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HMT LAB Manual

Heat and Mass transfer (Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information
Technology)

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Institute of Mechanical and Manufacturing

1.
Engineering (IMME)

LAB MANUAL OF HEAT AND MASS

TRANSFER (HMT) LAB
(MEEN-3236)

Submitted to: Engr. Yasir Yasin

Submitted by:
Student Name: _________________________
Registration No.: _______________________
Semester: _____________________________
Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology (KFUEIT)
Abu Dhabi Road, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. +92 68 5882417,
www.kfueit.edu.pk
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Experiment 01
Objective
Determination of thermal conductivity of different metal samples

Apparatus
The apparatus shown in Fig. 1, consists on an input heat section, several central sections of metallic
material with different thermal conductivities and a refrigeration section. The input heat section is
provided of a cylindrical metal bar for the realization of a series of experiments of heat transfer.
While the other one consists of two different disks (diameter = 25 mm) that allows studying the
influence of the heat transfer in different metals. These sections are provided with a number of
temperature sensors included with the unit. To maintain the temperature gradient constant, a water
cooling circuit, whose flow rate can be measured with a sensor, has been included on one side of
the model.

Fig. 1 Metal to Metal Heat Transfer Module

1. Heating Element 2. Test metal Specimens

3. Cooling System 4. Temperature sensors

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Theory
Introduction
Heat is the form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another as a result of
temperature difference. The science that deals with the determination of the rates of such energy
transfers is heat transfer. There are three different types of heating transfer process or modes:
conduction, convection and radiation.

Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles to adjacent less adjacent
particles of a substance as a result of interactions between the particles. Conduction can take place
in solids, liquids, or gases. In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion
of the molecules during their random motion. In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations
of the molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by free electrons.

Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction

Fourier’s law of heat conduction can be stated as, “The rate of heat conduction through a plane
layer is proportional to the temperature difference across the layer and the heat transfer area, but
is inversely proportional to the thickness of the layer”. That is,

(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎)(𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒)
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∝
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

∆𝑇
𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴
∆𝑥

Where the constant of proportionality ‘k’ is the thermal conductivity of the material and dT/dx is
the temperature gradient, which is the slope of the temperature curve on a T-x diagram (the rate of
change of T with x), at location x. The heat transfer area A is always normal to the direction of
heat transfer.

Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity of a material can be defined as the rate of heat transfer through a unit
thickness of the material per unit area per unit temperature difference. The thermal conductivity
of a material is a measure of the ability of the material to conduct heat. A high value for thermal

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conductivity indicates that the material is a good heat conductor, and a low value indicates that the
material is a poor heat conductor or insulator.

In solids, heat conduction is due to two effects: the lattice vibrational waves induced by the
vibrational motions of the molecules positioned at relatively fixed positions in a periodic manner
called a lattice, and the energy transported via the free flow of electrons in the solid. The thermal
conductivity of a solid is obtained by adding the lattice and electronic components. The lattice
component of thermal conductivity strongly depends on the way the molecules are arranged. For
example, diamond, which is a highly ordered crystalline solid, has the highest known thermal
conductivity at room temperature. Unlike metals, which are good electrical and heat conductors,
crystalline solids such as diamond and semiconductors such as silicon are good heat conductors
but poor electrical conductors. As a result, such materials find widespread use in the electronics
industry. Moreover, pure metals have high thermal conductivities but thermal conductivity of an
alloy of two metals is usually much lower than that of either metal. Even small amounts in a pure
metal of “foreign” molecules that are good conductors themselves seriously disrupt the flow of
heat in that metal.

The kinetic theory of gases predicts and the experiments confirm that the thermal conductivity of
gases is proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature T, and inversely proportional
to the square root of the molar mass M. Therefore, the thermal conductivity of a gas increases with
increasing temperature and decreasing molar mass.

The mechanism of heat conduction in a liquid is complicated by the fact that the molecules are
more closely spaced, and they exert a stronger intermolecular force field. The thermal
conductivities of liquids usually lie between those of solids and gases. The thermal conductivity
of a substance is normally highest in the solid phase and lowest in the gas phase. Unlike gases, the
thermal conductivities of most liquids decrease with increasing temperature, with water being a
notable exception. Like gases, the conductivity of liquids decreases with increasing molar mass.
Liquid metals such as mercury and sodium have high thermal conductivities and are very suitable
for use in applications where a high heat transfer rate to a liquid is desired, as in nuclear power
plants.

