BS.

4th year
Ma,am- Seemi
. Mainly writers are males. Therefore they didn’t discuss women’s Psychology

Q. Psychological perspective of pregnant women

eg: . how she feels
. interaction at home
. society’s role
PSYCHOLOGY: (Definitions)
1. Psychology is the Science of the mind & behaviour. The word “Psychology”
comes from the Greek word Psyche meaning “breath, Spirit, Soul”, and the
Greek word logia meaning the study of something.
2.Science is a complete body of knowledge arranged in a systematic order.
Psychology is a biological science (living things) which deals with the
behaviour & minds of animals and human beings, both.
3.Psychology is an academic & applied discipline. It involves the scientific
study of mental functions and behaviours. Psychology has the immediate
goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general
principles and researching specific cases, and by many accounts it ultimately
aims to benefit society. In this field a
Professional practitioners or researchers are called a psychologist. And
psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of
mental health problems, it is also directed towards understanding and
solving problems in many spheres of human activity.
Psychologists study such topics as perception, cognition, attention, emotion,
experience, motivation, personality, behavior and interpersonal
relationships. Psychological knowledge is applied to various spheres of
human activity, including the family, education, and employment; and to the
treatment of mental health problems.
Psychology includes many sub-fields that span areas as diverse as human
development, sports, health, industry, media and law.
EXP
Applied science: is the application of human knowledge to build or
design useful things.

 Scientific method: is a body of techniques for investigating

phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and
integrating previous knowledge.

 Behavior: range of actions and mannerisms made by

organisms, systems in conjunction with their environment.
  Social behavior: behavior directed towards society or taking
place b/w members of same species.

 Mental functions: are terms often used interchangeably to

mean such functions or processes as perception, memory,
creativity, imagination, ideas, belief, reasoning, volition &
emotion.
4. Psychology can be broadly defined as the study of human mind and
behaviour. Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-
fields of study such areas as human development, sports health, clinical,
social behaviour and cognitive processes.
5. It is a systematic approach to the understanding of people, their thoughts,
emotions and behaviours. The application of this understanding helps to
solve human problems.
6. It involves a comprehensive understanding of emotional issues at the
deep root level which brings about health, happiness & functionality in the
client.
7. The study of psychology allows one to appreciate the relationship b/w
thoughts, emotions and the resulting behaviour.
8. Behaviour is understood in context of both, the physical & social
conditions.
9. The mental characteristics or attitude of a person or group.
10. Psychology is the scientific study of human and animal behaviour with
the object of understanding why living beings behave as they do so. As
almost any science, its discoveries have practical applications. As it is a
rather new science, applications sometimes are confused with the science
itself. It is to distinguish what is “Pure” and “applied” in older disciplines;
everybody can separate physics and mathematics from engineering or
anatomy and physiology from medicine. People often mix psychology with
Psychiatry, which is a branch of medicine dedicated to the cure of mental
disorders.
BEHAVIOU
R physical, emotions ,thoughts, social

