INFORMATION SHEET LTI

Training: NCES Code: NCES 201

Course: Electrical

MODULE: Electrical machines and Basic Prepared by: Eng Mutungi Godfrey
Electronics
Title（ Detail）:DC Machines Date of Execution: …21-2-2025

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 INTRODUCTION
When the input to an electrical machine is electrical energy, and the output is
mechanical energy, the machine is called an electric motor. Thus an electric
motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
When the input to an electrical machine is mechanical energy, and the output is
electrical energy, the machine is called a generator. Thus, a generator converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A SIMPLE D.C .MOTOR

A rectangular coil which is free to rotate about a fixed axis is shown placed
inside a magnetic field produced by
permanent magnets, direct current is fed into the coil via carbon brushes
bearing on a commutator, which consists of a metal ring split into two halves
separated by insulation. When current flows in the coil a magnetic field is set up
around the coil which interacts with the magnetic field produced by the
magnets. This causes a force F to be exerted on the current-carrying conductor
which, by Fleming’s left-hand rule, is downwards between points A and B and
upward between C and D for the current direction shown. This causes a torque
and the coil rotates anticlockwise. When the coil has turned through 90◦ from
the position shown bellow the brushes connected to the positive and negative
terminals of the supply make contact with different halves of the commutator
ring, thus reversing the direction of the current flow in the conductor. If the
current is not reversed and the coil rotates past this position the forces acting
on it change direction and it rotates in the opposite direction thus never making
more than half a revolution. The current direction is reversed every time the
coil swings through the vertical position and thus the coil rotates anti-clockwise
for as long as the current flows. This is the principle of operation of a d.c. motor
which is thus a device that takes in electrical energy and converts it into
mechanical energy.
DC MOTOR

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 THE ACTION OF ACOMMUTATOR
In an electric motor, conductors rotate in a uniform magnetic field. A single-
loop conductor mounted between permanent magnets is shown in below. A
voltage is applied at points A and B in Fig.(a)

A force, F, acts on the loop due to the interaction of the magnetic field of the
permanent magnets and the magnetic field created by the current flowing in
the loop. This force is proportional to the flux density, B, the current flowing, I,
and the effective length of the conductor, l, i.e. F=BIl. The force is made up of
two parts, one acting vertically downwards due to the current flowing from C to
D and the other acting vertically upwards due to the current flowing from E to F
(from Fleming’s left hand rule). If the loop is free to rotate, then when it has
rotated through 180◦, the conductors are as shown in Fig.(b) For rotation to
continue in the same direction, it is necessary for the current flow to be as
shown in Fig.(b), i.e .from D to C and from F to E. This apparent reversal in the
direction of current flow is achieved by a process called commutation.

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Inpractice, there are many conductors on the rotating part of a d.c.
machine and these are attached to many commutator segments. A
schematic diagram of amulti segment commutator is shown in Fig.
below, Poor commutation results in sparking at the trailing edge of
the brushes. This can be improved by using inter poles (situated
between each pair of main poles), high resistance brushes, or using
brushes spanning several commutator segments.

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 COMMUTATOR SEGMENTS.

D.C.MACHINECONSTRUCTION

FUNCTIONS OF EACH PART

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(a) a stationary part called the stator having,

(i) a steel ring called the yoke, to which are attached

(ii) the magnetic poles, around which are the

(iii) field windings, i.e. many turns of a conductor wound round the pole core;
current passing through this conductor creates an electromagnet,

(b) a rotating part called the armature mounted in bearings housed in the stator
and having,
(iv) a laminated cylinder of iron or steel called the core, on which teeth are cut
to house the
(v) armature winding, i.e. a single or multi loop conductor system, and
(vi) the commutator,
Armature windings can be divided into two groups, depending on how the wires
are joined to the commutator. These are called wave windings and lap windings

(a) In wave windings there are two paths in parallel irrespective of the
number of poles, each path supplying half the total current output. Wave
wound generators produce high voltage, low current outputs.

(b) In lap windings there are as many paths inparallel as the machine has
poles. The total current output divides equally between them. Lap wound
generators produce high current, low voltage output.

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 SHUNT,SERIESANDCOMPOUND WINDINGS

SHUNT WINDING
When the field winding of a d.c. machine is connected in parallel with the
armature, the machine is said to be shunt wound.

SERIES AND COMPOUND WINDINGS

If the field winding is connected in series with the armature, then the machine
is said to be series wound. A compound wound machine has a combination of
series and shunt windings.

Depending on whether the electrical machine is series wound, shunt wound or

compound wound, it behaves differently when a load is applied. The behaviour
of a d.c. machine under various conditions is shown by means of graphs, called
characteristic curves or just characteristics. The characteristics shown, are
theoretical since they neglect the effects of armature reaction. Armature
reaction is the effect that the magnetic field produced by the armature current
has on the magnetic field produced by the field system. In a generator,
armature reaction results in a reduced output voltage, and in a motor, armature
reaction results in increased speed. A way of overcoming the effect of armature
reaction is to fit compensating windings, located in slots in the pole face.

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 CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

Generated voltage curve

TERMINAL VOLTAGE CURVE

E.M.F.GENERATED IN ANARMATURE WINDING

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 c=2 for a wave winding
c=2p for a lap winding

Examples
Problem 1
. An 8-pole, wave-connected armature has 600 conductors and is driven at
625rev/min. If the flux per pole is 20mWb, determine the generated e.m.f.

Solution

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Problem 2.
A 4-pole generator has a lap-wound armature with 50 slots with 16 conductors
per slot. The useful flux per pole is 30mWb. Determine the speed at which the
machine must be driven to generate an e.m.f. of 240V.

SOLUTION

Problem 3
. An 8-pole, lap-wound armature has 1200 conductors and a flux per
pole of 0.03Wb. Determine the e.m.f. generated when running at
500rev/min.

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Problem 4.
Determine the generated e.m.f. in Problem 3 if the armature is wave-wound.

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Problem 5.
A d.c. shunt-wound generator running at constant speed generates a voltage of
150V at a certain value of field current. Determine the change in the generated
voltage when the field current is reduced by 20 per cent, assuming the flux is
proportional to the field current.

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Problem 6.
A d.c. generator running at 30rev/s generates an e.m.f. of 200V. Determine the
percentage increase in the flux per pole required to generate 250V at 20rev/s.

Exercise

1. A 4-pole, wave-connected armature of a d.c. machine has 750 conductors

and is driven at 720rev/min. If the useful flux per pole is 15mWb,
determine the generated e.m.f. [270volts]

2. A 6-pole generator has a lap-wound armature with 40 slots with 20

conductors per slot. The fluxperpoleis25mWb.Calculatethespeedat which
the machine must be driven to generate an e.m.f. of 300V [15rev/s or
900rev/min]

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3. A 4-pole armature of a d.c. machine has 1000 conductors and a flux per
pole of 20mWb. Determine the e.m.f. generated when running at
600rev/min when the armature is (a) wave-wound (b) lap-wound. [(a)
400volts (b) 200volts]
4. A d.c. generator running at 25rev/s generates an e.m.f. of 150V.
Determine the percentage increase in the flux per pole required to
generate 180V at 20rev/s [50%]

D.C. generators

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