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Fig. 2 Thermal Conductivity of Various Metals at Room Temperature

Experimental Procedure
1) Place two of the test sections in the intermediate area
2) Ensure that all the temperature sensors and heating element have been connected
3) Make a water flow circulate through cooling system with SC-2 at 2 l/min
4) Set the voltage of heating resistor to 10W with the power controller
5) Wait until the temperature reading on the sensor becomes stable
6) Repeat the previous steps for different heating powers i-e 15,20,30,50W
7) Exchange the position of test sections and repeat the experiment

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8) Use Fourier’s Law, calculate the thermal conductivity by keeping the distance between
temperature sensors is 10 mm

Observations and Calculations

Specimen 01:
Specimen 02:

Temperature Q (W)
Sensors

T1
T2
T3
T4
∆T/∆x
K
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
∆T/∆x
K

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Graph

Specimen Calculations

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Discussion

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CLO-1
Able to perform heat conduction experiments to investigate the thermal conductivity of different
materials

Rubric 01
Marks CLO1 – Level P3 mapped to PLO-4 (Investigation)

Fully understands the experiment, including its purpose and results; analyses and interprets data
9-10
correctly and precisely and draws correct conclusions

Has very good understanding of the experiment, its purpose and results; analyses and interprets
7-8
data correctly and draws correct conclusions

Has some understanding of the experiment, its purpose and results; analyses and interprets data
4-6
with some mistakes and draws incorrect conclusions

Has poor understanding of the experiment, its purpose and results; analyses and interprets data
0-3
incorrectly and draws incorrect conclusions

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Experiment 02
Objective
Determination of thermal conductivity of different ceramic samples

Apparatus
The Ceramic Heat Transfer Module, consists of an input heat section, several central sections of
ceramic material with different thermal conductivity and a refrigeration section. The input heat
section is a cylindrical ceramic bar to carry out a series of heat transfer experiments. While the
other one consists of two ceramic disks (diameter = 25mm) that allows to study the influence of
the heat transfer in different ceramic materials. These sections are provided with a series of takings
for the connection of a series of temperature sensors included with the unit. To maintain the
temperature gradient constant, a water cooling circuit, whose flow rate can be measured with a
sensor, has been included on one side of the model.

Fig. 2 Ceramic Heat Transfer Module

1. Heating Element 2. Test Specimen

3. Cooling System 4. Temperature sensors

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Experimental Procedure
1) Place one of the test sections in the intermediate area
2) Ensure that all the temperature sensors and heating element have been connected
3) Make water flow circulate through cooling system with SC-2 at 2 l/min
4) Set the voltage of heating resistor to 10W with the power controller
5) Wait until the temperature reading on the sensor becomes stable
6) Repeat the previous steps for different heating powers i-e 15,20,30,50W
7) Exchange the position of test sections and repeat the experiment
8) Use Fourier’s Law, find out the thermal conductivity by keeping the distance between
temperature sensors is 10 mm

Observations and Calculations

Temperature Q (W)
Sensors

10 20 30 50
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
∆T/∆x
k

10

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Graph

Specimen Calculations

11

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Discussion

12

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CLO-1
Able to perform heat conduction experiments to investigate the thermal conductivity of different
materials

Rubric 01
Marks CLO1 – Level P3 mapped to PLO-4 (Investigation)

Fully understands the experiment, including its purpose and results; analyses and interprets data
9-10
correctly and precisely and draws correct conclusions

Has very good understanding of the experiment, its purpose and results; analyses and interprets
7-8
data correctly and draws correct conclusions

Has some understanding of the experiment, its purpose and results; analyses and interprets data
4-6
with some mistakes and draws incorrect conclusions

Has poor understanding of the experiment, its purpose and results; analyses and interprets data
0-3
incorrectly and draws incorrect conclusions

13

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Experiment 03
Objective
Determination of thermal conductivity of different insulating materials

Apparatus
This module is provided with a metal cylindrical bar and consists of three different parts: 1st part
is the area where the contact of the heating element is located. It has 4 temperature sensors and an
insulating layer. 2nd part or central part is the interchangeable insulating elements: one cylinder
made of bakelite, one cylinder made of nylon and one cylinder made of teflon, with three
temperature intakes each one. 3rd part is the efficient cooling system is included. It works with
flowing water, which guarantees a constant heat gradient in the system. It has 4 temperature intakes
and insulating layer.