Factors influencing our behaviour

ASSIGNMENT:
1. Psychology of student sitting next to you the -ve traits
2. Daily Routine ⟶ your +ve -ve nature traits ⟶ don’t be typical write it
keeping in mind your psychological aspects.
Summary of Depression
3. Psychological changes in altitude and behaviour of your class fellow after
joining university.
4. Case study: Daily routine of a mentally ill Person
5.Comparison of any normal person, your friend and abnormal person
psychologically.
Verifies:
1. Self compassion
2. Time management
3. Social attitude of all three + overall observation.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PSYCHOLOGY
Earlier Psychology was a part of Philosophy. It was never considered to be a
science. Four hundred years ago, Greek philosopher PLATO studied life. In his
theories, life and soul are said to be the beginning of psychology. Morgan, a
philosopher, said: “Psychology is the scientific study of activities of an
individual.” Boring, another philosopher, said: “Psychology is the study of
human nature.” Then, Robinson said: “Psychology is the science of human &
animal behavior.” According to Aristotle: “Psychology is the science of soul.”
Tichner, rejecting this view, said: “Psychology is the science of mind.”
Welhelm then said: “Psychology is the science of consciousness.” J. Watson
did not accept this view and said: “Psychology is the science of behaviour.”
At last, some of them agreed on the view that Psychology is the science of
Bio-Social behaviour.
SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGYs
Psychology is the youngest of all sciences.it is still in the process of
development. its scope is very wide. The ultimate aim of psychology as a
science is, to discover the laws of human nature. Its Aim is to develop a
better understanding of human behavior and its experiences. It has
extended its scope to include all kinds of behavior ,whether normal or
abnormal ,whether in children or in groups. so, the aim of psychology is to
understand, predict ,control of change the behavior ,whenever required.
PSYCHOLOGY AND ITS BRANCHES
The use of psychology becomes more interesting and useful in our lines,
when we divide it into its branches.it has two main branches.
1.pure psychology
2.applied psychology
1. Pure Psychology: Deals with psychological research and data to
formulate principles of activity. It's further divided into:
a. Normal Psychology: Studies feelings, thoughts, and the way people think
and use their senses (cognitive, physical, or mental). People are considered
normal if they don't have physical or mental problems.
b. Abnormal Psychology: Analytically and scientifically studies abnormal
thoughts and behaviors to interpret, describe, predict, explain, and change
abnormal functioning patterns. The definition of "abnormal" varies across
time and cultures. Abnormal functioning is often associated with a mental
disorder and studies activities that don't conform to maturity standards. It
helps psychologists understand the normal mind better manner.
c. Experimental Psychology: It aims to understand the basic psychological
processes including perceiving, memorizing, learning, thinking, etc. The
research is done in experimental laboratories. It does not limit its studies to
human beings. Several psychologists have conducted their experiments on
animals.
d. Social Psychology: It studies the activities of an individual in relation to
their fellow human beings. It studies all the topics which have an impact on
social life, i.e., leadership, attitudes, group mind, national character, crowd
behavior, fashion, propaganda, rumors, public opinions, and
communications. It also helps and plays an important role in the mental
development of an individual by forming a group, following fashion, customs,
manners, morals, etiquettes, religion, and the formation of attitudes or
stereotypes about other people.
e. Biological Psychology: Biological psychology is the scientific study of the
biological bases of behavior and mental states. Because all behavior is
controlled by the central nervous system, it is sensible to study it. How the
brain functions in order to understand behavior:
f. Cognitive Psychology:
The nature of thought is another core interest in psychology. Cognitive
psychology studies cognition, the mental processes underlying behavior. It
uses information processing as a framework for understanding the mind.
Perception, learning, problem-solving, memory, attention, language, and
emotion are all well-researched areas.
g.Development Psychology:
Developmental psychology has been described as the discipline that
attempts to describe and explain the changes that occur over time in the
thought, reasoning, and functioning of a person due to biological, individual,
and environmental influences. Psychologists note further that developmental
psychology involves the study of children's development as well as the
development of human behavior across the lifespan.
h. Personality Psychology:
It studies personality based on theories Of individual differences is an
emphasis in this area to construct a coherent picture (logical, sound) of a
person's his/her psychological processes. Another emphasis views
personality as the study of individual differences, in other words, how people
differ from each other. A third area of emphasis examines human nature and
how all people are similar to one another. These three factors merge
together in the study of personality.
Personality can be defined as a dynamic and organized set of characteristics
possessed by a person that uniquely influences his/her cognitions,
motivations, and behaviors in various situations.
I. Comparative Psychology:
This branch compares the mind and behavior of different animal species or
different races of man or different stages of an individual.
