May 15th, 2021

Take Home Experiment – Chapter 6

Pumped-Storage System Design and Performance

Professor
Dr. Ghanem Oweis

Done By
Jihad Jundi - 202000646
Lea Labaki - 202001276
Mohammad Youssef Succar - 202000640

Report Due:
May 15th, 2021

Spring 2021

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Table of Contents
I. Introduction .........................................................................................................3
II. Design Stage........................................................................................................3
a. Description .......................................................................................................................... 3
b. Calculations......................................................................................................................... 4
III. Operation Stage ...................................................................................................9
a. Case one: 6h turbine work / 12h work ................................................................................ 9
b. Case two: 6h turbine work / 18h work .............................................................................. 10
Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 11
IV. Conclusion.........................................................................................................15
Appendix ..................................................................................................................16

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I. Introduction
A pumped storage is a type of energy storage that consists of two water reservoirs, each at
different height. It consists of two modes: the system can generate power as the water travels
down through the turbine, and it can draw power when it goes up the pump; it’s an efficient way
to store energy.

For our experiment, we need to design this pumped storage system to generate 90 kW when
travelling from the upper reservoir to the lower, and to deduce the most efficient mode to make
this system operate.

II. Design Stage

a. Description
• Fluid: Water
• Density of water at 20o C: ρ = 998.23 kg/m3
• Dynamic viscosity of water at 20o C: μ = 1.0016 * 10-3 Pa.s
• Rusted steel pipe, roughness Ɛ = 2 mm (Table 6.1 from the book)

Figure 1: Pumped-Storage System design

Item # Description for the Pump Phase Description for the Turbine Phase

1 Beveled inlet Beveled outlet

2 Pipe D1, L = 3 m Pipe D1, L = 3 m

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𝑟 𝑟
3 Bend of 45°, 𝑑 = 15 Bend of 45°, 𝑑 = 15

4 Pipe D1, L = 8 m Pipe D1, L = 8 m

5 Pump Turbine, Power = 90 kW

𝑟 𝑟
6 Bend of 45°, 𝑑 = 20 Bend of 45°, 𝑑 = 20

7 Pipe D2, L = 37.3 m Pipe D2, L = 37.3 m

8 Rounded-off edge outlet Rounded-off edge inlet

Table 1: Step descriptions of both ways of the system

Path one:
• Corresponds to step 1 to 5
• Length: L1 = length of 2 + length of 4 = 3+8 =11 m
𝑅
• We have a 45° bend with 𝑑 = 15 at step 3 in addition to a turbulent flow (Re > 2300): the
minor friction head k1 ≈ 0.285.
• We have at the outlet a beveled edge at step 1, i.e., a sharp edge, hence k2 = 0.5
• Then, we have ∑ 𝐾1 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 = 0.285 + 0.5 = 0.785

Path two:
• Corresponds to step 5 to 8
• Length: L2 = length of 7 = 37.3 m
𝑅
• We have a 45° bend with 𝑑 = 20 at step 6 in addition to a turbulent flow, so we will
𝑅
extrapolate to obtain it using the values of k of 0.285 and 0.21 for the values of 𝑑 = 15
𝑅 0.285−0.21
and 𝑑 = 10, respectively. k2= 0.21 + (20 − 10) × = 0.36
15−10
• We consider the diameter of the container to be infinite with respect to the pipe’s, then
𝐷
we will have a decrease in diameter, at step 8, from container to pipe such that 𝐷2 → 0 and
1
k4 ≈ 0.42 (appendix)
• We have a rounded off edge inlet at step 8 hence we will also have a k5 = 0.25
• Then, we have ∑ 𝐾2 = 𝑘3 + 𝑘4 + 𝑘5 = 0.36 + 0.42 + 0.25 = 1.03
b. Calculations

To start with, we guessed 𝑉 = 10% ∗ √2 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ ∆𝑧 = 0.1 ∗ √2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 49.5 ≈ 3 m/s,

with ∆𝑧 = 49.5 𝑚 ≈ 50 𝑚, and chose a starting diameter of D = 100 mm. We need to
iterate D in order to get a positive value of V1 by following the steps stated below.

