CHAPTER 06

Electromagnetic
Induction
The phenomenon of generating current/emf in a conducting circuit by changing
the strength, position or orientation of an associated external magnetic field is
called electromagnetic induction (EMI). The emf, so developed is called
induced emf. If the conductor is in the form of a closed circuit, a current flows in
the circuit. This current is called induced current. It is the reverse process of
magnetic field produced by electric current. EMI was discovered by Michael
Faraday in 1831. In this chapter, we will study about the Lenz’s law, motional
emf and inductances.

MAGNETIC FLUX
The total number of magnetic field lines crossing through any surface, normally Inside
when it is placed in a magnetic field is known as the magnetic flux of that
surface. 1 Magnetic flux
Faraday’s laws of
Consider an element of area dS on an arbitrary shaped surface as shown in electromagnetic induction
Fig. 6.1. If the magnetic field at this element is B, then the magnetic flux Lenz’s law and conservation of
through the element is energy

dφB = B ⋅ dS ⇒ dφB = Bd S cosθ 2 Motional electromotive force

dS Induction of field
B
3 Self-induction
θ Kirchhoff’s second law with an
inductor
Self inductance of a coil
Self inductance of a solenoid
Energy stored in an inductor
Combination of self-inductances
Fig. 6.1 Magnetic flux 4 Mutual induction
Mutual inductances of some
Here, dS is a vector that is perpendicular to the surface and has a magnitude
important coil configurations
equal to the area dS and θ is the angle between B and dS at that element. In Coefficient of coupling
general, dφB varies from element to element. Growth and decay of current
The total magnetic flux through the surface is the sum of the contributions from in L-R circuit
Application of EMI
the individual area elements.
: eddy current
∴ φB = ∫ BdS cosθ = ∫ B ⋅ d S
398 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 2

Example 6.2 A long solenoid of radius 4 cm, length 400 cm

Specific conditions carries a current of 3 A. The total number of turns is 100.
For θ = 0 ° For θ = 90 ° For θ = 180 ° Assuming ideal solenoid, find the flux passing through a
circular surface having centre on axis of solenoid of radius
S S 3 cm and is perpendicular to the axis of solenoid (i) inside
and (ii) at the end of solenoid.
B Sol. N = 100
B
r = 4 cm = (4 × 10−3 m)

B is parallel to surface B is perpendicular to B is anti-parallel to l = 400 cm (= 4 m)

vector, i.e. S. surface vector i.e. S. surface vector, i.e. S. Number of turns per unit length is given by
⇒ φB = BS cos0° ⇒ φB = BS cos90° ⇒ φB = BS cos180° N 100
n= = = 25 turns/m
= BS =0 = BS (−1) = − BS l 4
⇒ φB = maximum (i) Magnetic field of a solenoid at a point inside is
B = µ 0ni, S = πr12 and θ = 0 °
Note Magnetic flux
(i) As magnetic lines of force are closed curves (i.e. monopoles do not
exist), total magnetic flux linked with a closed surface is always zero.
φ B = BS cos θ = µ 0ni πr12 cos 0 °
(ii) A special case, in which B is uniform over a plane surface with total = 4π × 10 −7 × 25 × 3 × π × (3 × 10 −2 )2
area S, magnetic flux is given by φB = BS cosθ. = 0.27 × 10 −6 Wb = 0.27 µ Wb
B (ii) At the end, magnetic field of solenoid is given by
1
S B = µ 0ni
θ 2
BS cos θ φ B 0.27
∴ φ= = = = 0.135 µWb
2 2 2
Fig. 6.2 A plane of surface area S placed on uniform field B
Example 6.3 A long straight wire carrying current I and a
square conducting wire loop of side l , at a distance ‘a’ from
Units and dimension of magnetic flux current wire as shown in the figure. Both the current wire
(i) Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. and loop are in the plane of paper. Find the magnetic flux of
current wire, passing through the loop.
(ii) The SI unit of magnetic flux is tesla-metre 2 (T-m 2 ).
+∞
This unit is also called weber (Wb).
I
1 Wb = 1 T-m2 = 1 N-m/A l
The CGS unit of flux is maxwell (Mx).
a
1Mx = 1 G-cm 2 x
2 4 4 2 dx
1 Wb = 1 T × 1 m = 10 G × 10 cm
or 1 Wb = 10 8 Mx –∞
Thus, unit of magnetic field is also weber/m2 Sol. As the field of current wire passing through the loop is same
(1Wb/m2 ) in direction (normally inward) but not uniform in magnitude.
or 1 T = 1 Wb/m2 So, we will use integration method for finding the flux.
The small flux through a thin rectangular strip of length l and
(iii) The dimensional formula of magnetic flux is width dx, is given by
[ML2 T −2A −1]. dφB = Bx ⋅ d S == B xdS cos180°
Example 6.1 A uniform magnetic field exists in the space Magnetic field due to a long straight wire carrying current I is
B = B1i$ + B 2 $j − B 3 k$ . Find the magnetic flux through an area µ I
given by B = 0 and area, dS = l × dx.
S, if the area S is in YZ-plane. 2 πx
Sol. Since, the field is uniform, we can use formula, φB = B ⋅ S µ Il µ
∴ φB = ∫ dφB = − ∫ 0 ⋅ dx = − 0 Il [log e x]xx == aa +l
Area S is in YZ-plane, it means S = S i$ 2π x 2π
µ0 a +l
Hence, φB = (B1i$ + B 2$j − B 3k$ ) ⋅ (S i$ ) = B1S . =− ⋅ Il log e
2π a
Electromagnetic Induction 399

Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic (iv) The angle θ between B and the normal to the loop
can change with time. This can be done by rotating
induction a loop in a magnetic field.
× × ω × ×
There are two laws of electromagnetic induction given by
Faraday as below
× × × ×
Faraday’s first law
Whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked with a × × × ×
circuit changes, an emf is induced in the circuit. Fig. 6.4
The actual number of magnetic lines passing through the
circuit does not matter to the value of the induced emf. (v) Any combination of the above can occur.
Induced emf is determined by the rate at which the Example 6.4 A coil with an average diameter of 0.02 m is
magnetic flux changes. placed perpendicular to a magnetic field of 6000 T. If the
induced emf is 11V. When the magnetic field is changed to
Faraday’s second law 1000T in 4 s. What is the number of turns in the coil?
The magnitude of the induced emf in a circuit is equal to 0.02
Sol. Given, radius of coil, r = = 0.01m
the rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit. 2
Mathematically, Faraday’s second law can be expressed as, B1 = 6000 T, B 2 = 1000 T, t = 4 s, e = 11V
Induced emf ∝ Rate of change of magnetic flux emf, e = N 2
(φ − φ1)
= NA 2
B − B1 B − B1
= Nπr 2 2
− dφB t t t
e=
dt 22 2 (6000 − 1000)
φ − φ1 11 = N ⋅ × (0.01) ×
(Q rate of change of magnetic flux = 2 ) 7 4
t 2 − t1 11 × 7 × 4
∴ Number of turns, N = = 28
The negative sign in above relation indicates that the 22 × (0.01)2 × 5000
induced emf in the loop due to changing flux always
opposes the change in the magnetic flux. Induced current and induced charge
In the case of a closely wound coil of N turns, the change Induced current
of flux associated with each turn, is same. Therefore, the
When the magnetic flux passing through a loop is changed,
expression for the total induced emf is given by
an induced emf and hence an induced current is produced
dφ B in the circuit.
e = −N If R is the resistance of the circuit, then induced current is
dt
given by
The induced emf can be increased by increasing the e 1  –dφB 
number of turns N of a closed coil. i= =   ...(i)
R R  dt 
The magnetic flux can be changed in the following ways
If induced current is produced in a coil rotated in a
(i) The magnitude of B can change with time, i.e. NBA ω sin ωt
time-varying magnetic field, uniform magnetic field, then I = = I 0 sinωt
R
B = B (t ) NBA ω
(ii) The current producing the magnetic field can change where, I 0 = = peak value of induced current,
R
with time, i.e. time-varying current, i = i (t ). N = number of turns in the coil,
(iii) The area enclosed by the loop can change with time. B = magnetic field,
This can be done by pulling a loop inside (or outside) a ω = angular velocity of rotation
magnetic field. By doing, so the area enclosed by loop and A = area of cross-section of the coil.
(hatched area) can be changed.
× × × ×
Induced charge
When the current starts flowing in the circuit, flow of
× × × × charges also takes place. Charge flown in a circuit in time
dt will be given by
× × × × 1
Fig. 6.3 dq = idt = (−dφB ) [from Eq. (i)] ...(ii)
R
400 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 2

Thus, for a time interval dt we can write, Example 6.5 A coil consists of 200 turns of wire having a
dφ 1  −dφB  1 BdS cosθ total resistance of 2.0 Ω. Each turn is a square of side
e = − B,i =   =− 18 cm and a uniform magnetic field directed perpendicular
dt R  dt  R dt
1 to the plane of the coil is turned on. If the field changes
and dq = (−dφB ) ...(iii) linearly from 0 to 0.5 T in 0.80 s, then what is the
R magnitude of induced emf and current in the coil while the
Direction of induced current field is changing?
The direction of induced current in a loop may be obtained Sol. Given, N = 200 turns, R = 2.0 Ω, change in magnetic field,
dφ 1  dφ  1 BdS cosθ ∆B = 0.5 T, side of square, l = 18 cm = 18 × 10−2m and
by using e = − and i =  −  =
dt R  dt  R dt ∆t = 0.80 s
So, the steps to decide the direction of induced current are From the Faraday’s law,
as follows NdφB ∆B
Induced emf, |e | = − = (N × S )
(i) Define a positive direction for the area vector S. dt ∆t
(ii) From the directions of S and the magnetic field B, [Q φB = B ⋅ S and area, S = l 2 = (18 × 10−2 )2]
determine the sign of φB and its time rate of
dφ (200) (18 × 10−2 )2 (0.5 − 0)
=
change, i.e. B . 0.8
dt
dφB = 4.05 V
(iii) If is positive, i.e. flux is increasing, sign
dt |e | 4.05
of induced current is negative and vice-versa. ∴ Further, induced current, i = = ≈ 2.0 A
R 2
In this way, we will determine the sign of the
induced current. Example 6.6 The magnetic flux threading a metal ring varies
with time t according to φB = 3 (at 3 − bt 2 ) T -m2 with
(iv) Finally, determine the direction of induced current
a = 2.00 s –3 and b = 6.00 s −2 . The resistance of the ring is
using your right hand. Curl the fingers of your right
3.0 Ω. Determine the maximum current induced in the ring
hand around S, with your right thumb in the
during the interval from t = 0 to t = 2.0 s.
direction of S. If the induced current is positive, it is
in the same direction as your curled fingers and if it Sol. Given, magnetic flux, φB = 3 (at 3 − bt 2 ) T-m2
is negative, it is in the opposite direction. where, a = 2 s −3 , b = 6 s −2
S
B
(Increasing) dφB
Induced emf, |e | = = 9at 2 – 6bt
dt
θ i
|e | 9at 2 − 6bt
∴ Induced current, i = = = 3at 2 − 2bt …(i)
R 3
di
For current to be maximum, =0
Fig. 6.5 dt
dφ b
[θ < 90 °, φB > 0, B > 0, so induced current is ∴ 6at − 2b = 0 or t =
dt 3a
negative] [Fig. 6.5] b
S i. e . At t = , current is maximum.
3a
Substituting the values in Eq. (i), the maximum current,
2
b b
i i max = 3a   – 2b  
 3a   3a 
θ
b 2 2b 2 − b 2
= − =
3a 3a 3a
B b2
(Decreasing) Magnitude of this maximum current will be i max = .
3a
Fig. 6.6
Substituting the given values of a and b, we get
dφ ( 6)2
[θ > 90 °, φB < 0, B < 0, so induced current is imax = = 6.0 A
dt 3( 2)
positive] [Fig. 6.6]
Electromagnetic Induction 401