Fig. 3 Insulating Material Heat Transfer Module

1. Heating Element 2. Test Specimen

3. Valve to control cooling water flow

Experimental Procedure
1) Place one of the test sections in the intermediate area

14

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2) Ensure that all the temperature sensors and heating element have been connected
3) Make water flow circulate through cooling system with SC-2 at 2 l/min
4) Set the voltage of heating resistor to 10W with the power controller
5) Wait until the temperature reading on the sensor becomes stable
6) Repeat the previous steps for different heating powers i-e 15,20,30,50W
7) Exchange the position of test sections and repeat the experiment
8) Use Fourier’s Law, find out the thermal conductivity by keeping the distance between
temperature sensors is 15 mm

Observations and Calculations

Specimen:

Temperature Q (W)
Sensors

10 20 30 50
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
∆T/∆x
k

15

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Graph

Specimen Calculations

16

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Discussion

17

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CLO-1
Able to perform heat conduction experiments to investigate the thermal conductivity of different
materials

Rubric 01
Marks CLO1 – Level P3 mapped to PLO-4 (Investigation)

Fully understands the experiment, including its purpose and results; analyses and interprets data
9-10
correctly and precisely and draws correct conclusions

Has very good understanding of the experiment, its purpose and results; analyses and interprets
7-8
data correctly and draws correct conclusions

Has some understanding of the experiment, its purpose and results; analyses and interprets data
4-6
with some mistakes and draws incorrect conclusions

Has poor understanding of the experiment, its purpose and results; analyses and interprets data
0-3
incorrectly and draws incorrect conclusions

18

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Experiment 04
Objective
Determination of thermal contact resistance

Apparatus
The Ceramic Heat Transfer Module, consists of an input heat section, several central sections of
ceramic material with different thermal conductivity and a refrigeration section. The input heat
section is a cylindrical ceramic bar to carry out a series of heat transfer experiments. While the
other one consists of two ceramic disks (diameter = 25mm) that allows to study the influence of
the heat transfer in different ceramic materials. These sections are provided with a series of takings
for the connection of a series of temperature sensors included with the unit. To maintain the
temperature gradient constant, a water cooling circuit, whose flow rate can be measured with a
sensor, has been included on one side of the model.

Fig. 1 Ceramic Heat Transfer Module

1. Heating Element 2. Test Specimen

3. Cooling System 4. Temperature sensors

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Theory
Thermal Contact Resistance
The rate of heat conduction through a plane wall is proportional to the average thermal
conductivity, the wall area, and the temperature difference, but is inversely proportional to the wall
thickness which is given by the following relation;

𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑄 = 𝑘𝐴
𝐿

The above can be rearranged as

𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑄=
𝑅𝑡𝑐
Where

𝐿
𝑅𝑡𝑐 =
𝑘𝐴

is the thermal resistance of the wall against heat conduction or simply the conduction resistance of
the wall. Note that the thermal resistance of a medium depends on the geometry and the thermal
properties of the medium. The equation above for heat flow is analogous to the relation for electric
current flow I, expressed as

𝑉1 − 𝑉2
𝐼=
𝑅𝑒
where Re = L/σe ; A is the electric resistance and V1 , V2 is the voltage difference across the
resistance (e is the electrical conductivity). Thus, the rate of heat transfer through a layer
corresponds to the electric current, the thermal resistance corresponds to electrical resistance, and
the temperature difference corresponds to voltage difference across the layer.

Experimental Procedure
1) Place one of the test sections in the intermediate area
2) Ensure that all the temperature sensors and heating element have been connected
3) Make water flow circulate through cooling system with SC-2 at 2 l/min
4) Set the voltage of heating resistor to 10W with the power controller

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5) Wait until the temperature reading on the sensor becomes stable

6) Extent the temperature gradients until reaching the contact positions of the samples with
the heating and cooling elements and do the same for the samples as shown below:

If ta and tb represent the temperatures in the contact surface in the theoretical plane obtained by the
extrapolation from the temperature gradients at each side of the materials, the unitary thermal
contact resistance can be defined as:

𝑡𝑎 − 𝑡𝑏
𝑟𝑡𝑐 = 𝑞
⁄𝐴

Observations and Calculations

Q(W)