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After 19 iterations of D = +0.025 m, we got the following values:

Diameter Reynolds Friction Diameter Reynolds Friction 𝒉𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒉𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏,𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 V1 V2

% error
D1 (m) Number (𝐑𝐞𝟏 ) Factor 𝒇𝟏 D2 (m) Number (𝐑𝐞𝟐 ) Factor 𝒇𝟐
0.1 298990.615 0.0487634 0.055555556 538183.107 0.06181 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
0.125 538183.107 0.04484 0.069444444 672728.8838 0.0562 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
0.15 448485.9225 0.041984 0.083333333 807274.6605 0.052264 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
0.175 523233.5763 0.03976 0.097222222 941820.4373 0.04914 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
0.2 597981.23 0.038001 0.111111111 1076366.214 0.04677 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
0.225 672728.8838 0.036411 0.125 1210911.991 0.04476 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
0.25 747476.5375 0.035288 0.138888889 1345457.768 0.04308 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
0.275 822224.1913 0.034218 0.152777778 1480003.544 0.041642 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
0.3 896971.845 0.0332 0.166666667 1614549.321 0.040387 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
0.325 971719.4988 0.032455 0.180555556 1749095.098 0.039281 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
0.35 1046467.153 0.031717 0.194444444 1883640.875 0.038299719 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
0.375 1121214.806 0.03105269 0.208333333 2018186.651 0.03741 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
0.4 1195962.46 0.030449 0.222222222 2152732.428 0.036619 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
0.425 1270710.114 0.0298962 0.236111111 2287278.205 0.035892483 39.78092 9.719084 1.6286 5.276664 ~
0.45 1345457.768 0.02939 0.25 2421823.982 0.035226 43.40165 6.098351 1.3315 4.31406 18.24266
0.475 1420205.421 0.028923 0.263888889 2556369.758 0.03461 45.23758 4.262417 1.1465 3.71466 13.8941
0.5 1494953.075 0.028491 0.277777778 2690915.535 0.03404 46.37335 3.126654 1.0094 3.270456 11.95813
0.525 1569700.729 0.028089 0.291666667 2825461.312 0.03352 47.13542 2.364581 0.9007 2.918268 10.76877
0.55 1644448.383 0.02771 0.305555556 2960007.089 0.03303 47.67146 1.828541 0.8115 2.62926 9.903408

Table 2: Data tabulated from the iterative calculations

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The last row of table 2 is the iteration’s values which correspond to the wanted V1 with
D1 = 0.55 m.

To get the above values, we followed the following steps:

𝜋 𝜋
1. Constant flow rate from path 2 to path 1 => Q1 = Q2 => 4 𝐷12 ∗ 𝑉1 = 𝐷22 ∗ 𝑉2
4
𝐷1 𝜋 𝜋 𝐷12
with = 1.8, we get 𝐷12 ∗ 𝑉1 = ∗ 𝑉2 => 𝑉2 = 3.24 𝑉1
𝐷2 4 4 1.82

𝐷
2. D1 = 0.55 m and 𝐷1 = 1.8, then D2 = 0.305555556 𝑚.
2

ρV1 D1 998.23∗3∗0.55
3. Reynolds number for path 1: Re1 = = = 1644448.383
μ 0.0010016

ρV2 D2 998.23∗9.72∗0.305555556
Reynolds number for path 2: Re2 = = = 2960007.089
μ 0.0010016

4. By using the Moody chart and Cole-Brooke’s equation to be more accurate, we can get
the friction factor for path 1:
1 Ɛ 2.51 1 2 2.51
= −2 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝐷 + )=> = −2 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (550∗3.7 + )
√𝑓1 1 ∗3.7 Re1 √𝑓1 √𝑓1 1644448.383√𝑓1
=> 𝑓1 = 0.02771

