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Class-8 Friction Handout

The document discusses friction, a contact force that opposes the motion between two surfaces. It covers the causes of friction, factors affecting it, types of friction (static, limiting, and kinetic), and the advantages and disadvantages of friction. Additionally, it explains fluid friction and methods to reduce or increase friction in various applications.

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Shireen Mediratta
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23 views3 pages

Class-8 Friction Handout

The document discusses friction, a contact force that opposes the motion between two surfaces. It covers the causes of friction, factors affecting it, types of friction (static, limiting, and kinetic), and the advantages and disadvantages of friction. Additionally, it explains fluid friction and methods to reduce or increase friction in various applications.

Uploaded by

Shireen Mediratta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODERN DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

Class-VIII
Subject: Physics (UNIT-I)
Chapter-2 FRICTION
Friction- Friction is a contact force which opposes the relative motion between two surfaces in
contact.
Cause of friction

 Old view of friction-Friction is caused due to the interlocking of the irregularities between the two
surfaces. If roughness is more, more would be the irregularities and more would be the interlocking.
Thus the frictional force would be more.
 Modern view of friction-Friction is caused due to force of adhesion between the molecules of
surfaces in contact. Molecules attract each other because of the intermolecular forces acting between
them. More the force of adhesion, more will be the friction and vice versa.
Factors affecting frictional force
1. Smoothness of the surface- Polished and lubricated surfaces have less friction whereas rough
surfaces have more friction.
2. Weight of the object- Friction is directly proportional to the weight of the body which moves.
3. It depends upon how hard the two surfaces are pressed together.
Note- Friction does not depend upon the area of the surfaces in contact.

Properties of frictional force


1. Frictional force opposes the motion of the body and tries to stop it.
2. Friction produces heat. The heat is produced because of the work done to overcome friction.
3. Friction causes wear and tear of the two surfaces in contact.
4. Statics friction is a self-adjusting force.
Types of friction:
1. Static Friction- When the object is not moving on the surface but has the tendency to move on it, the
surface exerts the frictional force to keep the object stationary. This is called the static friction. The
static friction increases with the increase in the moving tendency of the body.
2. Limiting Friction- It is the maximum value of static friction. It acts when the body is just about to
slide on another body.
3. Kinetic/Dynamic Friction- When the object moves over another surface then the force of friction
acting between them is called kinetic or dynamic friction. It is of two types:
i) Sliding Friction- When one object is sliding over the other the force of friction acting between
the two is sliding friction.
ii) Rolling Friction- When one object rolls over the other the force of friction acting between the
two is rolling friction.

ROLLING FRICTION < SLIDING FRICTION < LIMITING FRICTION

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STATIC FRICTION – A SELF-ADJUSTING FORCE

When the body is at rest, as the applied force is


increased, the force of friction (static friction) also
increases and reaches a maximum value called
limiting friction. So, static friction is called self
adjusting force. If applied force is further increased
the body begins to move in the direction of the
force and frictional force drops (to kinetic friction).

Note- It is easier to accelerate an object which is already in motion than to move it from rest as the
irregularities of two surfaces do not get enough time to interlock themselves.

Advantages of Friction
1. It helps us to walk without slipping.
2. Friction prevents skidding of the tyres and does not allow the vehicle to go out of control.
3. Friction generates heat and could also be used to produce fire. For example – rubbing of matchstick
on matchbox.
4. It would not be possible to write on paper with pen or pencil without friction.
5. The application of brakes to stop a vehicle is made possible only due to friction between the brake
lining and the rim of the wheel.
Disadvantages of Friction
1. Friction reduces efficiency of a machine. Due to friction between various parts of machine, more force
and hence more energy is required.
2. Friction causes wear and tear of machine parts that rub against each other continuously.
3. Sometimes friction may produce very large amount of heat which may cause forest fire.
4. Friction causes wear and tear of tyres of vehicles and flattens them leading to accidents.
Fluid friction (drag) - The frictional force exerted by fluids on the objects moving through them is called fluid
friction or drag. For example- The air molecules exerts a frictional force on a moving car or aeroplane.
Similarly water and other liquids also exerts drag when objects move through them.
Factors affecting fluid friction

The fluid friction on an object depends upon-


1. Speed of the object-More the speed of object, more will be the fluid friction acting on it.
2. Shape of the object-A special streamlined shape like that of fishes and birds is given to cars, aeroplanes
and ships to minimize fluid friction. A streamlined shape is the one which is pointed at the ends and
broad from the middle. When a streamlined body travel through a fluid it exhibit minimum fluid
friction.
3. Nature of the fluid- Air exerts less fluid friction than water. That’s why it is easier to move our hand in
air than in water.
In order to minimize fluid friction cars, aeroplanes and ships are given streamlined shapes like that of fishes
and birds.
How to reduce Friction- Friction between two surfaces could be reduced by reducing the roughness of the
surfaces in contact which could be done by-
1. Polishing and making the surface smooth.
2. Using lubricants such as oil, grease, graphite powder etc.
3. Using roller, wheels or ball bearings because rolling friction is less than sliding friction
4. Streamlining objects such as cars, aeroplanes or ships reduces the fluid friction exerted by air or water
on them

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How to increase Friction- Friction is important for many of our activities.
1. It could be increased by making the surface rough
2. The soles of the shoes and tyres of the vehicles are treaded to increase friction
3. To grab the players of opposite team Kabaddi players and wrestlers put soil on their body
4. The brake systems of the automobiles are provided with brake pads to increase friction

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