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a+0 = a

0+a=a

a×1 = a

1×a=a

a
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x+0 =7 x=7
y × 1 = 10 y = 10

A∪∅ = A

∅∪A=A

A = {1, 2, 3}

A ∪ ∅ = {1, 2, 3}
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A∩U = A

U ∩A=A

A = {1, 2, 3} U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

A ∩ U = {1, 2, 3}

A∪∅ = A
A∩U = A
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A∪U

A∪U
A
U
A∪U

U A U
U

A∪U = U

A U

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

A = {1, 3}

A ∪ U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = U

A∪B
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Alice, Bob, Charlie, David, Emma

A B A B

A ∪ B = {x ∣ x ∈ A or x ∈ B}

A = {1, 2, 3}

B = {3, 4, 5}

A B

A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
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A
B

A∪∅ = A

{1, 2, 3} ∪ ∅ = {1, 2, 3}

A∪U = U

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} A = {2, 3}

A ∪ U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = U

U U

A B A∪
B
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A B

A∪B

U
∅

A Ac A
U A

Ac = {x ∈ U ∣ x ∈/A}

A A
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A ∪ Ac = U

A A
U

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} A = {1, 2, 3}

Ac = {4, 5}

A ∪ Ac = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = U

A ∩ Ac = ∅

A A

A = {1, 2, 3}, Ac = {4, 5}

A ∩ Ac = ∅

A Ac

A
Ac A U
A ∪ Ac = U
A ∩ Ac = ∅
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(a, b)

a
b
(a, b) =
 (b, a) a=b

{a, b} = {b, a}
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(a, b) =
 (b, a)

A = {1, 2}, B = {x, y}

A×B

A × B = {(1, x), (1, y), (2, x), (2, y)}

A B

f(x) = x2

{(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), … }

x=2 4
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A×B

A B
A B
(a, b) =
 (b, a) A=B

A = {Pizza, Burger}
B = {Coke, Juice}

A × B = {(Pizza, Coke), (Pizza, Juice), (Burger, Coke), (Burger, Juice)}

A B

A × B = {(a, b) ∣ a ∈ A, b ∈ B}

A B
A m B n

∣A × B∣ = ∣A∣ × ∣B∣ = m × n
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A = {1, 2}, B = {x, y, z}

A × B = {(1, x), (1, y), (1, z), (2, x), (2, y), (2, z)}

A B 2×3 =6

A = {1, 2}

A × A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}

R2

R×R

(x, y)
x R
y R
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a b

a∨b= 1 (Greatest element, also called Top or Universal set)

a∧b= 0 (Smallest element, also called Bottom or Empty set)

{0, 1} ∧ ∨
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n m n>m

f(x)
x f(x)

f(x) = x + 2
f(x) = x2

f(x) = x
f(x) = 5 x
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A∨A= A

A∧A= A

(Ac )c = A

5
∑x ​

x=1

y =x+3

x
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a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 , …
​ ​ ​ ​

G(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + …
​ ​ ​ ​

1, 1, 1, 1, …

G(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + …

a1 ​ a2 ​ a3 ​
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(A ⋅ B) + (A ⋅ C)

(A + B) ⋅ (A + C)

a⋅b= b⋅a

a⋅1 = a

Z
a+b= b+a
a×b= b×a
1 1×a=a
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Feature Relation Function

A set of ordered pairs A relation where each input has

{(1, 2), (1, 3)} (NOT a function) {(1, 2), (2, 3)} (Function)

People and their favorite colors (one person A vending machine (one button gives
can like multiple colors) only one drink)
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