a (er “wr i= ene +2 wore LeU) 2 5 a Luveasnr-s00nr) oo me en) ban 2) bat = Gru es 2 anc Fe Sie Za E RE ae: Lhe we PA Lalo ae w = FF net Gane!)4 Foustix Halt-Ronge seouds Wwe cassie Sens gecowws OF Fon be prieceruds: cartinuas on [0, £7 fan, The Fourier cosine senses exhansian of dre) on te Ralf wange inferyal [0,07 i aivan bg ma) = fo Fe foo = Se + Fan tos (27) whine gq, = 4 J th dagdx and an = Ff toy cos (28) oe Founrer Sine Spud » rr be Preauuse continuous on [0,1]. Than the Fount wine anes ombandicon ef dim) on Vx Aalf song, interval [o, bj & gran bf 2 1 nam = br & Fem) o (2F I Be whine by, = fe Bin (P7F Ideowe 4 0. on-i)Ar } 5 gif? 1) Hm) = aE Tr Z ant3 Be? ropaetuae | or 2 aa S (tasbx)dn= ae [a+ tobe Fy i A w = . f, osm o>3 Lo (Lab (nt 80x 30s) Le (aaene at Fhrln-3 y= we Jo 0 _? caine ems f dex) & f= sare Dp ‘ aston abel 3 the Fournier cevine ‘ ns 2 ihe 1% ; ae 2 cep3 2c Sinn xen. = Ee ( fincnennn fino) ae eo tna von _ ae : el (gp (n220F + n3. ue a ny gee ae ee sa) ea) net a 2 ‘eall 09 Bs zi al ani yt)i? flo = t= osr V =-3.97887 V © Itturms out that al the b, coefficients are zero! You can prove this by integrating inthe same fashion as 1 costpr) + [Lea 5 Aa © Altemately, we recognize by inspection of the original function, that sf the entre function is shifted ‘downward by the value of co, the function becomes an odd function. Ths implies that, except forthe constant co. the even terms of the Fourier series are all zero. Thus all the b, coefficients are zero, above using the itera formula [ x08(pehde inp) ‘©The final form ofthe Fourier series is thus simply a Fourier sine series, /(1)=¢, +a, sin(nay/), oF (a97e7 V)sin( e221) | ste aha red iG ‘coefficients have been included here (€) Discuss how well this Fourier B series approximation agrees with the orginal signal © Aplotis shown to the right © Wis clear that the Fourier series approximation (red dashed curve) with only a Constant plus two sine function coefficients does not do such a great job at duplicating the original ramp function (solid blue curve) (© This indicates that the original signal contains significant contributions from higher hharmonics as well. Note that the first harmonic isthe fundamental frequency (1 Hz), and the second harmonic is twice that, or 2 Hz. These are the only two harmonies taken into account in the above representation. © If'we include more coefficients, the Fourier series approximation does a better job. For example, shown to the right is the plot for the ‘case with 10 coefficients (a, 2. $v-(295795V)sin( an 8 through a) © There ae still some wiggles, specially near the sharp comers at 1 = 0, 1,2, ete, but the overall agreement is much better. here there is a sudden jump, we must calculate the coefficients of a 10 get good duplication of the original signal ‘Numerical calculation of the Fourier coefficients Discussion: In an example like this one wi large number of harmonies in order t ‘The integration required to find the Fourier coefficients is often quite tedious - in some cases impossible ‘+ _ Several numerical integration schemes have been developed to integrate these equations, but these are loped to integrate these equations,Harmonic amplitude plots In the simplified case of Fourier sine series, the RSS amplitudes reduce 1 fa) [as [a], since all the cosine coefficients b, are ero. For the ramp function example above, the harmonic amplitude plot is shown tothe right From this plot, we see thatthe relative Importance ofthe harmonics decreases steadily However, m this particular example, the decay ‘of amplitude is not very fast. For some other periodic functions (especially ‘smoother ones), the decay with is much fast and the signal can be duplicated quite well with only a few of the coefficients of the Fourier Series included ‘Consider, for example, a triangular wavetorm, ‘This time the fundamental frequency is 1000 Hz, and the peak to peak amplitude is -2.0 10 20 (© Here again all the cosine terms are zero (this is also a Fourier sine series) © The first five sine coefficients are calculated. Ut tums out that only the odd a, coefficients ate non-zero; the even ones like, ax, are all zero. © Alot comparing the original function to the Fourier sin series representation is shown to the right ‘© Itis hard to distinguish between the two curves, except atthe sharp comers, indicating that the amplitudes of the harmonics drop off rapidly with n, This can be seen in the harmonic amplitude plot to the night © Note the rapid decay of amplitude with n The first ive coefficients do an excellent jb of representing this function (but the sharp comers are still rounded off, as with all Fourier series approximations) © Only by calculating all the Fourier coefficients (n> 2) can we duplicate the ‘original signal exacly, including the sharp Fourier transforms + Foran analog (continuous signal), integrations. The resulting transfor eal 20 10 os 1) 00 os 16 a 20 0.000 ‘Spec Analy Page 4 The relative importance of each harmonic in a Fourier series 1s compared by plotting the RSS amplitude of ‘each sine and cosine coefficient Ya," +5*, Ya, +h,’ . Ja + Such a plot is called 3 harmonic amplitude plot; it sho versus harmonic number = 1. 2,3. ‘the frequency content of the signal Harmonic amplitude plot for the periodic ramp function Using 5 coefficients Period, T 0.0005 0.0010 001s 0.0020 10) Harmonie amplitude plot for the periodic triangular ‘wave function 1 armonie wmber) We can mathematically extend the summations of the Fourier series into. mations are called Fourier eransforms Fourier transforms are more useful than Fourier series, and are discussed inthe next learning module