Ta1

Tb1

Rtc1

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Ta2

Tb2

Rtc2

Graph

Specimen Calculations

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Discussion

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CLO-1
Able to perform heat conduction experiments to investigate the thermal conductivity of different
materials

Rubric 01
Marks CLO1 – Level P3 mapped to PLO-4 (Investigation)

Fully understands the experiment, including its purpose and results; analyses and interprets data
9-10
correctly and precisely and draws correct conclusions

Has very good understanding of the experiment, its purpose and results; analyses and interprets
7-8
data correctly and draws correct conclusions

Has some understanding of the experiment, its purpose and results; analyses and interprets data
4-6
with some mistakes and draws incorrect conclusions

Has poor understanding of the experiment, its purpose and results; analyses and interprets data
0-3
incorrectly and draws incorrect conclusions

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Experiment 05
Objective
Determination of heat transfer rate of extended surface. Also determine the effectiveness and
efficiency of a circular fin

Apparatus
The Extended Surface Heat Transfer Module consists of a resistor embedded in a copper cylinder,
completely isolated except from one circular face where a fin is attached. The fins are
interchangeable, providing two different materials: metal and stainless steel, and three different
cross section shapes: square, circular and hexagonal. The temperature along the fin is monitored
by 10 thermocouples, and one additional thermocouple is used to monitor room temperature.

Fig. 1 Extended Surface Heat Transfer Module

Experimental Procedure
1. Insert the circular cross section fin in the support, being the fin in contact the resistor
2. Fix the fin tip to the support, making sure that the insulator is correctly placed
3. Start the resistor. Monitor the temperatures until a steady state is reached
4. Calculate values of θ = (T-T)/(Tb-T) using the appropriate equations for the fin used in
the experiment

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5. Plot the natural logarithm of θ vs position ‘x’

6. Determine the convection coefficient h for each location where the temperature T is
measured.
7. Calculate the heat transfer from the fin
8. Calculate the efficiency and effectiveness of the fin

Observations and Calculations

Q (W)

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6

T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
∆T/∆x
h
Qfin
ε

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Graph

Specimen Calculations

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Discussion

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Experiment 06
Objective
To determine the radiation errors in temperature measurement and reduction of radiation errors
due to shielding

Apparatus

Figure 1 Radiation Errors in Temperature Measurement

The apparatus shown in Figure 01 consists of four important elements:

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• Centrifugal Fan: It allows for generating the air current, forced or natural, required in order
to carry out an experiment. It is connected to the interface or console to regulate the air
flow.
• Vertical Duct: It is used to carry the air flow. The radiation unit is located at the upper side
of the duct, isolated from the exterior and from the walls of the duct. There is a temperature
sensor, at the lower side of the duct, to measure the inlet air temperature, an air flow sensor
to control the air flow and another temperature sensor, which measures the outlet air
temperature.
• The radiation unit has a horizontal cylinder made of conductive material and treated with
a layer resistant to high temperatures. It guarantees an emission next to the unit. It includes
a heating element.
• Thermocouple support cylinder and radiation shield. It is used to introduce the
thermocouples under study in the radiation unit.

Theory
Radiation
The thermal radiation is energy given out by a mean (solid, liquid or gas) with a determinate
temperature. The emission is attributed to the changes in the configurations of the electrons in the
atoms and in the molecules. The radiation energy is transported by electromagnetic waves, without
being necessary the presence of means, so the transfer of radiation energy is more efficient in the
vacuum.
A black body is an ideal surface, which: absorbs all incident radiation, emits the maximum of
energy for a wave temperature and longitude given and emits the same in any direction. Stefan-
Boltzman’s law gives the emission of a black body:
𝐸𝑏 = 𝜎𝑇𝑠4
Where:
Eb = Emission of a black body (W/m2)
 = Constant of Stefan-Boltzman (= 5.67 10-8 W/m2 K4)
Ts = Absolute temperature of the surface (K)
If we consider a little grey surface (surface in which its capacity of absorption is the same as the
capacity of emission) with temperature T. This is surrounded by an isothermal surface, which is