Example 6.7 A square loop of side 10 cm and resistance Example 6.9 Suppose a coil of area 5 m 2 , resistance 10 Ω
0.5 Ω is placed vertically in the east-west plane. A uniform and number of turns 200 held perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field of 0.10T is set up across the plane in the magnetic field of strength 0.4T. The coil is now turned
north-east direction. The magnetic field is decreased to zero through 180° in time 1s. What is
in 0.70 s at a steady state. What is the magnitude of current (i) average induced emf,
in this time-interval? (ii) average induced current
Sol. Given, magnetic field, B = 0.10 T (iii) and total charge that flows through a given cross-section of
the coil?
and area of square loop = 10 × 10 = 100 cm2
Sol. Given, area of coil, S = 5m2, resistance, R = 10 Ω, number of
−2 2
= 10 m turns, N = 200, magnetic field, B = 0.4 T, ∆t = 1s
As, the magnetic field is set up across the plane in the When the plane of coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field,
north-east direction, then θ = 45°. i.e. θ i = 0° and after it is rotated through 180°, then
The initial magnetic flux is given by θ f = 180°.
φ B = BS cos θ ∴ Initial flux, φi = NBS cos 0° = NBS
. × 10−2
01 = 200 × 0.4 × 5 = 400 Wb
∴ φ= Wb
2 and final flux = NBS cos180° = − NBS = −400 Wb
Final flux, φ min = 0 (given) Change in flux, | ∆φB |
The change in flux is brought about in 0.70 s, i.e. ∆t = 0.70s. = NBS − (− NBS ) = 2NBS = 800 Wb
The magnitude of the induced emf is | ∆ φ| 2NBA
(i) Average induced emf (ε ) = = = 800 V
∆φ B φ−0 10−3 ∆t ∆t
e= = = ≅1 mV
∆t ∆t 2 × 0.7 ε 2NBA
(ii) Average current = = = 80 A
e 10−3 R R∆ t
The magnitude of induced current is I = = = 2 mA 2NBA
R 0.5 (iii) Total charge, ∆Q = = 80 C
R
Example 6.8 A wire of length l in the form of a square loop
lies in a plane normal to a magnetic field B 0 . If this wire is Example 6.10 Through a long solenoid of diameter 4.1 cm,
converted into a circular loop in time t 0 , then find the having 100 turns per cm, a current I = 1A is flowing. At its
average induced emf. centre, a 60 turns closely packed coil of diameter 3.1 cm is
Sol. × × × placed such that the coil is co-axial with the long solenoid.
The current in the solenoid is reduced to zero at a steady
2 rate in 10 ms. What is the magnitude of emf induced in the
r
coil while the current in the solenoid is changing?
× × × Sol. Initially, magnetic flux passing through the coil (one turn),
φ 1= B ⋅ A = BA cos 0°
1
Magnetic field at a point inside the solenoid is given by
× × × B = µ 0nI, where n is number of turns per metre.
l πd 2
Circumference of circle will be l = 2πr ⇒ r = ∴ φ1 = µ 0nI ×
2π 4
l Here, n = 10000 turns per m,
Side of square, L =
4 I = 1A and d = 3.1 cm
Using the relation, φB = B ⋅ S = BS cos θ πd 2
∴ φ1 = µ 0nI
Here, θ=0 4
⇒ φB = BS . × 10−2 )2
(31
= 4π × 10−7 × 10000 × 1 × π ×
B 0l 2 4
Magnetic flux of square loop will be φ1 = B 0 L2 = = 0.947 × 10−5 Wb
16
Magnetic flux of circular loop will be Finally, the flux becomes zero because the current reduces to
zero.
B 0 πl 2
B 0l 2
φ 2 = B 0 πr 2 = = | ∆φ| 0.947 × 10−5
4π 4π
2
Thus, induced emf, e = = = 9.47 × 10−4V
∆t 10 × 10−3
Average induced emf is given by
φ 2 − φ1 The total emf = N × e = 60 × 9.47 × 10−4
B l2  1 1 B l2
e =− =− 0  −  = 0 (4 − π ) = 568.2 × 10−4V
∆t t 0  4π 16 16πt 0
402 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 2

Example 6.11 A square loop of edge b having M turns is Example 6.12 A square loop ACDE of area 20 cm 2 and
rotated with a uniform angular velocity ω about one of its resistance 5 Ω is rotated in a magnetic field B = 2 T through
diagonals which is kept fixed in a horizontal position. A 180°
uniform magnetic field B 0 exists in the vertical direction. (i) in 0.01 s (ii) and in 0.02 s.
× × × Find the magnitude of e, i and ∆q in both the cases.

B
× × × A C

ω
× × ×
E D
Find (i) the emf induced in the coil as a function of time t,
(ii) the maximum emf induced,
(iii) the average emf induced in the loop over a long period, Sol. Let us take the area vector S perpendicular to plane of loop
inwards.
(iv) if resistance of loop is R, amount of charge flown in time
t = 0 to t = 2T Hence, initial flux passing through the loop,
(v) and heat produced in time t = 0 to t = 2T . φ i = BS cos 0°
Sol. (i) Initially, plane of loop is perpendicular to the field. Let = ( 2) ( 20 × 10−4 ) (1)
at any time t, normal to loop makes an angle θ with = 4 × 10−3 Wb
magnetic field θ = ωt. Flux passing through the loop when it is rotated by 180°,
The flux passing through loop,
φf = BS cos180°
φ B = MB0 S cos θ = MB0b 2 cos ωt
= (2) (20 × 10−4 ) (−1)
dφ
⇒ e = − B = MB0b 2ω sin ωt = e 0 sinωt, = −4 × 10−3 Wb
dt
Therefore, change in flux,
where, e 0 = MB0b 2ω.
∆φB = φf − φ i
(ii) For emf to be maximum, then sin ωt should be equal to 1.
⇒ emax = e 0 = MB0b 2ω = − 8 × 10−3 Wb
(iii) Long period means one time period, i.e. t → 0 to T. (i) Given at, ∆t = 0.01 s, R = 5 Ω
We know that, average emf is given as Using the relation,
T ∆φB 8 × 10−3
|e | = − = = 0.8 V
∫ edt 1
T  T  ∆t 0.01
e = 0
= ⋅ e 0 ∫ sinωtdt = 0 Q ∫ sinωtdt = 0
T
T  0  |e | 0.8
or induced current, i = = = 0.16 A
∫ dt 0
R 5
0
(iv) Using the relation, induced current, and charge, ∆q = i∆t = 0.16 × 0.01 = 1.6 × 10–3 C
e e (ii) Similarly, given at, ∆t = 0.02 s, R = 5 Ω
i = = 0 sin ωt = i0 sin ωt
R R ∆φB 8 × 10−3
e ∴ |e | = − = = 0.4 V
where, i0 = 0 . ∆t 0.02
R |e | 0.4
We know that, q = idt ∴ i= = = 0.08 A
R 5
So, for time 0 to 2T,
2T 2T
and charge, ∆q = i∆t = (0.08) (0.02)
q= ∫ idt = i0 ∫ sinωtdt = 0 = 1.6 × 10−3 C
0 0
Example 6.13 The two conducting rails are placed
(v) Heat (H) generated in a loop during time 0 to 2T, is
given as perpendicular to each other, such that their ends are joined
2T 2 2T as shown in figure. A conducting bar is now placed over the
e e 02
∫ ∫ sin ωtdt
2 rails and start moving with constant velocity v starting from
H= dt =
0
R R 0 the vertex at time t = 0.
e2 T e 2 2π 2πe 02
(i) Find the flux through the triangle (isosceles) by the rails and
 2π 
= 0 ⋅ 2⋅ = 0 ⋅ = Q T =  bar at t = t 0.
R 2 R ω ωR  ω
(ii) Find the emf around the triangle at that time.
Electromagnetic Induction 403

(iii) In what manner, does the emf around the triangle vary with This law is based upon law of conservation of energy. As
time? the induced emf opposes the change in flux, work has to
B be done against the opposition offered by induced
v emf/current in changing the flux. The work done appears
as electrical energy in the circuit.
90°
Direction of induced current with the
help of Lenz’s law
Direction of induced current can be determined by
checking whether the flux through a conducting loop or
Sol. B circuit is increasing or decreasing.
● If flux is decreasing, the magnetic field due to induced

45°
2vt current will be along the existing magnetic field.
O 45° ● If flux is increasing, the magnetic field due to induced

current will be opposite to existing magnetic field.

vt
t=0 Important points based on Lenz’s law
1 The following are some important points that will explain
(i) At time = t, area of loop, S = ⋅ vt ⋅ 2vt = v 2t 2
2 the direction of induced current according to Lenz’s law
1
(Q area of isosceles triangle = × base × height) (i) Consider a conducting loop is being pulled inside a
2
magnetic field, hence area of loop inside the
Using the relation,
magnetic field increases.
Magnetic flux, φ B = BS = Bv 2t 2 and at t = t0, φ = Bv 2t02
(ii) The emf developed around the triangle, Motion
dφ
e = B = Bv 2 ⋅ 2t = 2Bv 2t
dt I (Induced current)
At t = t0 , e = 2Bv 2t0
(iii) According to the relation obtained for the emf,
i.e. e = 2Bv 2t ⇒ e ∝ t
Fig. 6.7 Moving loop

From the above figure, it is clear that the magnetic

e flux through loop is increasing and hence magnetic
field due to induced current will be opposite to the
existing magnetic field, i.e. inside the plane of
t paper, thus direction of induced current will be
Hence, emf varies linearly with time. clockwise.
(ii) Consider a loop is being pulled out of magnetic field,
Lenz’s law and conservation of area of loop inside field decreases and hence flux
(φ = BS ) passing through loop also decreases.
energy
× × ×
The negative sign in Faraday’s equation of electromagnetic Motion
induction describes the direction in which induced emf
× × ×
drives the current. This direction is easily determined
with the help of Lenz’s law, an associated principle with × × ×
Faraday’s law. I (Induced current)
Lenz’s law give the same result as the sign rule we × × ×
introduced in Faraday’s law but is often easier to use.
Lenz’s law states that, the direction of any magnetic × × ×
induction effect is such as to oppose the cause of effect. Fig. 6.8
404 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 2

So, magnetic field due to induced current will be magnetic field, i.e. ¤. Hence, induced current will
along the existing magnetic field, i.e. inside the be anti-clockwise but single current will flow in the
plane of paper, thus direction of induced current will wire. The induced emf in loop 1 will be greater due
be clockwise. to its bigger area, so single current will flow
according to current in loop 1. Induced current in 1
(iii) Consider a loop is placed near a current carrying will be anti-clockwise and in loop 2 will be
loop wire. The magnetic field due to long wire at clockwise.
distance x from it is given by (vi) (a) When north pole moves towards ring, then flux
µ i will increase, induced current will oppose this, so
B = 0 ⇒B ∝ i ⇒ φ ∝ B ∝ i
2πx north pole will be formed in loop as seen by
observer.
I
S N
i
Observer Motion

x B Fig. 6.12
Induced current will be anti-clockwise.
Fig. 6.9

The direction of magnetic field due to long wire will (North) (South)
be ⊗.
Anti-clockwise Clockwise
If the current in long wire increases, then φ
Fig. 6.13
increases and the magnetic field due to induced
current will be opposite to existing magnetic field, (b) When north pole moves away from ring, then
i.e. . Hence, direction of induced current is flux will decrease, induced current will oppose
anti-clockwise. this, so south pole will be formed in loop as seen
by observer.
(iv) If a conducting loop is brought away from a current
carrying straight wire. S N

