→ Mass

ELECTRIC C H A R G E Change - Mater → Volume

It is a property of matter to attract or repel other materials.
There a r e t w o types of electric charges
→
+ve positive (proton)
Movabl: -ve negative (election) , Aotm
It is denoted by Qand the unit used to measure is coulomb (C).

ImC =1 0 %

+ Charge MC =10°C

Positive Charge Negative Charge

Same charges r e p e l .
Opposite charges attract each o t h e r ~

+ + →
• Like charges repel

= →

O pp os it e
charge a t t r a c t +
 QUANTIZATION OF CHARGE
Quanta →Pancket E a l l 1 e = 1.6x10-''6
q=n e
where
2 è = 32x10'°C
n = Number of electrons 3 é = 4.8x10'9c
e = Charge o f electron = 5 x 1 0 "
= 1.6 × 10-19 C 4 é = 6.4x10'9c

ne=?

= n e = n e
=13e no.M
Net Choage no one electon
Ans electrons
Charge
QUESTION
n
Let us calculate number of electrons in 1 Cof charge?

0 = n e
1=nx1.6x10-19

n =
1.6 ×10'9 71 = 6 25x1618
6.25
AZT
10"
-Х 1 0 Inet

e = 1 • 6 x 1 0١٩ -
18
=
too x l0'8 = 6.25×10 n = ?
1 2 4 8 +
Depending u p o n the conductivity of substances they a r e of 3 types:-
Conductors → Contribates ita from electrons) for current to flow, mostly
metals
Semi-conductors
→dueot less fraelections, current oflw less, a - si, he ete
Ins ula tor s / → od not contibute the elections for current flow, mostly metals
dueot absence offare electoons
 CONDUCTOR

Are those which allows current t o pass through them they have free mobile
elect rons i n t h e i r o u t e r m o s t shell .

Example : Cu, Al etc. Copper Conductor

Plastic Insulation
 I N S U L AT O R S

Are those which d o not allows current to parsthrough them as they d o n o t

havef r e e mobileelectrons

Example : glass etc.

 SEMICONDUCTORS

Are those which allow only small amount of current to pass through them.

Example : Silicon
T Y P E O F ELECTRICITY

→ Mostly ni Insulatore
Static Electricity : I s a t y p e w h e n electronic GLASS ROD

charges develop but do not flow. 0000Đ

Example: Charges developed by glass rod and silk.

SILK CLOTH

→ Mostly conductors
Current Electricity : Current Electricity i s a t y p e
when electronic charges develop in motion.
Example: Electric Current used t o run Appliances
 ELECTRIC C U R R E N T
е -

Is rate of flow of electric charge i.e. Curent =Charge 2s

→ Contorb
1 =
secunds
S I Unit - Ampere (A) 5s

Ao rC

ImA =10"A
=10'A
INA
 AMMETER
15A = 15c

1 C
1 A=
1 s e c

* 1 ampere - current is said to be 1A, when 1C of charge flows

through wire in 1 second.

Ammeter- instrument usedt omeasure current.

→ Series Device
mr.
 Elacte erayy
2 2 0 0 0 V = 22000)
Chemica

POTENTIAL
= V O LTA G E
DIFFERENCE
Wokrden yb Batry
220V =990T on a unit charge
I Voltage -Wakdone
charge
 ELECTRIC P O T E N T I A L

Is t h e work done i s moving unit positive charge from infinity t o a certain

point in electric field
 POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE Voltage =Workcone
a unil positive charge
Is work done in moving charge from one point to another point.
W
i.e., V = (from one point to another)

Example: Charges developed by glass rod and silk

Valls =V=I→Joule (5)

Electrons

+ P N

+
(V) A →Coulomb (c)

IV=1J
Higher potential Lower potentia
 V O LT M E T E R
I Joule
I Vo l t=
Icoulomb

Potential Difference is said to be I volt when /; of work is done in moving c of

charge from one point t o another.