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higher than the temperature Tsur. The heating transfer rate by radiation from a grey surface,
obtained from Stefan-Boltzmann’s law, is:
𝑞 = 𝜎𝐴𝜀(𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟
4
)
Where:
q = Heating transfer rate by radiation from a grey surface. (W)
 = Capacity of emission of the grey surface
 = Constant of Stefan-Boltzman ( = 5,67 10-8 W/m2 K4)
A = Area of the grey surface (m2)
Ts = Temperature of the grey surface (K)
Tsur = Temperature of surroundings (K)
The radiant exchange is going to be analyzed between two black surfaces of known temperature.
In this case, the power that leaves the surface is the original emission. Two black surfaces, A1 and
A2 form the system. Each one of the surfaces has a determined temperature, T1 and T2, respectively.
If it does not form it, imagine that they are in a free of irradiation environment. This is any
radiation, which goes out from a surface must not influence the other. Losses and irradiation, from
any source, must not be if these sources are not black. Because the surfaces are black, the energy,
which runs outside of the surface, is the difference between the emission power and the irradiation
on it.

Experimental Procedure
1. Check that the test thermocouple support is correctly located
2. Switch on the fan (AVE-1) setting a low air flow
3. Switch on the heating element (AR-1) and set the power to the maximum value
4. Wait for some minutes till the temperatures become stable
5. Obtain the reference temperature of the flowing air (ST-2 in the TXC/ERB unit and ST-3
in the TXC/ER unit), recording the results
6. Obtain the temperature indicated by each test thermocouple located inside the duct and
subjected to the radiation of the walls, recording the measurements in the table
7. Apply the systematic error calculated in the practical exercise 1 to the thermocouple
measurement obtained and record the temperatures in the table

𝑆𝑇 − 𝑖 ∗ = 𝑆𝑇 − 𝑖 ± ∆𝑇 (𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟)

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8. Determine the measurement error (%), due to radiation, for each thermocouple by using
the expression below:

𝑆𝑇𝑖∗ − 𝑆𝑇(2,3)
𝐸𝑟. 𝑟𝑎𝑑(%) = × 100
𝑆𝑇(2,3)

Where
STi*: temperature of the test thermocouple subjected to radiation applying the systematic
error
ST-2, 3: temperature of the thermocouple defined as reference thermocouple (ST-2 in the
TXC/ERB unit and ST-3 in the TXC/ER unit)

9. Not modifying the flow of air, lower the tubular case that protects the test
thermocouples from the radiation coming from the walls of the duct and repeat
the same previous steps, recording the data and results obtained in the tables

Observations and Calculations

Table 01: Test thermocouples subjected to radiation
a)

Inconel Stainless Steel Black Steel Ceramic

Reference Bare
Thermocouple Thermocouple Thermocouple Thermocouple
Temperature Thermocouple
Air Flow ST-4 ST-5 ST-6 ST-7
ST-2 ST-3
SC-1 (TXC/ERB) (TXC/ERB) (TXC/ERB) (TXC/ERB)
(TXC/ERB) (TXC/ERB)
ST-5 ST-6 ST-7 ST-8
ST-3 (TXC/ER) ST-4 (TXC/ER)
(TXC/ER) (TXC/ER) (TXC/ER) (TXC/ER)

m3/h 0
C 0
C 0
C 0
C 0
C 0
C

b)

Inconel Stainless Steel Black Steel Ceramic

Bare Thermocouple
Thermocouple Thermocouple Thermocouple Thermocouple
ST-3 (TXC/ERB)
ST-4 (TXC/ERB) ST-5 (TXC/ERB) ST-6 (TXC/ERB) ST-7 (TXC/ERB)
ST-4 (TXC/ER)
ST-5 (TXC/ER) ST-6 (TXC/ER) ST-7 (TXC/ER) ST-8 (TXC/ER)

0 0 0 0 0
C C C C C

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Inconel Stainless Steel Black Steel Ceramic

Bare Thermocouple
Thermocouple Thermocouple Thermocouple Thermocouple
ST-3 (TXC/ERB)
ST-4 (TXC/ERB) ST-5 (TXC/ERB) ST-6 (TXC/ERB) ST-7 (TXC/ERB)
ST-4 (TXC/ER)
ST-5 (TXC/ER) ST-6 (TXC/ER) ST-7 (TXC/ER) ST-8 (TXC/ER)

Radiation Error (%) Radiation Error (%) Radiation Error (%) Radiation Error (%) Radiation Error (%)

Specimen Calculations

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Discussion

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Experiment 07
Objective
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of turbulent flow heat exchanger for parallel and
counter-current flow

Apparatus
The turbulent flow heat exchanger consists of two concentric tubes. The hot water flows through
the inner tube and the cooling water flows through the space between the inner tube and the outer
tube. The exchanger has 4 equal sections where the heat transfer takes place, allowing us to
measure the intermediate temperatures in both fluids. The exchanger has 12 thermocouples located
strategically: 5 to measure the cold water temperature, 5 to measure the hot water temperature and
2 to measure the temperature on the surface of the inner tube. Moreover, it has 2 purge valves to
release the air accumulated in the hot water circuit as well as in the cold water circuit.