II) Physiological Psychology:
It studies the functions of organs in order to understand the activities of an
individual, e.g., his/her function of the sense, organs, muscles, neurons,
spinal cord.
Applied Psychology:
which applies the information given by pure psychology, to the problems of
actual life.
a)Clinical Psychology: it collects psychological data for diagnosis and
treatment of mental and behavioral disorder.
b)Industrial Psychology: it deals with the psychology of work and worker,
vocational ,guidance ,salesmanship, advertising employee relationship, etc.
c)Educational Psychology: it applies psychological discoveries to the
techniques of teaching as well as problems of children. kinder garden
method, Montessori method + other methods of education suggests that
education should be the matter of joy +not a burden on the child. For this
purpose , educational psychology is a very useful tool to assist.
d) Application of Psychology in medicine: Psychology is quite helpful in the
field medicine, especially in mental and nervous disorder our 60% to 70%
illness is due to our mind, as someone has said: use your mind ,rather being
used by your minds!" Psychology can cure all such illnesses because it also
deals with minds.
e)Application of psychology in law: The principles of psychology can be
applied in many legal problem. It helps in the diagnosis of mentally ill
criminals, so that any punishment could be avoided.
HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
The history of psychology is the scholar study of mind and behaviour dates
back to the Ancient Greeks (old civilization600AD)These is also evidences of
psychological thought in ancient Egypt. Psychology was a branch philosophy
until the 1870's when it developed as an independent scientific discipline in
Germany and United States psychology borders on various other fields
including psychology, neuroscience (scientific study of nervous
system),Artificial Intelligence(Intelligence of machines ,robot, computers
etc. ),sociology ,Anthropology(science of humanity, the natural science and
the social sciences). as well as philosophy and other components of the
humanities.
In a philosophical context psychology was around thousand of years age in
ancient Greece, Egypt, India, Persia and china. Medieval(Prehistoric)Muslim
psychologists and doctors had a more clinical and experimental approach to
psychology, they were the first to have psychiatric hospitals.
Pierre Gbanis (France) created biological psychology in 1802.He wrote a
well known essay" Relation between the physical and moral aspects of man
"and he believed that sensibility and soul are\were parts of the nervous
system.
1879, the birth date of psychology-In 1879 Wilhelm
Wundt ( Germany) founded psychology as truly independent experimental
field of study .He Set up the first laboratory that carried out psychological
research exclusively at Leipzig university, and today he is known as the
father of psychology.
In the study of the history of psychology of women two threads
must be examined, First is Charles Darwin's 1859 publication on the
origination of species, and Second was the work of Sigmund Freud. The
common element in these two was their inferior perception of women; they
constructed. Theories to support his view that women are plagued by an
inferior evolutionary code as well as weaker psyche. However, very strong
resistance and reaction was shown. Researches were conducted which
helped to solidify & strengthen the fight of women toward equality.
PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN
What is Woman?
  A woman is a person who makes choices.
 A woman is a dreamer.
 A woman is a planner.
 A woman is a maker & molder.
 A woman builds bridges.
 A woman makes children and can make cars.
 A woman writes poetry & songs.
 A woman is a person who makes choices.
 You cannot even become a mother anymore; you must choose
motherhood.
Women are portrayed in terms of the choices they make in their careers,
achievement, leadership capacity, friendship, relationships, and education.
Women are portrayed as being multidimensional, for example, in the ways
they integrate work and family roles.
Furthermore, a non-Eurocentric perspective on women is presented. Women
are portrayed in terms of color and culture on the international psychology of
women including sexual orientation, class, and ethnicity.
Thus, women are portrayed in terms of culture also. Advantages in placing
culture prominently in the psychology curriculum — it is found that there are
advantages to be especially useful in the psychology of women:
 We can obtain information that is not available in our own culture.
 We can obtain information about the incidence of a psychological issue
in a different culture.
 Values that are common to a certain cultural group can be discussed.
 The generalizability of psychological research can be assessed by
looking at research from several cultures.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN
In studying the history of psychology, as is true for other disciplines, the
majority of the influential work and theory has been constructed by men and
for men.Traditional history has been written and theory interpreted by
persons using an androcentric frame of reference, and might quite properly
be described as the history of men.The very term "Women's History" calls
attention to the fact that something is missing from historical scholarship.
Due to biased social structure, women and psychology have been separated
from one another, and psychology was not considered to be a field
"appropriate" for women. Although women made significant contributions to
psychology, they largely remained invisible.However, with the advent
(coming) of the women's movement, women fought and increasingly became
a valuable part of the discipline.