I Observer Motion

i Fig. 6.14
Motion
Induced current will be clockwise.
x B (c) Similar observations [as in case (a)] can be
observed when south pole moves towards ring.
Fig. 6.10
So, induced current will be clockwise here.
As the loop is moving away, so flux through the loop
N S
will decrease and the magnetic field due to induced
current will be along the existing magnetic field, i.e. Observer Motion
⊗. Hence, direction of induced current is clockwise.
Fig. 6.15
(v) Consider two conducting loops are placed in a
magnetic field. (d) Similar observations [as in case (b)] can be
× × × × observed when south pole moves away from the
ring. So, induced current in this case will be
I anti-clockwise.
I
× × ×
1 2
N S
I I
× × × × Observer Motion

Fig. 6.11 Fig. 6.16

In this case, if magnetic field is increasing, then flux (vii) Two co-axial circular loops, identical to each other,
through each loop will increase and the magnetic field carry equal amount of currents and circulating in the
due to induced current will be opposite to the existing same direction.
Electromagnetic Induction 405

(a) When loops approaches each other, then the flux Example 6.15 A bar magnet is brought near a solenoid as
linked with each coil will increase. shown in figure. Will the solenoid attract or repel the
magnet?
1 2

S N
R2 + x2
R
x
Sol. When the magnet is brought near the solenoid, then according
Fig. 6.17 to Lenz’s law, both repel each other. On the other hand, if the
Magnetic field due to loop ① at loop ② will be given magnet is moved away from the solenoid, then it attracts the
by magnet. When the magnet is brought near the solenoid, then
µ 0NiR 2 the nearer side becomes the same pole and when it is moved
B=
2(R 2 + x 2 ) 3/ 2 away it becomes the opposite pole as shown in figure.
So, x decreases, B will increase φ also increases.
The induced current in each coil will try to reduce S N N S
flux and will be opposite to original current. So,
current in each coil will decrease.
(b) Now, loops move away from each other, then the
flux linked with coil will decrease and so the S N S N
induced current will try to increase the flux and
hence current in each coil will increase.
Example 6.14 A bar magnet is freely falling along the axis of Example 6.16 A circular loop is placed near a current
a circular loop as shown in figure. State whether its carrying conductor as shown in figure. Find the direction of
acceleration ‘a’ is equal to, greater than or less than the induced current, if the current, in the wire is decreasing.
acceleration due to gravity g.
S

N a i
(Decreasing)

Sol. According to Lenz’s law, whatever may be the direction of Sol. In this case, loop is placed to the right of current carrying
induced current, it will oppose the cause producting it. Here, wire (not to the left as it appears, because if you move in the
the cause is the free fall of magnet and so the induced current direction of current, loop lies to the right).
will oppose it. So, the acceleration of magnet will be less than
the acceleration due to gravity g.
Alternate method This can be understood in a different
Induced current
manner. When the magnet falls downwards with its north
pole downwards. The magnetic field lines passing through the
coil in the downward direction increase. Since, the induced
current opposes this, the upper side of the coil will become Now, the current is decreasing, therefore induced current in
north pole, so that field lines of coil’s magnetic field are the loop is clockwise (S) as shown in above figure.
upwards. Now, like poles repel each other. Hence, a < g.
S Example 6.17 A current carrying straight wire passes inside a
triangular coil as shown in figure. The current in the wire is
N perpendicular to paper inwards. Find the direction of the
induced current in the loop, if current in the wire is
increased.

(a) (b) i

Note If this circular loop had a slot, an emf in that case will be
induced but no current will flow, i.e. a = g .
406 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 2

Sol. Magnetic field lines around the current carrying wire are as flux will become constant. Now, when the loop will start
shown in figure below. Since, the magnetic lines are coming out the flux will linearly decrease to zero value.
tangential to the loop ( θ = 90° ), the flux passing through the Flux (φ)
loop is zero, whether the current is increased or decreased.
Hence, change in flux is zero. Therefore, induced current in
the loop will be zero.
O Time (t)

dφ
Since, emf induced, ε = − , it means emf is negative of the
dt
slope of the φ-t graph. So, emf is negative in the beginning,
then it becomes zero and then it becomes positive and again it
becomes zero.
emf (ε)

+ε
Example 6.18 A uniform magnetic field B = B 0t i$ in a region O Time (t)
exists. A circular conducting loop of radius r and resistance –ε
R is placed with its plane in YZ-plane. Determine the
current through the loop and sense of the current.
Sol. Example 6.20 Through a conducting coil along its axis, a
× × × × × × short bar magnet is rapidly pulled with uniform velocity
× × × × B = B0t ^i with, which its north pole entering the coil first. Plot the
O Z
× r × × × variation of (i) flux, (ii) induced current and (iii) power
× × × × × dissipated in coil with time.
Y
× × × × × × Sol. (i) S N

We know that, magnetic flux is given as x

φB = B ⋅ S = (B 0t )(πr 2 ) cos 0° µ 0 2M
Magnetic field due to magnet is given as B = ⋅
dφ 4π x 3
⇒ φB = B 0πr 2t and = B 0 πr 2
dt 1 1
⇒ B∝ ⇒ φ∝
− dφ x3 x3
Further, induced emf, ε = = −B 0 π r 2
dt When a bar magnet is pulled rapidly through a conducting
2 coil, then flux first increases, reaching to a maximum value
| ε| B 0πr
Therefore, current, i = = and then decreases.
R R
The variation of flux φ with time t is shown below
By Lenz’s law, i should be anti-clockwise, so that it can
oppose the increase in magnetic field. φ

Example 6.19 Through a uniform B field, a small rectangular

loop is moving towards left with constant velocity as shown
in the figure. Counting of time t begins at the moment, the t
loop starts entering the field. A B C
Plot the variation of flux through the loop with respect to (ii) When flux increases, then north pole is formed and
time. Also, plot the variation of induced emf w.r.t. time t. current is anti-clockwise.
When flux decreases, then south pole is formed and current
× × × × × × is clockwise. (Taking anti-clockwise current as positive.)
× × × × B× × v The induced current I versus time t graph is shown
× × × × × ×
I
× × × × × ×
× × × × × ×

Sol. As the loop is moving with constant velocity, the flux will C
be increasing linearly, as long as the loop will be entering the t
A B
B field. Once the loop has completely entered the B field the
Electromagnetic Induction 407

(iii) As, power ∝ (induced current) 2. The corresponding We know, according to kinematic equation, distance travelled
power versus t graph can be drawn as 1
x = ut + at 2. Here, initial velocity, u = 0, acceleration,
2
P a = b = 30 cm/s2
1 2
So, in time t, distance travelled by conductor, x = bt
2
t Blbt 2
A B C Flux passing through loop, φ = BS = Blx =
2
Example 6.21 In a uniform magnetic field, a π shaped metal Here, B and t both are variable.
frame is located perpendicular to the plane of the conductor dφ lb dB 2 
and varying with time at the rate (dB / dt ) = 0.20 T /s. A So, induced emf, e = =  t + B ⋅ 2t 
dt 2  dt 
conducting connector starts moving with an acceleration
a = 30 cm/s 2 along the parallel bars of the frame. The 0.44 × 0.3
= (0.2 × 12 + 2B )
length of the connector is equal to l = 44 cm. Find the emf 2
induced in the loop at t = 1 s after the beginning of the = 0.066 (0.2 + 2B )
motion, if at the moment t = 0, the loop area and the dB
magnetic induction are equal to zero. Given, = 0.2 T/s ⇒ dB = 0.2dt
dt
Sol. ⊗B
On integrating both sides, we get
B t
l a
∫ dB = 0.2 ∫ dt ⇒ B = 0.2 t = 0.2 × 1 = 0.2
0 0
x So, induced emf, e = 0.066(0.2 + 0.2) = 0.0264 = 2.64 × 10−2V

CHECK POINT 6.1

1. The magnetic flux linked with a vector area A in a uniform 8. A circular ring of diameter 20 cm has a resistance 0.01 Ω.
magnetic field B is How much charge will flow through the ring, if it is rotated
B
(a) B × A (b) AB (c) B ⋅ A (d) from a position perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of
A B = 2 T to a position parallel to field?
2. The unit of magnetic flux is (a) 4 C (b) 6.28 C (c) 3.14 C (d) 2.5 C
−2 −1
(a) Wbm (b) Wb (c) H (d) Am 9. In a circuit with a coil of resistance 2 Ω, the magnetic flux
3. The dimensions of magnetic flux are changes from 2.0 Wb to 10.0 Wb in 0.2 s. The charge that
(a) [MLT −2A−2] (b) [ML2T −2A−2] flows in the coil during this time is
(a) 5.0 C (b) 4.0 C (c) 1.0 C (d) 0.8 C
(c) [ML2T −1A−2] (d) [ML2T −2A−1]
4. The magnetic flux linked with a coil, in weber is given by 10. The direction of induced emf during electromagnetic
the equation φ = 3 t + 4 t + 9. Then, the magnitude of
2 induction is given by
(a) Faraday’s law (b) Lenz’s law
induced emf at t = 2 s will be
(a) 2 V (b) 4 V (c) 8 V (d) 16 V (c) Maxwell’s (d) Ampere’s law

5. A coil having an area A0 is placed in a magnetic field which 11. Two different loops are concentric and lie in the same plane.
The current in the outer loop is clockwise and increasing
changes from B0 to 4 B0 in time interval t. The emf induced with time.
in the coil will be
(a) 3A0 B0 / t (b) 4 A0 B0 / t (c) 3B0 / A0 t (d) 4B0 / A0 t The induced current in the inner loop, is
(a) clockwise
6. The magnetic flux φ (in weber) in a closed circuit of (b) zero
resistance 10 Ω varies with time t (in second) according to (c) counter-clockwise
equation φ = 6 t 2 – 5 t + 1. The magnitude of induced current (d) in a direction that depends on the ratio of the loop radii
at t = 0.25 s is 12. When the current through a solenoid increases at a constant
(a) 1.2 A (b) 0.8 A (c) 0.6 A (d) 0.2 A rate, then the induced current
7. The magnetic flux across a loop of resistance10 Ω is given by (a) is a constant and is in the direction of the inducing current
φ = (5 t 2 − 4 t + 1) Wb. How much current is induced in the (b) is a constant and is opposite to the direction of the inducing
current
loop after 0.2 s?
(c) increase with time and is in the direction of inducing current
(a) 0.4 A (b) 0.2 A
(d) increase with time and is opposite to the direction of
(c) 0.04 A (d) 0.02 A inducing current
408 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 2

13. The north pole of a long horizontal bar magnet is being conducting loop is slowly changing into a circular loop in
brought closer to a vertical conducting plane along the the plane of the paper. Then,
perpendicular direction. The direction of the induced (a) current is induced in the loop in the anti-clockwise
current in the conducting plane will be direction
(a) horizontal (b) vertical (b) current is induced in the loop in the clockwise direction
(c) clockwise (d) anti-clockwise (c) AC is induced in the loop
14. There is a uniform magnetic field directed perpendicular (d) No current is induced in the loop
and into the plane of the paper. An irregular shaped