Friction Factor for path 2:

1 Ɛ 2.51 1 2 2.51
= −2 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝐷 + ) => = −2 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔(305.555556∗3.7 + )
√𝑓2 2 ∗3.7 Re2 √𝑓2 √𝑓2 2960007.089√𝑓2
=> 𝑓2 = 0.03303

5. Balanced energy equation:

𝑝 𝑝
ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 − ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 − ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − ℎ 𝑉2 =( + 𝑧)𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 − ( + 𝑧)𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 ( )
2𝑔 ρg ρg
With: ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 0 since we are taking the downwards path with the pump-turbine acting as
a turbine.
ℎ 𝑉2 = 0 since the kinetic energy of the reservoir’s surface is negligible, assumed
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 ( )
2𝑔

to be 0.
𝑝 𝑝
(ρg)𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 − (ρg)𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 0 since both inlet and outlet are at atmospheric pressure.

Balanced energy equation => − ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 − ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑧𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 = ∆𝑧

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6. We can get ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 from the following equation:

𝑃 𝑃 90 ∗ 103 38.68366593
𝑃 = ρ g ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑄 => ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = ρgQ = ρgV = 𝜋 =
1 A1 998.23∗9.81∗V1 ∗ ∗0.552 V1
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7. We can find ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 using :

𝑉1 2 𝐿1 𝑉2 2 𝐿2
ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (𝑓1 + ∑ 𝐾1 ) + (𝑓2 + ∑ 𝐾2 )
2𝑔 𝐷1 2𝑔 𝐷2

𝑉1 2 11
ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (0.02771 ∗ + 0.785)
2 ∗ 9.81 0.55
10.4976 𝑉1 2 37.3
+ (0.03303 ∗ + 1.03)
2 ∗ 9.81 0.305555556
𝑉1 2 10.4976 𝑉1 2
= ∗ 1.3392 + ∗ 5.062062176 = 0.06825688073 𝑉1 2+ 2.708435469 𝑉1 2
2∗9.81 2∗9.81

= 2.77669235 𝑉1 2

8. Plugging in the above equation in the balanced energy equation with ∆𝑧 = − 49.5m:

∆𝑧 = − ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 − ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
38.68366593
-49.5 = - - 2.77669235 𝑉1 2
V1

Solving the above equation for 𝑉1 as the variable, by multiplying each factor by V1 , we get:

49.5 V1 = 38.68366593 + 2.77669235 𝑉1 3

V1 = - 4.569036138 m/s

V1 = 3.757575276 m/s

V1 = 0.8114608613 m/s

From the three values we get from the equation, we need to choose the smallest positive V1 in
order to optimize the efficiency of power generation, since all three values generate the same
power, doing otherwise would lead to power being wasted. In addition, choosing V1 =
𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑑
0.8114608613 m/s ≈ 0.8115 m/s satisfies our condition of *100 to be less than
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑑
10%:
0.8115 −0.9007
*100 = 9.903408 % < 10 %.
0.9007

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We can plot the positive real numbers of V1 in m/s and the corresponding values of the friction
head hf and the turbine head ht (after dividing it by 6 to fit the plot) in meters with respect to D1
in meters.

Figure 2: Plot of V1, 𝒉𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒉𝒇 vs D1

𝑃
We notice, from the formula of ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋 , that it is inversely proportional to D2 and
ρgV1 𝐷12
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since D1 is less than 1, ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 will increase as D1 increases. As we increase the cross-sectional
area more water passes through the turbine with time leading to an increase in the kinetic energy
being converted to electric energy per unit time. Hence, increasing the turbine head.

We can also observe an increase of the friction head as D1 increases, this can be explained by the
decrease in water particle excitation with the decrease in velocity. This leads to less energy being
wasted by collision of water particles converting the kinetic energy to heat energy, especially
when taking into account that the flow is turbulent due to the extremely high Reynolds number
we obtained. Another reason for this would be the increased in area of contact between the water
flowing and the pipe surface; this leads to collision of the water with the static surface and loss of
a lot more energy.