WOMEN’S PSYCHOLOGY HISTORY (p.7)
During the turn of the 20th century, gender ideas were changing in the West,
especially America. Women were becoming more educated and were
influencing the decisions made about women's places in the economy,
politics, and they pressed on for public and independent rights. In opposition
to these emerging rights, some men felt threatened by some of the more
powerful women in society. Psychology as an academic discipline was also
feeling the effects of women striving for and acquiring a competitive edge in
the workforce.
Often times, women in science would make a significant contribution to their
field, but would go unrecognized or their work would be regarded as
unimportant. Psychology was no exception, and three women were pivotal to
the development of psychology as a discipline: Leta Stetter Hollingsworth,
Helen Thompson Woolley, and Mary Whiton Calkins.
Leta Stetter Hollingworth was born in 1886 in Nebraska, where she endured
(undergone) a difficult life, raised by her father and grandfather, as her
mother had passed away during childbirth. Nevertheless, she achieved an
outstanding academic record in her studies. She received her Ph.D. degree in
1916 and accepted a teaching position in educational psychology at
Columbia Teacher's College. She helped in establishing the classification
clinic for adolescents. Leta contributed work in the areas of women and sex
differences, and work with adolescents, the mentally deficient, and the
mentally gifted. She also focused and examined the status of women in
male-dominated society. Seriously, she wrote the following books about
children:
 The Psychology of Subnormal Children
 Special Talents and Defects
 The Psychology of the Adolescent
These books became the textbooks for the next two decades, replacing the
ones written by Stanley Hall.
Another important influence in the field of psychology was Helen Bradford
Thompson Woolley, born in Chicago in 1874. Her parents were advocates of
education for women and were very supportive of her academic interests.
She got her Ph.D. degree in 1900 with studies focused on neurology and
philosophy. She conducted experiments in seven areas of mental
functioning, including motor ability, skin and muscle senses, taste and smell,
hearing, vision, intellectual faculties, and affective processes. In 1911, Helen
became director of the Bureau for the Investigation of Working Children,
which was formed after the enactment of the Ohio Child Labor Law in 1910.
The third influential female psychologist is Mary Whiton Calkins. She was
born in 1863 and belonged to a family that strongly encouraged the
education of children, especially the study of language and cultures. Calkins
also worked unofficially at the Psychology Laboratory at Clark University,
where she developed interest for psychology. Mary was one of the first
female pioneers in psychology. She developed and promoted a more self-
based psychological approach to understanding human behavior, even as
behavioral psychology began to dominate the field.
CONTRIBUTION OF WOMEN TO PSYCHOLOGY:
In order to understand the contributions that women have made in the field
of psychology, one must understand the status of women in psychology prior
to this change. Feminists have long argued that the social sciences overlook
and distort the study of women in a systematic manner that results favorably
to men (Riger, 2000). The inclusion of the variables of sex and gender can be
examined in three separate time frames and conceptualizations, according
to Jeanne Marecek, Ellen Kimmel, Mary Crawford, and Rachel Hare-Mustin
(2003):
 Woman as problem
 Female-Male differences and similarities
 Feminist study of women's lives
When one examines the psychological research from Wundt's 1874
establishment of the domain of psychology up to recent times, psychology
appeared to focus almost exclusively on the behavior of men or male
animals. In other words, the first method of examining women was to
categorize them as lacking. Much early research that included female
subjects came to the conclusion that women were inferior in some way.
Additionally, if females were included in the sample, neither sex nor gender
differences were reported,which discounted the influence of these factors
and a separate was an indication of the belief that men were the norm when
considering serious psychological factors. And again, if women were included
in the studies, biased results indicated women were by nature inferior. For
instance, Sir Francis Galton's work in the 19th century focused on individual
differences and concluded that women tend in their capacities to be inferior
to men (cited in Lewin & Wild, 1991, p. 582). Although the definition of
psychology has undergone a metamorphosis over time, the fact remains
increasingly clear women with issues have still not been adequately
examined.
ASSIGNMENT TECHNIQUE:
  Title Page
 Table of Contents
 Topic-wise material
 References/Endnotes/Footnotes
 Headings in sequence
 Avoid irrelevant material
 Conclusion
 References
ATTEMPTING QUESTION TECHNIQUES:
 Start from the foundation.
 First, do brainstorming.
 Jot down all random thoughts/ideas.
 Give bare/basic first of the topic.
 Build a plot.
 Give the main idea/central theme of the topic in the center of the
whole text.
 Elaborate with examples.
 Incorporate your knowledge from different sources and other courses
of your degree.
 Write in a proper manner, sequence-wise.
 Don't mess up the knowledge.
 Be in order, write in a systematic way.
 Close the central theme.
 Conclude your whole answer with your analysis on the topic.
 Do mention references also if you have mentioned them in the text of
your answer.
NEWLY EMERGING DISCIPLINE
INTERNATIONALLY & NATIONALLY
We find it curious that thought is still heavily influenced by such nineteenth