MOTIONAL ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE

So far, we have considered the cases in which an emf is General form of motional emf
induced in a stationary circuit placed in a time-varying To find motional emf for a conductor of any shape,
magnetic field. In this section, we will study about moving in a uniform or non-uniform magnetic field, we will
motional emf, i.e. the emf induced in a conductor when it consider any small element d l of a conductor, then the
is moving through a constant magnetic field. Now, let us contribution de to the emf is the magnitude of d l
consider, a straight conductor of length l as shown in Fig. 6.18 multiplied by the component of (v × B ) which is parallel to
which is moving through a uniform magnetic field directed d l.
into the page. For simplicity, we assume that the conductor
i.e. de = (v × B ) ⋅ d l
is moving in a direction perpendicular to the field with
constant velocity under the influence of some external agent. ⇒ e = ∫ (v × B ) ⋅ d l [motional emf, closed conducting loop]
× Q × ×
++
++
Important points related to motional emf
Some important points related to motional emf are given
× × ×
Fe below
l – v (i) For a semi-circular conducting loop of radius R with
× Fm × × the centre at O and moving with velocity v, then the
emf is given by
––
–– e = Bv (2R )
P
× × × ⇒ VP − VQ = 2BvR
Fig. 6.18
× × ×
Due to motion of conductor in magnetic field, a potential v
difference is maintained between the ends of the conductor
as long as the conductor continues to move through the × × × ⇒
uniform magnetic field. P
e
Q
Q (–)
This potential difference is called motional electromagnetic P (+) O R
force, which is denoted by e and is given by × × ×
Fig. 6.20
e = Bvl ...(i)
×
(ii) If a conducting rod AB moves with a velocity v in
× ×
P XY-plane, then we can resolve the velocity vector in
two components as shown in Fig. 6.21.
× l × v × × v sin θ
v ×

Q
× × ×
Fig. 6.19 × × ⇒
θ P Q
e
P (+) Q (–)
If R is the resistance of the circuit, then current will be l
× ×
written as
e Bvl
⇒ i= = …(ii) Fig. 6.21
R R
Electromagnetic Induction 409

No emf will be induced, due to v cos θ. So, the net Motional emf induced in a rotating bar
effect of emf will be due to v sin θ, which is given
by e = B (v sin θ ) l . (i) A conducting rod of length l rotates with a constant
angular speed ω about a pivot at one end. A uniform
(iii) For a circular loop of radius R moving with velocity
magnetic field B is directed perpendicular to the
v, we can replace its two ends lying on opposite
plane of rotation as shown in Fig. 6.25.
sides of diameter with a battery of emf e. Then, the
emf is given by e = Bv (2R ) = 2BvR × × ×

B ω dr
P × P Q (v = rω)
l
(+) × (–) ×
2R v e
× × ×
Q Fig. 6.25
Fig. 6.22
Let us suppose an element of length dr at a distance
(iv) For a irregular shape, a conducting body of length l, r from P. The induced emf in this segment is
we can assume it, as a straight conductor and replace de = Bvdr = B (r ω )dr
it with a battery of emf e as shown in Fig. 6.23. Because every segment of the rod is moving
Then, e = B (v cos θ )l perpendicular to B, an emf de of same form is
B generated across each.
B v Q
sθ
Q So, summing the emfs induced across the ends of the
θ co
v rod is
l l
l l
e = ∫ de = ∫ Br ω dr
P
P 0 0
1
⇒ e = B ωl 2
2
Q
Bl 2 π
e = Bl 2 πν = (Q 2πν = ω)
T
P
where, ν = frequency (revolution per second)
Fig. 6.23 and T = time period.
(v) When magnetic field varies at every point of (ii) If a conducting disc of radius r rotates with constant
conductor which is moving with speed v, then the angular velocity ω about its axis in a uniform
induced emf will be given by magnetic field parallel to its axis of rotation as
shown in Fig. 6.26.
i e Axis
P Q P Q
x dx ω
r r B
B
O P
r
Fig. 6.24

de = Bv dx,
where, B is the magnetic field due to a long wire at
µ i Fig. 6.26
distance x and is equal to 0 ⊗.
2πx Take a rod between centre and point P.
µ iv r +l dx ω
Therefore,VP − VQ = e = 0 ∫
2π r x O P O P
1
µ 0 iv  l  r e = Bωr 2
= ln 1 +  2
2π  r Fig. 6.27
410 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 2

As, we have already deduced the emf for a rod Example 6.24 A ring of radius 2m translates in its plane with
rotating in a constant magnetic field. a constant velocity 5m/s. A uniform magnetic field 0.1 T
1 exists in the space in a direction perpendicular to the plane
So, the induced emf is given by e = Bωr 2 . of the ring. Consider different pairs of diametrically opposite
2 points on the ring.
That means, disc is equivalent to rod.
(i) Between which pair of points is the emf maximum? What is
the value of this maximum emf?
Fleming’s right hand thumb rule (ii) What is the value of this minimum emf?
The direction of motional emf or current can be given by
Sol. Given, radius, r = 2 m, velocity, v = 5 ms−1
Fleming’s right hand thumb rule. If we stretch the thumb,
the forefinger and the central finger of right hand in such a Constant magnetic field, B = 0.1 T
way that all are mutually perpendicular to each other and if According to the question,
thumb represents the direction of motion of the conductor,
P
the forefinger represents the direction magnetic field, then P B
central finger will represent the direction of induced
current as shown in Fig. 6.28. S R v e = Bv .2r = 2Bvr
Motion of
conductor
Thumb
Q Q
Forefinger
S R
Direction of
ge al

magnetic field From figure, we can see that emf is maximum at PQ and
fin entr
r

minimum at RS, as PQ is perpendicular to motion and RS

C

Direction of induced current

along the motion.
Fig. 6.28
Using the relation for induced emf for a rod,VP − VQ = 2Bvr
Example 6.22 A conducting rod of length 1 m moves with a e max = 2Bvr
velocity of 5m/s in a direction perpendicular to its length = 2 × 0.1 × 5 × 2 = 2 V
and perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of magnitude VS − VR = 0 ⇒ e min = 0
0.4T. Find the emf induced between the ends of the stick.
Sol. As, we know that, induced emf for a moving rod is given by Example 6.25 Two rings of radii 5m and 10m move in
⇒ e = Bvl = 0.4 × 5 × 1 opposite directions with velocity 20 m/s and 10 m/s
=2V respectively, on a conducting surface S. There is a uniform
magnetic field of magnitude 0.1T perpendicular to the plane
Example 6.23 The horizontal component of the earth’s of the rings. Find the potential difference between the
magnetic field at a place is 4.0 × 10 −4 T and the dip is 45°. highest points of the two rings.
A metal rod of length 20 cm is placed in the north-south
direction and is moved at a constant speed of 5 cm/s towards
r1 = 5 m
east. Calculate the emf induced in the rod. 10 m/s
B = 0.1T
Sol. N P 20 m/s
⊗Bvl
r2 = 10 m
W E l v S

Sol. The above situation can be drawn as

S
P
Q
S
According to the question, the velocity v, length l and B v
(vertical component of earth magnetic field) are mutually r2 10 m/s
perpendicular using the relation, 20 m/s r1
 B 
e = B vvl Q tan φ = v  R S Q
 Bh 
= B h tan φvl S P
= 4 × 10−4 tan 45° × 0.05 × 0.20
or
= 4 × 10−6 V
There will be no induced emf due to B h (horizontal component
of earth magnetic field) because it is parallel to length of rod. R Q
Electromagnetic Induction 411

As, we know, induced emf in a rod is given by e = Bvl . e Bv l

Potential at point P, e = Bvl = 0.1 × 10 × 20 = 20 V ∴ Induced current, I = = 0
R total 7
Potential at point S, e = Bvl = 0.1 × 20 × 10 = 20 V
1 × v 0 × 0.2
So, the net emf produced in above figure is given by ⇒ 2 × 10−3 =
7
VP − 20V − 20V = VS ⇒ VP − VS = 40 V ⇒ v 0 = 7 × 10−2 m/s = 7 cm/s
Example 6.26 A vertical disc of diameter 10 cm makes As, flux is decreasing, so induced current I will be clockwise.
20 revolutions per second about a horizontal axis passing
through its centre. A uniform magnetic field 10 −1T acts Example 6.28 Figure shows the top view of a rod that can
perpendicular to the plane of the disc. Calculate the slide without friction. The resistor is 6.0 Ω and a 2.5 T
potential difference between its centre and rim in volts. magnetic field is directed perpendicularly downward into the
paper.
Sol. As, we know, disc is equivalent to a rod of length r . Divide Let l =1.20 m.
disc into rods, each rod can be replaced by a battery and these
batteries would be parallel in arrangement. B

ω ω e l R F
O P O P
2r O P

(i) Calculate the force F required to move the rod to the right at
According to the question, radius of disc,
a constant speed of 2.0 ms −1.
10
r= = 5 cm = 0.05 m (ii) At what rate is energy delivered to the resistor?
2
(iii) Show that this rate is equal to the rate of work done by the
Angular velocity, ω = 20 × 2π = 40 π rad /s applied force.
Magnetic field, B = 10−1 T Sol. Given, resistance, R = 6.0 Ω
The emf of a disc is given as
Magnetic field, B = 2.5 T
1 1
e = Bωr 2 = (10−1)(40π )(0.05)2 Length of the rod, l = 1.20 m
2 2
The motional emf in the rod is given as, e = Bvl
⇒ VO − VP = 1.57 × 10−2 V
or e = (2.5) (2.0) (1.2) V = 6.0 V
Example 6.27 A square metal wire loop of side 20 cm and e 6.0
The current in the circuit, i = = = 1.0 A
resistance 2 Ω is moved with a constant velocity v 0 in a R 6.0
uniform magnetic field of induction B = 1 Wb/m 2 as shown (i) The magnitude of force F required will be equal to the
in the figure. The magnetic field lines are perpendicular to magnetic force acting on the rod, which opposes the
the plane of the loop. The loop is connected to a network of motion.
resistance each of value 5 Ω. The resistances of the lead ∴ F = F m = qvB = ilB
wires BF and AE are negligible. What should be the speed
or F = (1.0) (1.2) (2.5) N = 3 N
of the loop, so as to have a steady current of 2 mA in the
loop? Give the direction of current in the loop. (ii) Rate by which energy is delivered to the resistor is
P1 = i 2R = (1)2 (6.0) = 6 W
× × × E
(iii) The rate by which work is done by the applied force,
5Ω 5Ω
× × ×
A 5Ω P2 = Fv = (3) (2.0) = 6 W ⇒ P1 = P2
l C D
v0 Example 6.29 A square loop of side l being moved towards
× × × B
5Ω 5Ω right at a constant speed v as shown in figure. The front
× × × F edge enters the magnetic field B at t = 0. The width of field
is 4l. Sketch induced emf versus time graph.
Sol. From the figure, we see that, network CEDF is balanced × × ×
B
Wheatstone bridge, so no current will flow in branch CD.
So, the equivalent resistance of CEDF network,
10 × 10
R eq = = 5Ω l × v × ×
10 + 10
Resistance of loop = 2 Ω l
R total = 2 + R eq = 2 + 5 = 7 Ω × × ×
We know that, induced emf, e = Bv 0l 4l
412 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 2