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Due to the increase in friction from the increase of contact area between the water and the
surface of the pipe. A lot of the kinetic energy is lost and transformed to thermal energy, leading
to the decrease in velocity. If we use mass conservation and assume the diameter of the container
𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟 2
is not infinite, we can also find that the velocity V1=Vsurface of container ∗ ( ) , hence as the
𝐷𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
diameter of the pipe increases, the velocity will decrease.

The velocity will be distributed in the pipe as shown in figure 3.

Figure 3: Distribution of the turbulent velocity inside the pipe

III. Operation Stage

After obtaining the corresponding design flow rate and diameters for our pipes in order to get
the desired turbine power of 90 KW, the next step is to evaluate the profitability of the system
for two cases, using the following formula:

Profit = (power * price * hours)Turbine - (power * price * hours)Pump

with : Price turbine = Selling Price = pt = $480.7/MWh

Price pump = Buying Price = pp = $53.4/MWh

a. Case one: 6h turbine work / 12h work

We have that the turbine power is Pt = 90 kW.

To find the power of the pump, we can use the following formula: Pp= ρ g Q ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 (1)

Energy equation:
𝑝 𝑝
ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 − ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 − ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − ℎ 𝑉2 =( + 𝑧)𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 − ( + 𝑧)𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 ( )
2𝑔 ρg ρg

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With: ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 0 since we are taking the upwards path with the pump-turbine acting as a pump.

ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1.828541 m (Table 2)

ℎ 𝑉2 = 0 since the kinetic energy of the reservoir’s surface is negligible.

𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 ( )
2𝑔

𝑝 𝑝
(ρg)𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 − (ρg)𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 0 since both inlet and outlet are at atmospheric pressure.

∆𝑧 = 49.5 𝑚

The Balanced energy equation becomes => ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 − ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑧𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 = ∆𝑧

ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ∆𝑧 + ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 49.5 + 1.828541 = 51.328541 m

𝜋
𝑄𝑡 V1 ∗ A1 0.8115 ∗ ∗0.552
The pump flow rate: 𝑄𝑃 = = = 4
= 0.0963992797 m3/s
2 2 2

If we plug in ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 in (1), we get:

Pp= ρ g Q ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 998.23 * 9.81 * 0.0963992797 * 51.328541 = 48.45430109 kW

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = (𝑃𝑡 ∗ 𝑝𝑡 ∗ h) − (𝑃𝑝 ∗ 𝑝𝑝 ∗ h) = 90 * 0.4807 * 6 - 48.45430109 * 0.0534 * 12 =

$228.528

b. Case two: 6h turbine work / 18h work

We have that the turbine power is Pt = 90 kW.

To find the power of the pump, we can use the following formula: Pp= ρ g Q ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 (1)

Energy equation:
𝑝 𝑝
ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 − ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 − ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − ℎ 𝑉2 =( + 𝑧)𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 − ( + 𝑧)𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 ( )
2𝑔 ρg ρg

With: ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 0 since we are taking the upwards path with the pump-turbine acting as a pump.

ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1.828541 3 m (Table 2)

ℎ 𝑉2 = 0 since the kinetic energy of the reservoir’s surface is negligible.

𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 ( )
2𝑔

𝑝 𝑝
(ρg)𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 − (ρg)𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 0 since both inlet and outlet are at atmospheric pressure.