*Vo
* P
l
t
m e
ter s
i n
a i
n s
tr
u ment u
s
edot me
asur
e pot
e nt
ial di
ffer
e nce (
V ol
t
a ge
)
arallel Device
QUESTION

How much energy is given t o each coulomb of charge passing through a 6 volt
battery?
Q =10
V =6V Q

?
W= QV
=1x6

E=W= 65
 →==>
TYPES O F CURRENT
I

Conventional ⼯ Electronic e

Flow of positive charge(assumed) Flow of electrons ( 21с)

Move from +ve terminal to -ve Move f r o m -ve t e r m i n a l t o +ve
terminal i n o u t e r circuit terminal i n o u t e r circuit

Practically unimportant, Practically i m p o r t a n t ,

Theoretically Important ~ Theoretically unimportant
S O M E ELECTRIC DEVICE W I T H SYMBOLS USED:

- WIRE LA MP
INCANDESCENT
CONDUCTORS
A - FUSE
- CONNECTED
RESISTORS
- CONNECTED
FIXED

- NOT
- CONNECTED VARIABLE
(POTENTIOMETER)
⽌ GROUND
R H E O S TAT

al+ CELL - O SWITCH - o

I | - BATTERY + V - VOLTMETER
+
OR - AMME TER
 ELECTRIC C I R C U I T S
Battery
Acontinuous conducting path between the terminals of a source of electric energy
a n d other electrical components along which t h e electric current flows i s called a n
electriccircuit

Types: Colsed Electric Circuit (ON) I#0

Open circuit (OFF) I = 0
 O P E N ELECTRIC C I R C U I T

It is the circuit in which electric contact is broken at some point such that no current
flows through the components of the circuit.
 C L O S E D ELECTRIC C I R C U I T

The circuit in which all t h e components o f circuit are joined t o one another such t h a t
a continuous current flows through them.

Closed
Circuit
R

Rheostat Rheostat
OHM'S LAW
&
R E S I S TA N C E
 O H M ' S LAW

Acc to i t ,
Atconstant temperature current flowing through circuit is directly proportional to
potential difference applied across ends to conductor.
i.e., V x I
Removing proportionately sign we have V = I R ( C o n s t a n t Resistance)

V=I R
Volag Slope =1N
Resistance
=
V-V 1 = R
Current I2-11
slope = AV 8
V

A I
=R 2 4 6

I 2

→ 1
= Va-V, 1 .

12 - I ,
= 1 0 - 2 8
=
5 - 1

R = 2 5
VERIFICATION OF OHM'S LAW

2 V2 v2 V2 v
+ v

1)Graph plot
L straight line
(linear goes) R Y

VA I

的
hence, verifid

此
= 2V

以
= 8 1 A
6V
 R E S I S TA N C E (R) → 0

Is obstruction to flow of charge ~ o

Formula: V = IR
1 л= V
I
S I Unit: ohm (52)

1 ohm: Resistance is said t o b e 1 o h m when 1 volt of potential difference is applied

which allows 1 ampere current to flow through i t .
F A C T O R S O N W H I C H R E S I S TA N C E D E P E N D S

Length o f Wire RTR1 RT

Cross Sectional
Area o f W i r e
ATRI
Nature of(Material ofWire →

Tempe rature
(Resistivity)
TART f→Rho
PART
 D E P E N D E N C E O F R E S I S TA N C E O F L E N G T H O F W I R E

More the length of wire, more is the number of collisions and more is the resistance.
 DEPENDENCE OF RESISTANCE O N A R E A O F WIRE

More i s t h e a r e a l e s s i s t h e resista nce a s n o o f collisions a r e l e s s a s t h e y c a n pass

easily.
 DEPENDENCE OF RESISTANCE O N TEMPERATURE

With increase in temperature, number of collision is more. Therefore, resistance is

more.
DEPENDENCE OF RESISTANCE O N NATURE OF WIRE :

C o n d u c t o r s : H a v e a l m o s t Nil Resistance

Semiconductors: H a v e Resistance
§ Med
Insulators : Have High Resistance

911
Copper Co nd uc to r

Plastic Insulation
 SPECIFIC RESISTANCE O R RESISTIVITY

X It is the measure of resistance of wire 1 mlength and 1meter square area.