Sol. × B × × and internal resistance, r2 =15 Ω

S P S P From right hand rule, we can see that,
Vb > Va and Ve > Vf
l × v × × v Now, either by applying Kirchhoff ’s laws (discussed in the
chapter of current electricity) we can find current through
R Q R Q 5 Ω resistor. We will here use the superposition principle.
l You solve it by using Kirchhoff ’s laws.
× × ×
Now, in the figures, R = 5 Ω, r1 = 10 Ω, r2 = 15 Ω,
4l
l e1 = 4 × 10–3 V and e 2 = 2 × 10–3 V.
From t = 0 to t = , C
v
1 2
e Bvl
Induced emf, e = Bvl and I = = , which is r1 i1 i2 e2
R R
R
anti-clockwise in direction. r2
l 4l i2
e1
Again from t = to t = , emf e = 0
v v
4l 5l KVL in loop 1,
t= to t = , emf e = Bvl
v v e1 − ir
11 − (i1 − i2 ) R = 0
e Bvl ⇒ e1 = i1 (r1 + R ) − i2R …(i)
So, induced current I = = , which is clockwise in
R R
direction now. Similarly, KVL in loop 2,
So, the plot of induced emf versus time is given as e 2 − i2 r2 − (i2 − i1) R = 0
⇒ e 2 = − iR1 + i2 (r2 + R ) …(ii)
Bvl Now, putting values in Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
R
4 × 10−3 = 15i1 − 5i2 …(iii)
I O l 4l 5l −3
v v v and 2 × 10 = − 5i1 + 20i2 …(iv)
Bvl
R t From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
2
Example 6.30 Two parallel rails with negligible resistance are i2 = = 018
. mA
11
10 cm apart. They are connected by a 5 Ω resistor. The
circuit also contains two metal rods having resistances of and i1 = 0.33 mA
10 Ω and 15 Ω along the rails. The rods are pulled away Hence, net current through 5 Ω resistor,
from the resistor at constant speeds 4.00 m/s and 2 m/s, I = i1 − i2 = 0.33 − 018
.
respectively. A uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.01T = 015
. mA (from d to e)
is applied perpendicular to the plane of the rails. Determine
the current in the 5 Ω resistor.
Induction of field
× a × c × e ×
The modern view of electromagnetic induction states that
induction occurs whether or not a conducting wire or
× × × × material medium is present.
4 m/s 5Ω 2 m/s
In general case, Faraday’s law can be stated as, “An
× × × × electric field is induced in any region of space in which a
b f
magnetic field is changing with time”.
× 10 Ω d 15 Ω × This law is also true, if magnetic and electric fields are
Sol. Here, two conductors are moving in uniform magnetic field. interchanged. i.e.
So, we will use the motional approach. The rod ab will act as “A magnetic field is induced in any region of space in
a source of emf, which an electric field is changing with time.”
e1 = Bvl = (0.01) (4) (0.1) = 4 × 10–3 V In each case, the strength of the induced field is
and internal resistance, r1 = 10 Ω proportional to the rate of change of the inducing field.
Similarly, rod ef will also act as a source of emf, Induced electric and magnetic fields are at right angles to
e 2 = (0.01) (2) (0.1) = 2 × 10–3 V each other.
Electromagnetic Induction 413

Example 6.31 A uniform magnetic field exists in a circular

Induced electric field region of radius R centred at O. The field is perpendicular to
As per Faraday’s law, due to change in magnetic field, an the plane of paper and its strength varies with time as
electric field is induced. B = B 0t. Find the induced electric field at a distance r from
Let us understand this by considering a ring of radius r. A the centre for (i) r < R (ii) and r > R. Also, plot a graph
uniform magnetic field B is perpendicular to its plane. between |E| and r for both the cases.
dB Sol. As we know, induced electric field is given by
Let here, time rate of change of magnetic field is , then − dφ
dt ∫ E ⋅ d l = dt B
the flux associated will be φ. So, the induced emf will be
−dφ B (i) For r < R , consider a ring of radius r (< R ) centered at O.
e= . The induced field at the periphery of the ring is circular
dt such that,
Hence, an induced current will flow in anti-clockwise ∫ E ⋅ d l = E × 2πr ...(i)
direction, which means, if there is a current present in the (Q dl = circumference of the ring = 2πr )
ring, then there must be an electric field. And this electric
As, magnetic flux, φ B = B ⋅ S = BS cos θ
field is produced by the changing magnetic field.
Here, θ = 0 ° , hence φ B = (B0t )πr 2 (Q B = B0t )
× × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × B
E
× × × × × × × ×
i O R
× × × × × × × × B = B0t
× × × ×O × r × × ×

× × × × × × × ×
dφ B
× × × × × × × ×
∴ − = − B0 πr 2 K (ii)
dt
× × × × × × × ×
Equating Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Fig. 6.29
⇒ E × 2πr = −B0 πr 2
Suppose a particle of charge q 0 is moving around the ring −B0r
⇒ E =
in a circular path. So, the work done by the induced 2
electric field in one revolution is given by ⇒ E ∝r
(the sign comes, when clockwise electric field lines are
W = q 0e ...(i) developed)
where, e is the induced emf. (ii) For r > R , consider a ring of radius r ( > R ) centred at O.
We also know,W = ∫ F ⋅ d l = q 0 ⋅ ∫ E ⋅ d I ... (ii) Again following the same procedure,

Equating Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

∫ E ⋅ d l = E × 2πr K (iii)

Similarly, flux, φB = (B 0t )πR 2 (as field is present only in

q 0e = q 0 ∫ E ⋅ d I
region 0 < r < R).
⇒ e = ∫ E ⋅d I ... (iii) E

Eq. (iii) is the relationship between induced emf and r

induced electric field. O
R B
−dφ B
From the Faraday’s law, e = ... (iv)
dt
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get dφ B
−dφ B ⇒ = − B0 πR 2 K (iv)
∫ E ⋅ d I = dt dt
Equating Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
This is known as integral form of Faraday’s law of ⇒ E 2πr = −B0 πR 2
electromagnetic induction. −B0R 2
Note In case of electromagnetic induction, line intergral of induced ⇒ E =
2r
emf E around a close path is not zero, i.e. induced electric field
1
is not conservative. In such a field, work done in moving a ⇒ E ∝
charge round or close path is not zero. r
414 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 2

Hence, plot between | E| and r will be ⇒ dφ B = µ 0nπr 2di

= µ 0nπr 2 (0.02)dt [Q using Eq. (i)]
4
B0r ⇒ φ = µ 0nπr 2 (0.02)∫ dt
2
0
|E|
= 4π × 10 −7 × 1000 × π (0.02)2 (0.02 × 4)

R
= 1.26 × 10 −7 Wb
r dφ
(ii) Electric field induced is related to emf as ∫ E ⋅ d l =
dt
Example 6.32 The current in an ideal, long solenoid is varied
di
at a uniform rate of 0.02 A/s. The solenoid has 1000 ⇒ E ⋅ 2πr = − µ 0nπr 2
turns/m and its radius is 8 cm. dt
(i) Consider a circle of radius 2 cm inside the solenoid with its µ 0nr di 4π × 10 −7 × 1000 × 0.02
|E | = = × 0.02
axis coinciding with the axis of the solenoid. Write the 2 dt 2
change in the magnetic flux through this circle in 4 s. = 8π × 10 −8 V / m
(ii) Find the electric field induced at a point on the (iii)
circumference of the circle.
r R
(iii) Find the electric field induced at a point outside the solenoid
at a distance 9 cm from its axis.
Sol.
r = 2 cm R = 0.08 m
As discussed in (i) , similarly for radius outside the
solenoid,
d
∫ E ⋅ d l = − dt (µ 0ni πR )
2
di
Given, for solenoid, n = 1000 turns/m and = 0.02 A/s
dt di µ nR 2 di
⇒ E ⋅ 2πr = − µ 0n πR 2 ⇒ |E | = 0
⇒ di = 0.02 dt ...(i) dt 2r dt
(i) Magnetic field due to solenoid is given as −7 2
4π × 10 × 1000 × (0.08) × 0.02
B = µ 0ni =
2 × 0.09
Flux through circle of radius r, φ B = Bπr 2 (Q φ B = B ⋅ S) = 28π × 10−8 V /m
2
= µ 0niπr

CHECK POINT 6.2

1. A conducting rod of length l is falling with a constant 5. The magnitude of the earth’s magnetic field at a place is B0
velocity v perpendicular to a uniform horizontal magnetic and the angle of dip is δ. A horizontal conductor of length l
field B. A potential difference between its two ends will be lying along the magnetic north-south moves eastwards
1
(a) 2 Blv (b) Blv (c) Blv (d) B2 l 2 v2 with a velocity v. The emf induced across the conductor is
2 (a) zero (b) B0 lvsinδ
2. A wire of length 50 cm moves with a velocity of 300 m/min, (c) B0 lv (d) B0 lv cosδ
perpendicular to a magnetic field. If the emf induced in the 6. A 0.1 m long conductor carrying a current of 50 A is held
wire is 2 V, then the magnitude of the field in tesla is
perpendicular to a magnetic field of 1.25 mT. The
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 0.8 (d) 2.5
mechanical power required to move the conductor with a
3. A 10 m wire kept in east-west direction is falling with velocity speed of1 ms −1 is
5 m/s perpendicular to the field 0.3 × 104 Wb/m 2. The induced (a) 62.5 mW (b) 625 mW
emf across the terminal will be (c) 6.25 mW (d) 12.5 mW
(a) 0.15 V (b) 1.5 mV (c) 1.5 V (d) 15.0 V
7. A conducting rod of length l is moving in a transverse
4. A boat is moving due east in a region, where the earth’s magnetic field of strength B with velocity v. The resistance
magnetic field is 5.0 × 10−5 NA −1 m−1 due to north and of the rod is R. The current in the rod is
horizontal. The boat carried a vertical aerial 2 m long. If the Blv
(a) (b) Blv
speed of the boat is1.50 ms −1 , then the magnitude of the R
induced emf in the wire of aerial is B2v2l 2
(c) zero (d)
(a) 1 mV (b) 0.75 mV (c) 0.50 mV (d) 0.15 mV R
Electromagnetic Induction 415

8. A metallic square loop ABCD is moving in its own plane (a) 1.158 V (b) 0.57 V
with velocity v in a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to (c) 0.29 V (d) 5.8 V
its plane as shown in the figure. An electric field is induced 11. A metal rod of length 2 m is rotating with an angular
velocity of 100 rads −1 in a plane perpendicular to a uniform
A B magnetic field of 0.3 T. The potential difference between the
ends of the rod is
v (a) 30 V (b) 40 V
(c) 60 V (d) 600 V
D C 12. A rectangular coil rotates about an axis normal to the
magnetic field. If Em is the maximum value of the induced
emf, then the instantaneous emf when the plane of the coil
(a) in AD but not in BC (b) in BC but not in AD
makes an angle of 45° with the magnetic field is
(c) Neither in AD nor in BC (d) in both AD and BC 1 1 1
(a) Em (b) Em (c) Em (d) E m
9. A coil of N turns and mean cross-sectional area A is rotating 2 4 2
with uniform angular velocity ω about an axis at right angle
13. Consider the following statements.
to uniform magnetic field B. The induced emf E in the coil
will be A. An emf can be induced by moving a conductor in a
(a) NBAsinωt (b) NBωsinωt magnetic field.
(c) NB / Asinωt (d) NBAωsinωt B. A magnetic field can be produced by changing the
10. A circular coil of mean radius of 7 cm and having 4000 electric field.
turns is rotated at the rate of 1800 rev/min in the earth’s (a) Both A and B are true (b) A is true but B is false
magnetic field (B = 0.5 G), the maximum emf induced in (c) B is true but A is false (d) Both A and B are false
coil will be

SELF-INDUCTION
Self-induction is the property of a coil by virtue of which Coefficient of self-induction
the coil opposes any change in the strength of current It can be defined in two ways as discussed below
flowing through it by inducing an emf in itself.
1. Definition using magnetic flux
This induced emf is also called back emf. When the
current in a coil is switched ON, then the self-induction If i is the strength of current flowing through a coil at any
opposes the growth of the current and when it is switched time and φ is the amount of magnetic flux linked with all
OFF, then the self-induction opposes the decay of the the turns of the coil at that time, then it is found that
current. Hence, self-induction is also known as inertia of φ
φ ∝ i or φ = Li ⇒ L =
electricity. i
where, L is a constant of proportionality and is called
L coefficient of self-induction or self-inductance of the
Increasing i coil. The value of L depends on number of turns N, area
e
of cross-section A and nature of material of the core on
Fig. 6.30 which coil is wound.
Nφ
A circuit or part of a circuit, that is designed to have a For N number of turns in coil, L = .
particular induction is called an inductor. The usual i
symbol for an inductor is shown in Fig. 6.31. 2. Definition using induced emf
If a current i is passed in a circuit and it is changed with a
Fig. 6.31 rate di /dt, then the induced emf e produced in the circuit
is directly proportional to the time rate of change of
Thus, an inductor is a circuit element which opposes the di
change in current through it. It may be a circular coil, current. Thus, e ∝ .
dt
solenoid, etc.
416 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 2

