Trigonometric  y  a cos  q ; and

 y  a tan   q
where a and q  Q and   [0;360] .
10 3. Sketch graphs find the equations of given graphs and interpret graphs.
Note: Sketching of the graphs must be based on the observation of the effect of a and q

WEEK 1 : TOPIC : TROGONOMETRY

CONTENT
1. Trigonometric ratios and reciprocas
2. Extending to all 4 quadrants
3. Special angles

NOTES & EXAM TIPS

The side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse

hypote nus e
opposite to angle A
adjacent to angle C

A opposite to angle C B

adjacent to angle A

Using angle A:

RECIPROCALS
tan 𝐴 =
𝐵𝐶
. 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 =
𝐵𝐶
sin 𝐴 =
𝐵𝐶
. 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 =
𝐵𝐶
cos 𝐴 =
𝐴𝐵
. 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐶 sec 𝐴 =
𝐴𝐵
Angle 𝐶̂ can be used to determine the raios.

Remembering trig. ratios?

Several mnemonics have been used to help remember trig. ratios. These are ‘meaningless’ phrases that have been
formed but seem easier to remember than the actual mathematical definitions. One such mnemonic is :

 SOHCAHTOA ® Sin is Opposite side divided by Hypotenuse side

Cos is Adjacent side divided by Hypotenuse side
Tan is Opposite side divided by Adjacent side

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EXTENDING TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS UP TO 360o

QUADRANT 1 QUADRANT 2

All the trig. ratios are positive in Quadrant 1 y

opposite side y tan q = , tan q is negative in quadrant 2
\ tan q = = x
adjacent side x y
sin q = , sin q is positive in quadrant 2
opposite side y r
sin q = =
hypotenuse r x
cos q = , cos q is negative in quadrant 2.
adjacent side x r
cos q = =
hypotenuse r

QUADRANT 3 QUADRANT 4

y y
tan q = , tan q is positive in this quadrant tan q = . tan q is negative in this quadrant
x x
y y
sin q = , sin q is negative in this quadrant sin q = . sin q is negative in this quadrant
r r
x x
cos q = , cos q is negative in this quadrant cos q = . cos q is positive in this quadrant
r r

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To remember signs of trig. ratios in the quadrants!!

Another mnemonic is often used to help learners remember the signs of the trig. ratios in different quadrants.

 CAST: as shown in the diagram only sin is pos itive

 CAST: all students take coffee All ratios are pos itive

S A

T C

only tan is pos itive only cos is pos itive

SPECIAL ANGLES

Angle 𝟒𝟓° Angle 𝟑𝟎° and 𝟔𝟎°

30  30 

2 2

60  1 1 60 
A D C
𝐴𝐶 = √12 + 12 = √2 2
1 BD = 22 - 12 = 3.
tan 45o = =1
1
3 1
o1 tan 60o = = 3 tan 30o =
sin 45 = 1 3
2
3 1
cos 45 =o1 sin 60o = sin 30o =
2 2
2
1 3
cos 60o = cos 30o =
2 2

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Exercise 1:

Use the definitions of the three trigonometrical ratios to complete the statements below:

1.

C D f E

H
b a e d g
t

G T
A B h
F
c

sin B = cos D = tan G =

cos B = sin D = cos G =

tan B = tan D = sin G =

sin C = cos F = tan T =

cos C= sin F = sin T =

tan C = tan F = cos T =

2.

Use the definitions of the three trigonometrical ratios to complete the statements below:
mABC = 90.21

C
E

8 6

A 15 B D 10 F

tan A = sin D =

tan C = sin F =

cos A = sin D =

cos C = cos D =

sin A = cos F =

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3. Use the definitions of the three trigonometrical ratios to complete the statements below:

B F

25
16

A C
24 E

Sin C = cos B = tan D = tan F =

Cos C = sin B = sin D = cos F =

Tan C = tan B = cos D = sin F =

Exercise 2

1. Determine the trigonometrical ratios of angles shown in the diagrams below.

(a) (b)

HINT

Drop perpendiculars to form right-angled triangles as shown in the diagrams below

Determine the value of the ratios Without the use of a calculator

1.1(a) 1.2 (b)

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

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Exercise 3.

