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CH-6 Testing of Internal Combustion Engines.

The document outlines the objectives and methods for testing internal combustion engines, emphasizing the need for accurate data on engine performance, including rated power and fuel consumption. It details various measurement techniques, such as speed, fuel and air consumption, torque, and power, as well as methods for assessing engine friction and heat balance. Additionally, it describes specific tests like the motoring test, Morse test, and Willan's line for evaluating engine efficiency and performance.

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4 views

CH-6 Testing of Internal Combustion Engines.

The document outlines the objectives and methods for testing internal combustion engines, emphasizing the need for accurate data on engine performance, including rated power and fuel consumption. It details various measurement techniques, such as speed, fuel and air consumption, torque, and power, as well as methods for assessing engine friction and heat balance. Additionally, it describes specific tests like the motoring test, Morse test, and Willan's line for evaluating engine efficiency and performance.

Uploaded by

abdo.emarah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Testing of Internal Combustion

Engines
Objectives of Testing:
A- The purposes of testing an internal combustion
engine are:
1- To obtain information about the engine which cannot be
determined by calculations.
2- To confirm data used in design, the validity of which is
in doubt.
3- To satisfy the customer as to the rated power output
with the guaranteed fuel consumption.
B- The major ity of tests on internal combustion engines
are carried out for commercial pur poses in order to
check the following.
1- Rated power (brake power) with the guaranteed fuel consumption
(kg/kW-hr),
2- The quantity of lubricating oil required on brake power basis per
kW-hr.,
3- The quantity of cooling water required on brake power basis in
kg per kW-hr.,
4- The steadiness of the engine when loaded at different loads,
5- The overload carrying capacity of the engine.
The Basic Test and Measurements Are
1-Measurement of speed;
The best method of measurement is to count the number
of revolution in a given time; this could be done either
mechanically or electrically.

2-Fuel consumption measurement;


The fuel consumption of an engine is measured by
determining the volume flow in a given time interval, or
to measure the time required for the consumption of a
given volume (or mass) of fuel.
3-Air Consumption Measurement;
Air Box Method;
4-Measurement of engine torque and power:
Torque is measured by using “Dynamometer”
The external moment (P x R) must just balance the
turning moment, which is (r x f);
i.e., rxf=PxR
Types of Dynamometers:
1- Fluid Dynamometers;
2- The eddy – current Dynamometer;
3- The electric dynamometer
5-Measurment of Engine Indicated Power:
There are two methods of finding the indicated power of
an engine:
A -By taking the indicator diagram with the help of an
indicator.
B -By measuring bp and fp separately and adding the
two.
A -Indicator Diagram:
• The device which measures the variation of the pressure
in the cylinder over the cycle is called an indicator.
• the plot (diagram) of such information obtained is called
indicator diagram.

There are two types of indicator diagrams which can be


taken from various indicators, these are:
1- Pressure – volume (p–v) plot.
2- Pressure – crank angle (p– ) plot.
There are number of indicators in use, for example:
a) Piston indicator, which shown in the figure,
b) Balance– Diaphragm (Farnborough balanced engine)
indicator
6-Measurment of Engine friction (fp) Power:
• The friction power is nearly constant at a given engine
speed.
• Friction has a dominating effect on the performance of
the engine.
• Frictional losses are dissipated to the cooling system as
they appear in the form of heat.
Methods of measuring the friction power are as follows:
A- Measurement of the ip and bp by the methods described
previously for the engine at identical working conditions,
B- Motoring test,
C-Morse test,
D- Willan's line
B- Motoring test,
In this test; the engine is first run to measure the bp at a
given speed, then the fuel supply (or the spark) is cut-off
and the dynamometer is converted to run as motor to drive
the engine (motoring) at the same speed and keeping other
parameters the same. The power supplied to the motor is
measured which is a measure of the friction power (fp).

The main objection to this method is that the engine is not


firing, which leads to make running conditions are not
similar. The pressure and temperature of cylinder
contents, cylinder and piston surfaces are not the same.
C-Morse test,
• This test is only applicable to multi-cylinder engines,
• The engine is run at the required speed and the torque is
measured,
• One cylinder is cut out,
• The torque is measured again when the speed has reached
its original value.
• If the values of ip of cylinders are denoted by
• If power losses in each cylinder are denoted by
• The value of b.p, B, at the test speed with all cylinders
firing is given by:

• If number 1 cylinder is cut out, then the contribution I1


is lost and if the losses due to that cylinder remain the
same as when it is firing, then the bp B1 now obtained at
the same speed is:

• Subtracting the second equation from the first given

• By cutting out each cylinder in turn the values I2, I3 and


I4 can be obtained, then:
D- Willan's line
• In this method gross fuel consumption versus bp at a
constant speed is plotted,
• The graph drawn is called the "Willan's line“ and
extrapolated back to cut
the bp axis at the point A.
• OA represent the power
loss of the engine at this
speed.
• The fuel consumption at
zero b.p is given by OB.
• This would be equivalent
to the power loss OA.
• This test is applicable to C.I. engines only.
8 – Heat balance of Engine:
The main components of the heat balance are:
1- Heat equivalent to the b.p of the engine.
2- Heat rejected to the cooling medium.
3- Heat carried away from the engine with the exhaust
gases.
4- Unaccounted losses.
The following table gives the approximate percentage
values of various losses in SI and CI engines:

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