When the proportionality sign is removed, the same Example 6.33 The inductor shown in figure has inductance
constant L again comes here. 0.54 H and carries a current in the direction shown, which
di di
Hence, e = −L is decreasing at a uniform rate = − 0.03 A/s.
dt dt
i
The minus sign here is a reflection of Lenz’s law. It says a b
that the self-induced emf in a circuit opposes any change
in the current in that circuit. L

Average induced emf e is given by (i) Find the back emf.

di L (i − i ) (ii) Which end of the inductor a or b is at a higher potential?
e = −L = − 2 1
dt ∆t Sol. (i) Given, inductance, L = 0.54 H
–e di
From the above equation, we can write, L = ...(i) and rate, = − 0.03
di /dt dt
di Self-induced emf (back emf) is given as
If = 1, then L = e di
dt e = L = (0.54) (− 0.03) V = − 1.62 × 10–2 V
dt
So, when the coefficient of self-induction or
di
self-inductance of a coil is equal to the emf induced in the (ii) We know that,Vba = L = −1.62 × 10–2 V
coil, then time rate of change of current through the coil is dt
unity. Inductance is a scalar quantity. Since,Vba ( = Vb –Va ) is negative. It implies thatVa > Vb
or a is at higher potential.
Some important points regarding coefficient of
self- induction Example 6.34 In the circuit diagram shown in figure,
R = 10 Ω, L = 5 H , E = 20 V , i = 2 A. This current is
(i) The SI unit of L is henry. decreasing at a rate of –1.0A/s, findVab at this instant.
(ii) According to Eq. (i), we can write R L E
a i b
1 volt 1 volt-second
1 henry = =
1 ampere/second ampere
Sol. Potential difference across inductor is given as
Self-inductance of a coil is said to be one henry (H) when di
VL = L = (5) (– 1.0) = – 5 V
a current change at the rate of 1 ampere/second through dt
the coil induces an emf of 1 volt in the coil. Now, using Kirchhoff’s second law,Va – iR –VL – E = Vb
(iii) Dimensions of self-inductance L are [ML2 T −2A −2 ]. ∴ Vab = Va –Vb = E + iR + VL
= 20 + ( 2) ( 10) – 5 = 35 V
Kirchhoff’s second law with an Note In the above example, as the current is decreasing, the inductor
di
can be replaced by a source of emf e = L ⋅ = 5 V in such a
inductor dt
Let us consider a circuit as shown in Fig. 6.31. manner that this emf supports the decreasing current, or it sends
the current in the circuit in the same direction as the existing
According to Kirchhoff’s second law (loop rule), when we current. So, positive terminal of this source is towards b. Thus,
go through an inductor in the same direction as the the given circuit can be drawn as
assumed current, we encounter a voltage drop equal to di
e= L
L di /dt, where di /dt is to be substituted with sign. dt = 5V E = 20 V
a R b
e.g. In the loop shown in figure, Kirchhoff’s second law
di i
gives the equation, E − iR − L =0 Fig. 6.33
dt
Now, we can find Vab .
R L
Example 6.35 In the figure shown i = 10 e −4t A, find VL
H L H L
andVab.
di
i Drop = iR Drop = L
dt R=4Ω L=2H
a i b

Sol. Potential difference across the inductor is given as

E di d
Fig. 6.32 VL = + L = (2) (10e −4t ) = − 80 e −4t
dt dt
Electromagnetic Induction 417

Further, by using Kirchhoff’s second law, Va − iR − VL = Vb This result shows that L depends on dimensions (S, l ) and is
∴ Va − Vb = iR + VL proportional to the square of the number of turns.
or Vab = (10e −4t ) (4) − 80e −4t = −40e −4t ∴ L ∝ N2
Because N = nl, we can also express the result in the form,
Self-inductance of a coil (nl ) 2
L = µ0 S = µ 0 n 2 Sl = µ 0 n 2V or L = µ 0 n 2V
Consider a coil of radius r and current i is flowing through l
the coil. If number of turns in the coil is N, then magnetic
Here,V = Sl is the volume of the solenoid.
field at the centre is given as
i Note If the space inside the solenoid is filled with a material of
relative permeability µ r , then L = µ 0µ r n2Sl .

O r Example 6.36
(i) Calculate the inductance of an air core solenoid containing
300 turns, if the length of the solenoid is 25cm and its
Fig. 6.34 cross-sectional area is 4 cm 2.
µ Ni (ii) Calculate the self-induced emf in the solenoid, if the current
⇒ B centre = 0 and φ B = BS
2r through it is decreasing at the rate of 50 A/ s.
where, S = area of cross-sectional of the coil = πr 2 . Sol. µ 0 N 2S
(i) The inductance of a solenoid is given by L =
l
µ 0 Ni µ πNir
So, φB = × πr 2 ⇒ φ B = 0 where, S is the cross-sectional area of solenoid.
2r 2 Substituting the values, we have
Now, net flux for the coil of N number of turns, (4π × 10–7 ) (300)2 (4 × 10–4 )
2 L= H
N × µ 0 πNir µ 0 πN ir (25 × 10–2 )
⇒ φ = Nφ B = =
2 2 = 1.81 × 10–4 H
φ µ N 2 πr (ii) The self-induced emf is given by e = −L
di
We know that, L = ⇒ L= 0 henry dt
i 2
di
Here, = – 50 A/s −1
dt
Self-inductance of a solenoid ∴ e = − (1.81 × 10–4 ) (−50) = 9.05 × 10–3 V
Let us find the inductance of a uniformly wound solenoid or e = 9.05 mV
having N turns and length l. Assume that, l is much longer
than the radius of the windings and that the core of the
solenoid is air. We can assume that, the interior magnetic Energy stored in an inductor
field due to a current i is uniform and given by equation, The energy of a capacitor is stored in the electric field
N  between its plates. Similarly, an inductor has the
⇒ B = µ 0 ni = µ 0   i capability of storing energy in its magnetic field.
l
i (Increasing)
r
l
Fig. 6.35
⇒
N
where, n = is the number of turns per unit length. e=L
di
dt
l
NS Fig. 6.36
The magnetic flux through each turn, φB = BS = µ 0 i
l An increasing current in an inductor causes an emf
Here, S is the cross-sectional area of the solenoid. between its terminals.
NφB N  µ 0 NSi  µ 0 N 2 S The work done per unit time is power,
Now, as we know, L = =   =
i i  l  l dW di
thus P = = − ei = − Li
µ 0N 2S dt dt
⇒ L= dW dU
l From dW = − dU or =− , we have
dt dt
418 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 2

dU di Example 6.39 Suppose a cube of volume 2mm 3 is placed at

= Li or dU = Li di the centre of a circular loop of radius 5cm carrying current
dt dt
2A. Find the magnetic energy stored inside the cube.
The total energy U supplied while the current increases
i 1 Sol. Magnetic field at the centre of the circular
from zero to a final value i, U = L ∫ idi = Li 2 loop is given by
0 2 µ i
B= 0 R
1 2 2R B2
∴ W =U = Li We know that, energy density, µ =
2 2 µ0
Energy stored per unit volume in magnetic field is known and energy stored in the cube will be
as energy density. B2
given by U = µV0 = V0
2 µ0
U 1 B2
∴ Energy density = = where,V0 is the volume of the cube.
V 2 µ0 Substituting the values in the above equation,
Thus, if i = 1A, then 2W = L. 1  µ i µ i 2V
2
= ×  0  V0 = 0 2 0
Hence, the coefficient of self-inductance is equal to twice 2 µ 0  2R  8R
the work done in establishing a flow of one ampere 4π × 10−7 × 22 × 2 × 10−9
current in the circuit. = = 16 π × 10−14 J
8 × (0.05)2
L
Note Time constant in R-L circuit, τ = .
R

Example 6.37 What inductance would be needed to store

Combination of self-inductances
1kWh of energy in a coil carrying a 200 A current? (i) In series
(Take, 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10 6 J )
If several inductances are connected in series and there is
Sol. We have, i = 200 A and U = 1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J interactions through self-inductance only as shown in
2U 2 (3.6 × 106 ) Fig. 6.37.
∴ Self-inductance, L = 2 = = 180 H L1 L2 L3
i (200)2 a i c d b
 1 2
QU = Li  (a)
 2 
a L b
Example 6.38 Two coils having self-inductances, L1 = 5 mH ⇒ i
(b)
and L 2 = 1mH . The current in the coil is increasing at same
Fig. 6.37
constant rate at a certain instant and the power supplied to
the coils is also same. Find the ratio of Then, their equivalent inductance is given by
(i) induced voltage,
L = L1 + L 2 + L 3
(ii) current
(iii) and energy stored in two coils at that instant. (ii) In parallel
Sol. Given, L1 = 5 mH and L2 = 1mH When several inductances are connected in parallel as
Ldi shown in the following Fig. 6.38.
(i) As we know, induced voltage is given by e = L1
dt i1
e1 L1(di /dt ) L1 5
⇒ = = = = 5 :1 ...(i) i2 L2
e 2 L2 (di /dt ) L2 1 i
a b
(ii) Power in the coil is given by P = ei i3 L3
i1 e 2
Here, P1 = P2 ⇒ e1 i1 = e 2 i2 ⇒ =
i2 e1 (a)

i1 1 L
Using Eq. (i), we can write, = = 1: 5 ⇒
i
i2 5 a b
(iii) Energy stored in a coil is given by (b)
1 Fig. 6.38
U = Li 2
2 Then, their equivalent inductance L is given by
2 2
U1 (1/2) Li 2
L e  5  1 1 1 1 1
⇒ = 11
= 1  2 =   = 1: 5 = + +
U 2 (1/2) L2i2 L2  e1 
2
1  5 L L1 L 2 L 3
Electromagnetic Induction 419

CHECK POINT 6.3

1. The SI unit of inductance, can be written as (c) changing the medium with greater permeability
(a) weber/(ampere) 2 (b) volt-second/ampere (d) increasing the current through it
(c) joule/(ampere)2 (d) ohm-(second) 2 9. The self-inductance of a coil is L. Keeping the length and
area same, the number of turns in the coil is increased to
2. A long solenoid has 500 turns. When a current of 2 A is
four times. The self-inductance of the coil will now be
passed through it, then the resulting magnetic flux linked 1
with each turn of the solenoid is 4 × 10−3 Wb. The (a)
4
L (b) L (c) 4 L (d) 16 L
self-inductance of the solenoid is
(a) 1.0 H (b) 4.0 H (c) 2.5 H (d) 2.0 H 10. In circular coil, when number of turns is doubled and
resistance becomes (1/4)th of initial, then inductance becomes
3. If a current of 10 A changes in one second through a coil, (a) 4 times (b) 2 times
and the induced emf is 10 V,then the self-inductance of the (c) 8 times (d) No change
coil is
2 4 5 11. The self-inductance of solenoid of length L, area of
(a) H (b) H (c) H (d) 1 H cross-section S and having N turns is
5 5 4
µ 0 N 2S µ 0 NS
(a) (b) (c) µ 0 N 2LS (d) µ 0 NLS
4. During a current change from 2 A to 4 A in 0.5 s, 8 V of emf L L
is developed in a coil. The coefficient of self-induction is
(a) 1 H (b) 2 H (c) 4 H (d) 8 H 12. A solenoid has 2000 turns would over a length of 0.30 m.
The area of its cross-section is 1.2 × 10−3 m2. If an initial
5. The current passing through a choke coil of 5 H is decreasing current of 2 A in the solenoid is reversed in 0.25 s, then the
at the rate of 2 A/s. The emf developing across the coil is emf induced in the coil is
(a) 10 V (b) −10 V (c) 2.5 V (d) −2.5 mV (a) 6 × 10−4 V (b) 4.8 × 10−3 V
6. In a coil of self-inductance 0.5 H, the current varies at a (c) 6 × 10−2 V (d) 32.1 × 10−2 V
constant rate from zero to 10 A in 2 s. The emf generated in
the coil is 13. A 50 mH coil carries a current of 2 A. The energy stored in
(a) 10 V (b) 5 V (c) 2.5 V (d) 1.25 V joules is
(a) 1 (b) 0.1 (c) 0.05 (d) 0.5
7. Self-inductance of a coil is 50 mH. A current of 1 A passing
through the coil reduces to zero at steady rate in 0.1 s, the 14. In an inductor of inductance L = 100 mH, a current of
self-induced emf is i = 10 A is flowing. The energy stored in the inductor is
(a) 5 J (b) 10 J (c) 100 J (d) 1000 J
(a) 5 V (b) 0.05 V (c) 50 V (d) 0.5 V
8. The self-inductance of a long solenoid cannot be increased 15. Two pure inductors each of self-inductance L are connected
by in parallel but are well separated from each other. The total
(a) increasing its area of cross-section inductance is
L L
(b) increasing its length (a) 2 L (b) L (c) (d)
2 4