century theorist as Darwin, Marx of Friend As products of their era, they were
primarily supportive of the status quo,of upper class while male privilege
with it's limited knowledge of and marginal concern for women, if they were
alive today ,they would be astonished what ? You are still using those old
books? Throw them away. The Psychology of women a legitimate field of
study, but there is still much to be done . Numerous talented and insightful
women are continuing to make efforts in the field in research and gender
equality.
.Feminist psychology has moved beyond finding faults with previous
research to conducting sound research in its own right. Today, it's a
multifaceted enterprise that has its place in virtually every specialization
area as well as encompassing many research studies.
Maureen McHugh, Randi Koeske, and Irene Frieze established a set of
guidelines in 1986 for eliminating bias in research. Among the many
suggestions, they noted measures such as:
 Delineating the circumstances in which gender differences are found.
 Assessing experimental tasks for their sex neutrality.
 Examining the effect of a study's female-male composition, as well as
the sex similarities and differences that are present.
Critical issues to be explored in the future include changing the negative,
inaccurate, and harmful images of women, as well as removing occupational
barriers for women entering male-dominated fields. The culture of
masculinity and its negative impact on both men and women also needs to
be redefined. To accomplish these goals, it should be recognized that
quantitative perspectives might be the best approach to operationalizing
theoretical concepts and accurately answering the resulting research
questions.
Women are more visible today than ever before, which has occurred as a
result of many interacting factors. Research on and the study of the
psychology of women and gender has made a significant major impact on
this phenomenon. This field has had an impact such that there is no
continent that has not been influenced by this development. The Association
of Women in Psychology (AWP) was the first feminist psychological
organization, and it was established in 1969 as an independent organization.
The Committee on Women in Psychology (CWP) was established in 1973 to
monitor the progress of women's advancement and equality for women in
psychology. The Committee's mandate was to encourage active interaction
with relevant organizations such as the Division of Psychology of Women and
the Association of Women in Psychology and more.
The International Council of Psychologists (ICP) should be mentioned at this
point. This organization evolved from the National Council of Women
Psychologists (NCWP), which had been established in the United States in
1941 to improve the status of women in psychology. Its original goal was to
provide an arena for women psychologists in positions from which women
were excluded on the basis of sex during World War II.
HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN AS A DISCIPLINE IN
PAKISTAN:
 WHY THERE SHOULD BE A NEED FOR THE PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN?
 WHY SHOULD THERE BE A NEED TO UNDERSTAND THAT WOMEN ARE
HUMANS TOO?
It is because women and their issues are neglected or treated with
indifference for too long. The role of women in Pakistan is complex and some
social indicators show women are accorded esteem and importance, but on
most accounts, the status of women in Pakistan is among the lowest in the
world. It is a fact that women receive less than one-tenth of the world's
income but do two-thirds of the work; they earn less and work longer than
men.
The awareness to study women as a separate organism grew along with an
increased consciousness of women psychologists who, under the influence of
the feminist movement, started questioning the very subject they were
studying and teaching as psychologists. Feminists claim that most of the
subjects being taught at the universities are biased and need to be rewritten
from a women's perspective.
Part of the total human condition, psychologists provided the inputs for this
discipline from every perspective and specialization (clinical, social,
biological, anthropological etc.).
The movement of awareness of women as individuals emerged along with
the feminist movement. In the late 1960s, women's movements resurged.
The first well-known movement was that of the suffragettes (a woman
seeking the right to vote) in the early 1900s. In the 1970s, the concept of
gender was developed by feminists to indicate that men and women are
different and have different ways of communication with each other in all
societies and cultures. The links between biological differences and social
values of feminism and masculinity were also brought up by feministic
psychologists.
Topic Emergence of Psychology of Women:
History has been written with a negative bias toward women. History has
always projected a negative image of females, and this has been a question
since the beginning: "What women actually want?" Even after 30 years of
research on feminine sexual liberation, Freud viewed women as mysterious.
 The controversies raised during women's movements led to intensive
research on women's issues, these ranged from biological differences
between sexes to social differences. The basic thing was to explain why
women are different from men. It was assumed that the understanding of
these differences would lead into understanding the psychology of women.
It is only recently that women researchers have realized that the psychology
of women is not just the psychology of sex differences. The areas which were
really important had been neglected: sexuality, menstruation, pregnancy,
childbirth, rape, abuse, and menopause."