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∆𝑧 = 49.5 𝑚

The Balanced energy equation becomes => ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 − ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑧𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 = ∆𝑧

ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ∆𝑧 + ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 49.5 +1.828541 = 51.328541 m

𝜋
𝑄𝑡 V1 ∗ A1 0.8115 ∗ ∗0.552
𝑄𝑃 = = = 4
= 0.06426618647 m3/s
3 3 3

If we plug in ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 in (1), we get:

Pp= ρ g Q ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 998.23 * 9.81 * 0.06426618647 * 51.328541 = 32.30286739 kW

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = (𝑃𝑡 ∗ 𝑝𝑡 ∗ h) − (𝑃𝑝 ∗ 𝑝𝑝 ∗ h) = 90 * 0.4807 * 6 – 32.30286739 * 0.0534 * 18 =

$228.528

Discussion
For the first case of 6h turbine work and 12h pump work, we have the pump work time equal to
𝑄𝑡
twice the turbine work time, so the design flow rate for the pump is 𝑄𝑃 = meanwhile the flow
2
𝑄𝑡
rate of the pump for the second case is 𝑄𝑃 = , since the pump work time is 18h, equal to three
3
times the turbine work time. Even though the overall energy in the system decreases from the
first case to the second due to friction, both cases result in the same profit. Although we are
letting the pump run longer, its flow rate will be slower; the more the pump operates longer than
the turbine, the lower the flow rate is going to be because of friction, giving us a lower pump
power. Additionally, the pumped-storage system works in a way that when the price of
electricity is low, we power the pump and increase the altitude of water, storing it as potential
energy, and when the price of electricity increases, we convert it back to electric energy using the
turbine. Hence, by only varying the pump work time, we are only storing more energy at a low
price and not selling it back at a higher price.

We can deduce from our data, that the way to increase our profit is not by increasing the pump
work time but by increasing the turbine work time as shown in figure 4 below. If we follow our
reasoning for the 2 cases we went through in this report, we notice that if we only vary the pump
time and not the turbine time, our profit will remain constant as seen in figure 5; we can see the
profit increasing as the turbine working time increases and the pump works from 1 to 20h.

Following the profit equation Profit = (power * price * hours)Turbine - (power * price * hours)Pump
and the fact that the flow rate of the pump is always proportional to the flow rate of the turbine
the way to increase profit is by increasing the turbine work and decreasing or maintaining the
pump work.

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Figure 4: Plot of turbine operating hours vs profit

Figure 5: Plot of variation of profit with respect to increasing pump and turbine working time

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Figure 6: Dimensionless plot of turbine operating hours vs profit

To allow dimensionless analysis of the profit’s relationship with the turbine’s operating hours, we
took our dimensionless parameters to be:

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
̂ =
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 , in this case being 31.049516
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑇.̂
𝑂. 𝐻 =
8 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

This will allow for reviewers to study the relationship between the profit and the turbine operating
hours for other systems by simply varying the range of hours they want to study and the price for
pump work they will pay.

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Figure 7: Fluctuation of electricity prices depending on the demands

Moreover, we should choose the timing of turbine work depending on the time frame the demand
is the highest, hence the profit will be optimized this way. An example of such fluctuation of
price can be shown in figure 7, we can see that from 17:00 to 19:00, we reach the highest number
of demands hence the highest cost.

Figure 8: Fluctuation of electricity prices throughout the year in Alberta

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In addition, for an ideal case with endless supply, the pump should be powered during winter,
considering the demand will be the usually the lowest and the turbine in summer since the prices
are usually the highest, with increasing demand, because additional expensive generation sources
are brought in to meet the demand. Figure 8 illustrated this concept in Alberta.

IV. Conclusion
All things considered, we can conclude following our experiment including two cases of
the working system, that fixing the turbine work time and varying the pump work time will not
change the profit. To design a profitable Pumped-storage system, we will need to reduce the
possible causes of friction as much as possible to be able to benefit from the power being stored
and supplied, in addition to powering the system at specific times while taking into account the
periods of time when the demand is low and high.

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Appendix

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Ellouze, W., Mishra, V., & Zhang, J. (n.d.). Management Strategies for Tomato Spotted Wilt
Disease in Alberta Greenhouses. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.31971.40489

Spot and contract markets. (n.d.). Retrieved May 12, 2021, from
https://www.aemc.gov.au/energy-system/electricity/electricity-market/spot-and-contract-
markets

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