MUTUAL INDUCTION
Consider two neighbouring coils of wire as shown in In other words, the phenomena of the production of an
Fig. 6.39. A current flowing in coil 1 produces magnetic field electromotive force in a circuit by a change in the
and hence a magnetic flux through coil 2. If the current in coil current in an adjacent circuit which is linked to the
1 changes, then the flux through coil 2 changes as well. first by the flux lines of a magnetic field is called
According to Faraday’s law, this induces an emf in coil 2. In mutual induction.
this way, a change in the current in one circuit can induce a Like the self-inductance (L ) of single circuit (coil), two
current in a second circuit. This phenomenon is known as circuits has mutual inductance (M ).
mutual induction.
P S Coefficient of mutual inductance
It can be defined in two ways as discussed below
Induced current
Cell current M 1. Definition using magnetic flux
B
Suppose the circuit 1 has a current i1 flowing in it,
then total flux N 2φB 2 linked with circuit 2 is
K G proportional to the current in circuit 1.
Fig. 6.39 Thus, N 2 φB 2 ∝ i1 or N 2φB 2 = Mi1
420 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 2

Here, the proportionality constant M is known as (vi) A good approach for calculating the mutual inductance
coefficient of mutual inductance of the two circuits or of two circuits or coils consists of the following steps
coils. (a) Assume anyone of the circuits as primary (first) and
N 2φB 2 the other as secondary (second).
Thus, M= …(i) (b) Suppose a current i1 flows through the primary circuit.
i1
(c) Determine the magnetic field B produced by the
From this expression M can be defined as the total flux current i1.
N 2φ B 2 linked with circuit 2 per unit current in circuit 1. (d) Obtain the magnetic flux (φB2 ) linked with
2. Definition using induced emf secondary circuit.
(e) With the flux known, the mutual inductance can be
If we change the current in circuit 1 at a rate di1 /dt, an
found from
induced emf e 2 is developed in circuit 2, which is N 2 φ B2
proportional to the rate di1 /dt. M=
i1
Thus, e 2 ∝ di1 /dt
or e 2 = − Mdi1 /dt ...(ii) Mutual inductances of some important
Here, the proportionality constant is again M. Minus sign
indicates that e 2 is in such a direction that it opposes any
coil configurations
change in the current in circuit 1. 1. Mutual inductance for two concentric coils
–e 2 Let us consider a coil having N1 turns and of radius r is
From the above equation, we can write M = .
di1/dt surrounded by another coil having N 2 turns and of radius
R as shown in the Fig. 6.40 (R >> r).
di
If = 1, then M = e. Thus, coefficient of mutual induction N2 i
dt
or mutual inductance of two coils is equal to the emf R
2
induced in one coil when rate time of change of current
N1 r
through the other coil is unity.
Some important points regarding the coefficient of 1
mutual inductance Fig. 6.40 Concentric coils
(i) The SI unit of coefficient of mutual inductance is µ 0 N 2i
henry (H). Magnetic field due to coil 2 at centre, B 2 =
2R
Coefficient of mutual induction or mutual inductance N1µ 0 N 2i
of two coils is said to be one henry, when a current Flux through coil 1, φ B1 = N1B 2 S = πr 2 = Mi
2R
change at the rate of one ampere/second in one coil
induces an emf of one volt in the other coil. µ 0 N1N 2 πr 2
(ii) M depends upon closeness of the two circuits, their ⇒ M=
2R
orientations and sizes and the number of turns, etc.
2. Mutual inductance of two long co-axial
(iii) Its dimensions are [ML2 T −2A −2 ].
solenoids
(iv) Reciprocity theorem This theorem states that Fig. 6.41 shows two long co-axial solenoids, each of length
mutual inductance due to secondary coil on primary l. Let n 1 be the number of turns per unit length of inner
coil is equal to the mutual induction due to primary solenoid S1 of radius r1 and n 2 is number of turns per unit
coil on secondary coil. i.e. M 21 = M12 = M. length of outer solenoid S 2 of radius r 2 .
Using Eq. (ii),
e 2 = − M12 (di1 /dt ) i i
S2
and e1 = − M 21 (di 2 /dt )
N 2φB 2 N1φB1
Using Eq. (i), M12 = and M 21 =
i1 i2 S1
∆i M (i 2 − i1 ) l
(v) Average induced emf, e = −M =− .
∆t ∆t Fig. 6.41 Two co-axial solenoids
Electromagnetic Induction 421

Magnetic field due to S1, B1 = µ 0 n 1i Coefficient of coupling

Flux through S 2 , φ B = (n 2l )B1πr12 The coefficient of coupling of two coils gives a measure of
= (n 2l ) µ 0 n 1iπr12 = Mi the manner in which the two coils are coupled together. If
L1 and L 2 are the self-inductances of two coils and M is
⇒ M = µ 0 n 1n 2 πr12l their mutual inductance, then their coefficient of coupling
is given by
µ 0 N1N 2 × S M
M= K =
l L1L 2
where, S is the area of cross-section of inner solenoid. It is also defined as
magnetic flux linked in secondary coil
Note We do not take the area of cross-section of outer solenoid K =
because there is no magnetic field between the two solenoids. magnetic flux linked in primary coil
where, 0 ≤ K ≤ 1.
3. Mutual inductance of a solenoid
surrounded by a coil So, when K = 0, there will be no coupling,
0 < K < 1, for loose coupling
Let N1 be the number of turns of solenoid of radius r1 and
N 2 be the number of turns of coil of radius r 2 . and K = 1, for maximum coupling.
It occurs when the two coils are wound over each other
and over a ferromagnetic core.
l1
The value of K is a number, depending on the geometry of
the coils and their relative closeness.
R2
p s p Air gap s s p

R1

(A) K = 1 (B) 0 < K < 1 (C) K = 0

Fig. 6.42
Fig. 6.43
Magnetic field due to solenoid,
B = µ 0 (N1 /l1 )i Combination of mutual inductances
Then, flux through coil, (i) In series If two coils of self-inductances L1 and L 2
φ B = N 2 BS having mutual inductance M are in series and
N situated close to each other, then net inductance will
= N 2µ 0 1 iπR 12 = Mi be
l
L S = L1 + L 2 ± 2M
µ 0 N1N 2 πR 12  N 2φ B 
⇒ M= Q M =  (ii) In parallel If two coils of self-inductances L1 and L 2
l  i  having mutual inductance M, are connected in
From the above relation, we see that, M is independent of parallel, situated close to each other, then
radius R 2 . This is because, solenoid’s magnetic field is L1L 2 − M 2
confined to the interior coil. LP = .
L1 + L 2 ± 2M
Note Mutual inductance of a small circular loop and a rectangular
Example 6.40 Calculate the mutual inductance between two
loop (r << a , b),
coils when a current 2A changes to 6A in 0.2 s and induces
µ0 8 a + b2 2 an emf of 20mV in the secondary coil.
M= πr 2
4π ab Sol. We know that, emf is related to the mutual inductance by
∆i
Mutual inductance between two coils depends upon the e =M
∆t
geometry of two coils and their geometrical orientation with
respect to each other. To find mutual inductance for a given
Substituting the given values, we get
M (6 − 2) M × 4
arrangement, we assume a current flowing through one of the 20 × 10−3 = = = 20 M
coils and find the flux through the other coil. Then, using the 0.2 0.2
formula φ = Ml, mutual inductance M can be calculated.
⇒ M = 10−3 H = 1mH
422 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 2

Example 6.41 A straight solenoid has 50 turns per cm in V 12

So, the current will be I = = = 3A
primary and 200 turns in the secondary. The area of R 4
cross-section of the solenoid is 4 cm 2 . Calculate the mutual (ii) After long time, inductor offers zero resistance, so the
inductance. equivalent circuit will be
Sol. The magnetic field at any point inside the straight solenoid I
of primary with n1 turns per unit length carrying a current i1 is
given by the relation
12 V
B = µ 0n11i 4Ω 4Ω 4Ω
The magnetic flux through the secondary of N 2 turns each of
area S is given as
N 2φ2 = N 2 (BS ) = µ 0n1N 2i1S
R 4
N φ Net resistance, R eq == = 133
.
∴ M = 2 2 = µ 0n1N 2S 3 3
i1 V 12
∴ Current, I = = ≅ 9A
Substituting the values, we get R eq 133
.
 50 
M = (4π × 10−7 )  −2  (200) (4 × 10–4 )
10  Growth of current
= 5.03 × 10−4 H Let us consider a circuit as shown in Fig. 6.43, when the
−~ 5 × 10−4 H switch K is closed, then the value of current at any instant
of time t after closing the circuit (when current is rising) is
given by
Growth and decay of current in  − t
R

L-R circuit i = i 0 1 − e L  ...(i)

 
If a circuit containing a pure inductor L and a resistor R in
series with a battery and a key is closed, then the current E
through the circuit rises exponentially and reaches upto a where, i 0 = imax = = steady state current at t = ∞
R
certain maximum value (steady state). If circuit is opened
and time constant, τ L = L /R .
from its steady state condition, then current through the
circuit decreases exponentially. So, the Eq. (i) can be re-written as i = i 0 (1− e −t/ τ L )
In case of growth of current at time t = 0, inductor offers L
infinite resistance and at time t = ∞ (steady state), inductor Induced
current
offers zero resistance. This type of circuit is called L-R VL
i R VR
circuit.
Main +
Example 6.42 Find current through the battery current K
E
(i) just after the switch is closed. Fig. 6.44 Growth of current
(ii) long after the switch has been closed.
Here, τ L refers at time equal to one time constant in
12 V which the current has risen to (1 −1/e) or about 63% of its
1 mH 4Ω final value i 0 . The i-t graph will be shown as Fig. 6.45.
4Ω i
S i0
4Ω 1 mH
S i = 0.63i0

Sol. (i) Just after closing the switch, inductor offers infinite
resistance, so the circuit will become as t=τ t
I Fig. 6.45

Let us have an insight into the behaviour of an L-R circuit

12 V 4Ω from energy considerations. The instantaneous rate at
which the source delivers energy to the circuit (P = Ei ) is
equal to the instantaneous rate at which energy is
Electromagnetic Induction 423

dissipated in the resistor (i 2R ) plus the rate at which  −di 

or i 2R = Li  
energy is stored in the inductor (iVL = Li di /dt ).  dt 
di
Thus, Ei = i 2R + Li Note At any time, t, VR = VL
dt
Note At any time from Fig. 6.44, VR + VL = E