IDef →I t is a material debendbnt ppoopertly
ropertly to resist the flow
Symbol → § (Rho) of cursent.
Units- ohm -me tre
1 R a l
SI uit of §
Racl
A R- f$
= 2

R-PA sm=S
m

lerso
n
formula
PYQ Sample Paper c < a < b materid some It f samp
The figure below shows three cylindrical copper conductors along with their face
areas and lengths. Discuss in which geometrical shape the resistance will be
highest.

R= p1
0)R-SA
R= p 3 i
L
3L

R-SL (a) (b)

4 ～
3А
《=9（
U3
R= PL 念
夕34）9
）
R= 9R
R"
PYQ

A wire o f given material having length L and a r e a of cross-section A h a s a

resistance o f 4 Q.What would be the resistance of t h e wire i f the length becomes
2 L after stretching it.

= P2
R= SL -98%)

4
4 =
R= 4R
= 4 x 4 =162
Q U E S T IO N

What is Rheostat? OR Variable Resistor

⼀州
- o r

3
COMBINATION O F
R E S I S TA N C E S
SERIES
&
PA R A L L E L
 R E S I S TA N C E I N SERIES

I n series t h eresistances a r e a t t a c h e d a ss h o w n :
I n series the current remains constant and potential difference changes :

V = IR
R, RA ..
I→ Same (Path Sor) 2 0V SIV 2 0V 1ol
1 5A
V →d i v i d e SA Jame

SA 5A
100V
 R E S I S TA N C E I N PARALLEL

• They a r e c o n n e c t e d a s s h o w n i n figure.
I n parallel, potential difference remains constant and current changes:
<R3 <R 1
ЗА / 201
Req
I → divide Parallel = -
GA
V→Same V= IR
6A 20v
I =V→ Same
R

20V T
QUESTION

Derive expression t o calculate equivalent resistance w h e n different resistance

a r ec o n n e c t e di ns e r i e s

V, V zV ,
Req - R, + R, + Ra
Series:

V,=V,+V
e +V
3
I In =IR,+18 +IR, (V=IR)
7R=I(R,+R+R)
Ry=R, +P,+R,
QUESTION

Derive expression to calculate equivalent resistance when different resistance

a r econnectedi nseries

1
= + +
Req RI R2 Rg
Parallel = w W
Rg
I t =I , +I , +I,
V V + (V =IR)

Y 、
=
R,

Sie
I ,
Rt
Tricks
三

= 7 XV

江 Jugaed
Series (n equal resistos)
= n x

Paralll → n
-

1:
 3x2

三 2 y
三2 2 x 2
xty
6x2

18
QUESTION Mixed ckt.
Find t h e current drawn from t h e battery b y the network of four resistor shown
in the figur e.

1 0 g
1 0 9
1) Total R
3 0
1 0Q

I =2 A
5
T
3V
V= IR = 0.4A
3V
= 300 r . V=V
3 3 =5 * 200
40 ¥
2
QUESTION

Find the current flowing through the following electric circuit.