1. Use a calculator to determine the values of the following, giving answers correct to two decimal places.

a) sin 23o
b) cos 23o + cos56o
c) cos (23o + 56o )
d) 4 tan107o

2. If A = 43o and B = 68o , determine the value of

æA B ÷
ö
a) sin çç + ÷
è2 2÷
ç ø
1
b) sin (A + B)
2
c) sin 2 A + cos 2 A

Exercise 4

1. Determine the value of q :

2. ̂ = 90o, MN= 55 cm and MT = 45 cm. Calculate angles 𝑁

In triangle MNT, angle 𝑀 ̂ and 𝑇̂

3. In triangle XYZ, angle X is 90o, ZY =780 mm and XY = 350 mm. Find angles Y and Z.

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Exercise 5

Determine the sides labelled a and e in the diagrams below.

F
a
e

82  32 
A B D E
20m 170 cm

Exercise 6

Calculate, giving answers correct to two decimal places.

1. sec 72o + cot17o

2. cosec 22o + cot 7o

3. cot 2 55o + sec2 25o

WITHOUT the use of the Calculator( Leave the answer in surd Form)

tan 60o
4.
cos ec 30o

5co t 60o sin 60o

5. +
3cos ec 30o cos 60o

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 EXERCISE 7

1.1 In the diagram below𝑃(𝑥; 𝑦) is a point in the third quadrant.𝑅𝑂̂𝑃 = 𝛽 and 17𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 15 = 0

1.1.1 Write down the values of x , y and r

1.1.2 WITHOUT using the calculator, determine the value of :

(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽

(b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 30°. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽

1.1.3 Calculate the size of 𝑅𝑂̂𝑃 correct to two decimal place

1.2 In each of the following equations , solve for x , where 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 90°.Give your answers correct
to TWO decimal place

1.2.1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 2,22

1.2.2 sec(𝑥 + 10°) = 5.759

1.2.3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
− 2 = 1,24
0,2

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 WEEK 2: TOPIC: RIGONOMETRY

CONTENT
1.Trigonometric Equations
2. diagram to determine the numerical values of ratios for angles from 0° to 360°
3.Solve two dimensional Problems involving right-angled triangles.

NOTES & EXAM TIPS

SOLVING TRIG. EQUATIONS

 Remember is to isolate the trig term

 Remind learners that sin q ¹ sin´ q

Remember that cos (q + 24) ¹ cos q + cos 24
o

Solve two dimensional Problems involving right-angled triangles.

54
1.1 Complete the triangle above and indicate the following the following
a) Horizontal line
b) Line of sight
c) Angle of elevation
d) Tower
e) Right angle

Easy Tips & Tricks to solve questions.

How to solve word problems that involve angle of elevation or depression

Step 1: Draw a diagram of the situation given if sketch not given.

Step 2: Mark in the given angle of elevation or depression and other information.

Step 3: Use trigonometry to find the required missing length (Identify hypotenuse, opposite side and adjacent angle.

55
The difference between distance and height

Distance is the length of space between two points, usually geographical points, usually (but not necessarily)
measured along a straight line.

Height is the distance from the base of something or someone to the top.

56
57
Exercise 1

Solve for 𝜃 where 𝜃 ∈ [0°; 90°}

1. sin q = 0, 4538

2. cos q = 0,5

3. 3tan q = 1,5

4. tan q- 1 = 1,5

1
5. sin q = 0, 275
2

1
6. sin q = 0, 275
2

7. If cos (3q) = 0, 275 , what is the value of

a) 3q b) q

8. If sin (q - 15o ) = 0, 4500 , what is the value of q .

EXERCISE 2

1.1 If x  155  and y  130 , calculate the values of the following,

rounded off to TWO decimal places:

1.1.1 sin 2x + cos y

1.1.2 tan2 ( x  y )

1.2 Answer this question WITHOUT the use of a calculator.

If 5 sin  – 4 = 0 and   [ 0  ; 90 ],

calculate by using a sketch the value of: tan  + cos 

1.3 Solve for x (correct to ONE decimal place), if x  [ 0  ; 90 ]:

1.3.1 sin x = cos 27,5
1.3.2 3 cos x  4,056
1.3.3 tan  x  25  0,865
1.4 Explain why the following equation cannot be solved:
sin (A + 10) = 68

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 SECTION B

PAST PAPERS

Question 1

RQ is a vertical pole. The foot of the pole, Q, is on the same horizontal plane as P and S. The pole is
anchored with wire cables RS and RP. The angle of depression from the top of the pole to point P is
47°. PR is 21mand QS is 17m. RPQ =θ.

1.1 Write down the size of θ (1)

1.2 Calculate the length of RQ (3)

1.3 Hence, calculate the size of 𝑆̂. (2)

1.4 If P, Q and S lie in a straight line, how far apart are the anchors of the wire cables (4)

[10]

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