VR VL

VR VL t→ t→
Fig. 6.49
t→ t→
Fig. 6.46 Example 6.43 A coil of resistance 20 Ω and inductance 0.5 H
is switched to DC 200 V supply. Calculate the rate
Decay of current of increase of current
(i ) at the instant of closing the switch and
Let us consider the Fig. 6.47, in which now the key K is (ii) after one time constant.
open. Now, the current will decrease with time. (iii) find the steady state current in the circuit.
During the decaying of current, the value of current at any Sol. (i) This is the case of growth of current in an L-R circuit.
instant of time t after opening from the steady state Hence, current at time t is given by
R
− t i = i0 (1 – e –t / τ L )
condition is given by i = i 0 e L = i 0 e −t/ τ L
di i0 –t / τ L
Here, τ L is the time for current to decrease to 1/e or about Rate of increase of current, = e
dt τL
37% of its original value.
di i0 E /R E
L At t = 0, = = =
dt τL L /R L
Induced
current VL Substituting the value, we have
R VR
di 200
Main = = 400 A / s
current + dt 0.5
K di
B (ii) At t = τL, = (400)e –1 = (400) (0.37) = 148 A s−1
Fig. 6.47 Decay of current dt
(iii) The steady state current in the circuit,
The i-t graph is shown as Fig 6.48. E 200
i0 = = = 10 A
i R 20
i0 Example 6.44 Self-inductance 0.8 × 10 −4 H of a uniformly
wound solenoid, having resistance 3 Ω is broken up into two
identical coils.Those coils are connected in series across a
i = 0.37i0
6V battery of negligible resistance. Find time constant and
steady state current.
t=τ t Sol. For a solenoid, self-inductance is given by
Fig. 6.48
µ 0N 2πr 2
L=
The energy that is needed to maintain the current during l
where, r = radius of solenoid, l = length of solenoid,
this decay is provided by energy stored in the magnetic
field. Thus, the rate at which energy is dissipated in the N = number of turns
resistor = rate at which the stored energy decreases in and we know that, resistance is given by
magnetic field of inductor. This is given by l N 2 πr
R =ρ =ρ
dU d 1   di  A A
i 2R = − = −  Li 2  = Li  −  So, on breaking it into two parts, now inductance and
dt dt  2   dt 
resistance is given as
424 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 2

N l µ (N /2)2 πr 2 L −
Rt
N′ = , l ′ = ⇒ L′ = 0 = (iii) At t = 0.6 s, current i =
E
(1 − e L )
2 2 l /2 2 R
ρ(N /2) × 2πr R 4 × 0.6
R′ = = 12
A 2 (1 − e 2 ) = 3(1 − e1.2 ) A
=
4
L/2, R/2 L/2, R/2
(iv) Energy stored in inductor in steady state is given by
1 2
I U = Li
2
dU di
⇒ = Li
E=6V dt dt
So, the equivalent inductance, Leq = L1 + L2 di E − iR 12 − 0.5 × 4
= = = 5 A/s
= L /2 + L /2 = L dt L 2
and equivalent resistance, R eq = R1 + R 2 = R /2 + R /2 = R
dU
So, the time constant, = 2 × 0.5 × 5 = 5 J/s
Leq 0.8 × 10−4 dt
τ= = = 0.267 × 10−4 s Power produced per second, P = i 2R = (0.5)2 × 4 = 1 J/s
R eq 3
Power supplied by battery = Ei = 0.5 × 12 = 6 J/s
E E 6
and current, I = = = = 2A (v) We have, i0 = E /R = 12 / 4 = 3 A
R eq R 3
Energy stored in inductor in steady state,
Example 6.45 1 2 1
R = 4Ω U = Li0 = × 2 × (3)2 = 9 J/s
L = 2H 2 2
Example 6.46 1Ω

S P

3Ω 2H
S 12V
E = 12 V

At t = 0, switch S is closed, calculate Q

di
(i) initial rate of increase of current, i.e. at t = 0, The switch is closed for a long time and then opened at time
dt t = 0. Find the initial voltage across L after t = 0, which end
di is at higher potential P or Q?
(ii) at time when current in the circuit is 0.5A,
dt 12
(iii) current at t = 0.6 s, Sol. Initially, current will be i0 = = 12 A
1
(iv) rate at which energy of magnetic field is increasing, rate of So, the above circuit would be now as
heat produced in resistance and rate at which energy is
supplied by battery when i = 0.5A 1Ω
(v) and energy stored in inductor in steady state. P i0 = 12A
Sol. We know that,
E = iR + L di /dt 3Ω 2H
di E − iR
= Q
dt L
Current in the circuit at any time t,
Current at any time is given by i = i0 e −t / τ L and i0 = 12 A
i = i0 (1 − e −t / τ L )
2 2
where, i0 = E /R and τL = L /R Q τL = L /R = = = 0.5
(1 + 3) 4
di E − iR
(i) Rate of increase of current = , when t = 0, i = 0 Current, i = 12e −t / 0.5
dt L
di − t / 0 .5  1 
di E 12 ⇒ = 12e
= = = 6 A/s − 
dt t = 0 L 2 dt  0.5
di E − iR 12 − 0.5 × 4 12 − 2 ⇒
di
= 24e −2t
(ii) At i = 0.5 A, = = = = 5 A/s
dt L 2 2 dt
Electromagnetic Induction 425

di when they are in use. The currents causes unnecessary

So, VL = L = 48e −2t
dt heating and wastage of power and the heat produced may
At, t = 0,VL = 48 V even damage the insulation of coils.
i.e. current is decreasing,
Methods to reduce eddy current
i
P
P Eddy currents are minimised by using laminations of
metal to make a metal core. The laminations are
⇒ L di separated by an insulating material. The plane of the
dt
laminations must be arranged parallel to the magnetic
Q Q
field, so that they cut across the eddy current paths. This
arrrangement reduces the strength of eddy currents.
⇒ VQ > VP
Applications of eddy current
Applications of EMI: eddy current Eddy currents are useful in many ways. Some of the
When a changing magnetic flux is applied to a bulk piece of important applications of eddy currents are given below
conducting material, then circulating currents induced in (i) Electromagnetic damping
the body of the conductor, are called eddy currents. As the
In order to bring the moving coil of a galvanometer
resistance of the bulk conductor is usually low, so the eddy
immediately to rest, we make the use of electromagnetic
currents often have large magnitudes and heat up the
damping which uses eddy currents to bring the coil to
conductor.
rest. When the coil oscillates, then the eddy currents
Eddy currents are always produced in a plane perpendicular generated in the core oppose the motion and bring the
to the direction of magnetic field. This current shows both coil to rest.
heating and magnetic effects.
The magnitude of eddy current is given by
(ii) Induction furnace
induced emf e In an induction furnace, high temperature can be
i= = produced by using eddy currents. We generally use
resistance R
induction furnace in preparation of alloys by melting the
According to Faraday’s law, constituents of metal.
dφ dφ /dt A coil is wound over the metal which needs to be melted
e=− , i=−
dt R and through the coil, we pass high frequency alternating
The direction of eddy currents can be given by Lenz’s law current. The eddy current generated in the metal
or by Fleming’s right hand rule. produces high temperature to melt the metal.
However, their flow patterns resemble swirling eddies in (iii) Electric power meter
water. That is why, they are called eddy currents. These were
Old electric power meters (analog type) had a metallic disc.
discovered by Foucault in the year 1895 and hence, they are
The disc rotates due to generation of eddy currents which
also named as Foucault current. e.g. When we move a metal
are produced due to sinusoidally varying current in
plate out of a magnetic field, then the relative motion of the
the coil.
field and the conductor again induces a current in the
conductor. The conducting electrons building up the induced (iv) Magnetic breaking in electric trains
current whirl around within the plate as, if they were caught Some electric powered trains make use of strong
in an eddy of water.
electromagnets which are situated above the rails. These
electromagnets are used to produce eddy current in the
Effects of eddy current rails which oppose the motion of the train and thus stop
Eddy currents are produced inside the iron cores of the it. In this case, as there is no mechanical linkage, hence
rotating armatures of electric motors and dynamos and also the breaking effect is smooth.
in the cores of transformers, which experience flux changes,
426 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 2

CHECK POINT 6.4

1. Two coils X and Y are placed in a circuit such that when the 8. Two coils of self-inductances L1 and L2 are placed closer to
current changes by 2 A in coil X. The magnetic flux changes each other, so that total flux in one coil is completely linked
by 0.4 Wb in Y. The value of mutual inductance of the coils with other. If M is mutual inductance between them, then
is (a) M = L1 L2 (b) M = L1 / L2
(a) 0.2 H (b) 5 H
(c) 0.8 H (d) 4 H (c) M = L1 L2 (d) M = (L1 L2)2

2. Two coils have a mutual inductance of 0.005 H. The current 9. Two coils of self-inductances 2 mH and 8 mH are placed, so
changes in the first coil according to equation i = i0 sin ωt , close together that the effective flux in one coil is
where i0 = 10 A and ω = 100π rads −1 . The maximum value of completely linked with the other. The mutual inductance
emf in the second coil is (in volt) between these coils is
(a) 2π (b) 5π (a) 4 mH (b) 16 mH
(c) π (d) 4π (c) 10 mH (d) 6 mH

3. The mutual inductance between a primary and secondary 10. An ideal coil of 10 H is joined in series with a resistance of
circuits is 0.5 H. The resistance of the primary and the 5Ω and a battery of 5 V. After 2s of joining, the current
secondary circuits are 20 Ω and 5 Ω, respectively. To flowing in ampere in the circuit will be
generate a current of 0.4 A in the secondary, current in the (a) e −1 (b) (1 − e −1) (c) (1 − e) (d) e
primary must be changed at the rate of
11. An L-R circuit has a cell of emf E, which is switched ON at
(a) 4.0 As−1 (b) 1.6 As−1 (c) 16.0 As−1 (d) 8.0 As−1
time t = 0. The current in the circuit after a long time will be
4. The coefficient of mutual induction between two circuits is E E E
(a) zero (b) (c) (d)
equal to the emf produced in one circuit, when the current R L L2 + R2
in the second circuit is
(a) kept steady at 1 A 12. During current growth in an L-R circuit, the time constant
(b) cut-off at 1 A level is the time in which the magnitude of current becomes
(c) changed at the rate of 1 As−1 (a) I 0 (b) I 0 / 2 (c) 0.63 I 0 (d) 0.37 I 0
(d) changed from 1 As−1 to 2 As−1 13. An L-R circuit with a battery is connected at t = 0. Which of
5. Two circuits have coefficient of mutual induction of 0.09 H. the following quantities is not zero just after the
Average emf induced in the secondary by a change of connection?
current from 0 to 20 A in 0.006 s in the primary will be (a) Current in the circuit
(a) 120 V (b) 80 V (c) 200 V (d) 300 V (b) Magnetic field energy
6. A current is varying at the rate of 3 A/s in a coil generates (c) Power delivered by the battery
an emf of 8 mV in a nearby coil. The mutual inductance of (d) Emf induced in the inductor
the two coils is 14. Eddy currents are produced when
(a) 2.66 mH (b) 2.66 × 10−3 mH (a) a metal is kept in varying magnetic field
(c) 2.66 H (d) 0.266 H (b) a metal is kept in a steady magnetic field
7. A solenoid is placed inside another solenoid, the length of (c) a circular coil is placed in a magnetic field
both being equal carrying same magnitude of current. The (d) through a circular coil current is passed
parameters like radius and number of turns are in the ratio 15. Which of the following is not an application of eddy
1: 2 for the two solenoids. The mutual inductance on each currents?
other would be (a) Induction furnace (b) Galvanometer damping
(a) M12 = M 21 (b) M12 = 2M 21 (c) 2M12 = M 21 (d) M12 = 4 M 21 (c) Speedometer of automobiles (d) X-ray crystallography