3.6Q 6Q 3 Q
w w

2 4= 2 . 4 2
4 л

v
10
*ННР
4 . 5V

) R4=92
45
2) I=V 0.5A
72
PYQ

Itheir
f nresistors each of resistance
equivalent resistance i s
Rare connect
e d n
i (parallel combi
n at
i
o n) t
h en

充⼀
⽂⼀良定^

K ⼀州
⼆
H E AT I N G E F F E C T O F
CURRENT
&
ELECTRIC P O W E R
 JOULE'S LAW OF HEATING
Statement →Heat produced in a conductor
is directly proportional to t
square of the cursent flowing, Hoci
Resistance of conductor and OCR
time perised of corsent flow.
* Poof: -
1 =U
V= H=Ä
Q-It... Rt
W=OVEV-IR
E= I t I R
H=I'Rt
energy
 A P P L I C AT I O N S O F H E AT I N G E F F E C T

=filament →Tongsten (w) =Par

e Me
a
tl →
MA
.P.
V ihg
1 .B u l b
→Glass →High R →Hgih heat Retentior
Ar →
clowing fect
2 . Fuse
Gloss
fuse Wire →C u N i Alloy MP. low →Wire Melts
SAPb ANS RHgih and ckt . Break
3.
Heating eelment ([=0)

element - Nbjram Ayl 7→

• Heater. P1R1 H
1
clectrit J oon
 ELECTRIC P O W E R 9=

千3
=
t
→Watt w
P= W o r Jowe
)
E = Px t
second J s
t
P = VI , E =VIt
~ P = P =IRI
I R
W= QV P =V I →Series ,E
I=V dame
R
I = General
P= VV

1701
3
some
→ R
→Poralel
C O M M E R C I A L UNIT O F E N E R G Y P= E
t
§ I unit →Joule (J) € =Pxt

C9s unit →erg s Joule = Watt seconds

Poactical
Unti yHoat →Calosie (Cal)
Conmesid E =Kilowatt, hour
UntifI Enory →Kilowathur
Trade (Kinh)
 Pary
IMP Q u e s
Jugead
An electric bulb is rated 220 V and 100 W. When it is operated or 110 V, the
p o w e rconsumedwillb e
P = 100h '=?
Jugen P
/

* ⼆

R
if V-nV V = 1loV
P→ n p V = 220V =(10)
(220)?

100=1220}
) 100

P=12 = H0x40x100
→ Same
(220)2
R= P =25W
K
100
 IMP Q u e s

Two conducting wires of the same material and of equal lengths and equal
diameters are first connected in series and then parallein acircuit across the
s a m e p o t e n t i a l d i ff e r e n c e .T h e r a t i o of h e a t p r o d u c e d i n s e r i e s a n d parallel
combinationsw o u l db e
V =Same

Xo7
R
1 . Serie s
Pavallel
2 R
R R
H, =V

登州
MAA

Hs
2 =
V +
.١ =

2R Нр
2.H-2R+X

-
3. 4 = V2
R

5
IMP Q u e s

Two lamps, one rated 100 W at 220 V, and the other 60 W at 220 V,are
connected in parallel to electric mains supply. What current is drawn from the
line if the supply voltage is 220 V?

2 2 0 V, 100/N
i =i , +1, = 100+60
220 220

P = Vi o 9= Vi,
100=220 x1, →1,=100 A =1668
不 还

8
R

⼆
P= Vig
P-iRO 220V, 60lw
A
60=290x12 →,
1 =60 220
8

220V
QUESTION 1 h → 36008
2 4 → 18008
An electric motor is rated a t 1 0 0 0 w - 2 0 0 v calculate:
( a ) Resistance of element a )P=1000W
(bnergy consumed ni half na hour ni joules V = 2 0 0V

( The time ni which it wil consume 15 kuof energy? R= ?

€ = Pxt E =P x t P=V
,2

(W) (1) 1 5 = 1000 x t R

(T) 1000
1000 = (200)2
=/000x1800° 1 5 =1 x t
R

E = 1800000 J t=15h R = 206x20%

R= 402
IMP Q u e s

An electric refrigerator rated 400 W operates 8hour /day. What is the cost of the
energy to operate it for 30 days at Rs 3.00 per kW h?
| k w h = 1 unit→ z 3
9=400 W
96 K h = 6
9 units →3x96
t = 8k/doy x 3 0 =2 4 0 h
z288

E= P x t
= 408 246 = 96 Kish
隆

E=96 kwh