnetic fieldexposure near the transition tower of an
overhead-underground HV line “Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 14, 247 - 261,
2010

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