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2.Physical layer_1

The document outlines key concepts in communication networks, including switching methods like circuit and packet switching, and the physical layer's role in data transmission. It discusses the characteristics of wired and wireless media, as well as transmission methods such as baseband and passband. Additionally, it introduces Shannon's Capacity Formula for channel capacity and design criteria for line coding.

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Fariha Tasnim
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2 views

2.Physical layer_1

The document outlines key concepts in communication networks, including switching methods like circuit and packet switching, and the physical layer's role in data transmission. It discusses the characteristics of wired and wireless media, as well as transmission methods such as baseband and passband. Additionally, it introduces Shannon's Capacity Formula for channel capacity and design criteria for line coding.

Uploaded by

Fariha Tasnim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EECE 445: COMMUNICATION

NETWORKS
Lec. Onim
EECE, MIST
Outline:

• Switching
• Packet Switching
• Circuit Switching
• Physical Layer, its function and properties.
• Wired and wireless media
• Baseband and bandpass transmission
Switching:
• Helps designing the best route for data transmission when there are
multiple paths
• Upon completion of switching a complete path is formed either temporary
or for the time being between the transmitter and receiver.

Switching

Circuit

Message

Packet
Circuit switching

Packet switching
Circuit Switching:
• A dedicated path is established between sender and receiver.
• Before data transmission connection will be established first
between the devices.
• Works in 3 phases:
• Connection establishment.
• Data transfer.
• Disconnection.
Fig. reference network
Packet switching:
• Message is broken into individual chunks named packet.
• Each packet is sent individually.
• Each of them will have a source and destination IP along with the
sequence number.
• Sequence number helps to find error, reorder and send
acknowledgement.
• Is of two types: Connectionless or datagram approach and
connection oriented or virtual circuit approach
Physical Layer:
• Provides physical interface for transmission of information
through a medium (wired/wireless)
• Covers all - mechanical, electrical, functional and procedural
- aspects for physical communication
Transmission Media
◦ Wired
◦ Copper
◦ Coaxial cable
◦ Power-line
◦ Fiber optic

◦ Wireless
◦ Micro wave and Radio wave
◦ Free space optical

***Study their speed, range, usage and specialty.


***Must practice drawing their dissected figure with necessary notation.
Channel Capacity:

Shannon’s Capacity Formula:

𝐶 = 𝐵 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅 ,
𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐶 = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑏𝑝𝑠 , 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝐻𝑧 , 𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 𝑑𝐵
𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

Digital transmission:

• Baseband
• Passband
Baseband Transmission
◦ Line coding are used.
◦ Binary information are converted into voltage signals.
◦ Low distance
Design Criteria for line coding:
◦ Transmission bandwidth: should be as small as possible
◦ Noise immunity: should be immune to noise
◦ Power efficiency: for a given bandwidth and given error probability, transmission power requirement should be as small as
possible
◦ Error detection and correction capability: should be possible to detect and correct errors
◦ Favorable power spectral density (PSD): should have zero PSD at zero (i.e., DC) frequency, otherwise the ac coupling and the
transformers used in communication systems would block the DC component
◦ Adequate timing information / self-clocking: should carry the timing or clock information which can be used for self-
synchronization
◦ Transparency: should be possible to transmit a digital signal correctly regardless of the patterns of 1’s and 0’s (by preventing
long string of 0s and 1s)
Passband Transmission
Digital bits are used to modulate carrier(s):
ASK,
PSK,
FSK,
QAM etc.

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