Fig. 1 Turbulent Flow Heat Exchanger

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Theory
Turbulent Flow Heat Exchanger

A typical turbulent flow (double-pipe) heat exchanger consists of one pipe placed concentrically
inside another pipe of a larger diameter with appropriate fittings to direct the flow from one section
to the next, as shown in Figure 1. One fluid flows through the inner pipe (tube side), and the other
flows through the annular space (annulus). The inner pipe is connected by U-shaped return bends
enclosed in a return-bend housing. Double-pipe heat exchangers can be arranged in various series
and parallel arrangements. The major use of the double pipe heat exchanger is for sensible heating
or cooling of process fluids where small heat transfer areas (up to 50 m2) are required. This
configuration is also very suitable for one or both of the fluids at high pressure because of the
smaller diameter of the pipes. The major disadvantage is that they are bulky and expensive per unit
of heat transfer surface area.

Experimental Procedure
1) Position the valves of hot and cold circuits correctly to make flow parallel or counter-
current
2) Ensure that water heating tank is full of water above the level switch AN-1
3) Switch on the pump and resistor
4) Switch on the heating element AR-1 and set the temperature of the heating tank T16 to
60 0C
5) Switch on the pump AB-1 and set the flow rate of hot circuit to a suitable value. Also set
the flow rate of cold circuit until the system stabilizes to a temperature of 60 0C
6) Record the temperatures and water flow rates
7) Repeat the experiment by keeping flow rate of hot circuit (m1) constant and varying the
flow rate of cold circuit (m2) for different water temperatures in the tank i-e T16=500C,
550C
8) Finally calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient for turbulent flow heat exchanger

Observations and Calculations

For Parallel Flow

∆T1 = T1 − T6

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∆T2 = T5 − T10

For Counter Flow

∆T1 = T1 − T10
∆T2 = T5 − T6

∆T1 − ∆T2
∆T𝑙𝑚 =
∆T
ln (∆T1 )
2

Overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated as

q = U × A × ∆T𝑙𝑚

Where
W
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient ( )
m2 . K

𝑞 = 𝑚ℎ × 𝑐𝑝 × (𝑇1 − 𝑇5 )
A = Total area of heat exchanger in the inner side of inner tube
𝐷𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝐷𝑒𝑥𝑡
A = πL ( )
2

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4

T16
T1
T5
T6
T10
ṁh
ṁc
∆T1
∆T2
∆Tlm
A

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Cp
q
U

Specimen Calculations

Parallel Flow

Counter Flow

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Discussion

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Water Properties Table

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Experiment 08
Objective
To determine the effectiveness of turbulent flow heat exchanger by ε-NTU method

Apparatus
The turbulent flow heat exchanger consists of two concentric tubes. The hot water flows through
the inner tube and the cooling water flows through the space between the inner tube and the outer
tube. The exchanger has 4 equal sections where the heat transfer takes place, allowing us to
measure the intermediate temperatures in both fluids. The exchanger has 12 thermocouples located
strategically: 5 to measure the cold water temperature, 5 to measure the hot water temperature and
2 to measure the temperature on the surface of the inner tube. Moreover, it has 2 purge valves to
release the air accumulated in the hot water circuit as well as in the cold water circuit.

Fig. 1 Turbulent Flow Heat Exchanger

Theory
NTU-Effectiveness Method for Analysis of Heat Exchanger

If the outlet temperatures of the exchanger are not known, to calculate the heat transfer rate from
the logarithmic mean temperature difference the problem should be solved by iteration, starting

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from an approximate value of one of the temperatures. This method would be very slow. In these
cases the NTU effectiveness method is preferred. First, the effectiveness is defined as the quotient
between the really exchanged heat and the maximum that could be transferred in an infinite area
exchanger with countercurrent flow.

𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙
𝜀=
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥

The maximum temperature difference possible suffered by one of the two fluids is (Thi-Tci), so
effectiveness will be:

𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜
𝜀= 𝑖𝑓 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝 > 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝
𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖

𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖
𝜀= 𝑖𝑓 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝 < 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝
𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖

The number of transfer units (NTU) is a dimensionless parameter widely used for the analysis of
heat exchangers and is defined as:

𝑈𝐴
𝑁𝑇𝑈 =
(𝑚. 𝐶𝑝 )𝑚𝑖𝑛

On the other hand, the capacity ratio (CR) is defined as:

(𝑚. 𝐶𝑝 )𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑅 =
(𝑚. 𝐶𝑝 )𝑚𝑎𝑥

Expressing  as a function of CR and NTU the following plot is obtained:

Fig. 2 CR vs NTU Plot

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Experimental Procedure
1. Check that the valves of the hot and cold circuit are correctly positioned for the
performance of the practical exercise in countercurrent flow configuration, according to
the operation section.
2. Check that the water heating tank is full of water above the level switch AN-1.
3. Switch on the heating element AR-1 and set the temperature of the heating tank ST-16,
according to the operation section, to 45ºC.
4. Switch on the impeller pump AB-1 and set a flowrate for the hot circuit SC-1 or (C-1), as
it is indicated in the operation section.
5. Set a flowrate for the cold circuit SC-2 or (C-2), with VR-2, until the system stabilizes to
a temperature of 45ºC in ST-16.
6. Record the temperature measurements (ST-1, ST-2, ST-3, ST-7, ST-16) and water
flowrates SC-1 or (C-1) and SC-2 or (C-2) in the worksheet.
7. After recording the values, calculate the LMTD
8. Repeat steps from 1 to 9 changing the direction of the working flow to work in parallel.
Obtain the value of the LMTD (ΔTlm) for parallel flow
9. Calculate the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient (U)
10. Calculate the efficiency with the NTU-ε method, employ the chart from annex 2. For that
purpose, the NTU value (number of transfer units) and the Cr value must be known. With
these two values the value of the exchanger efficiency (ε) will be easily obtained.

Observations and Calculations

The effectiveness can be calculated from the following equation;

𝑞𝑎𝑐𝑡
=
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥

The maximum temperature difference possible suffered by one of the two fluids is (Thi-Tci), so
effectiveness will be:

𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜
𝜀= 𝑖𝑓 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝 > 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝
𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖

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𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖
𝜀= 𝑖𝑓 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝 < 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝
𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖

The number of transfer units (NTU) is a dimensionless parameter widely used for the analysis of
heat exchangers and is defined as:

𝑈𝐴
𝑁𝑇𝑈 =
(𝑚. 𝐶𝑝 )𝑚𝑖𝑛

The capacity ratio (CR) is defined as:

(𝑚. 𝐶𝑝 )𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑅 =
(𝑚. 𝐶𝑝 )𝑚𝑎𝑥

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4

T16

T1

T5

T6

T10

T11

T12

ṁh

ṁc

∆T1

∆T2

∆Tlm

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qh

Cmin

Cmax

Cr

NTU

qact

qmax

Specimen Calculations

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Discussion

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Water Properties Table

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Experiment 09
Objective
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of shell and tube heat exchanger for parallel and
counter-current flow

Apparatus
The shell and tube heat exchanger consists of 21 tubes arranged as a square through which a water
flow from the hot circuit of the base unit circulates. The cold circuit water flows by the annular
side between the shell and the tubes. The exchanger has seven thermocouples distributed between
the hot and cold circuits, in which the temperature at the inlet, outlet and intermediate points of
the exchanger are measured.

Fig. 1 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

Hot water flows along a closed circuit. A heating element, AR-1, immersed in the tank, heats water
up to a specific temperature, ST-16. Water leaves the tank and is impelled by a pump, AB-1. Part
of the water enters the exchanger and a minimum part returns to the tank through a bypass. There
is a valve in the bypass to regulate the hot water flow, VR-1. This valve is set to a flowrate
recommended by the manufacturer for the correct use of the unit. The water is cooled at the outlet
of the exchanger and returns to the heating tank. Before entering this heating tank, the fluid passes

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through a flow sensor, SC-1 (flowmeter C-1), where the water flow of the hot circuit that flows
through the heat exchanger is measured.

Fig. 2 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger with Base Unit

The water of the cold circuit comes from the main network, crosses a regulation valve, VR-2,
through which the water flow of the cold circuit that enters the exchanger can be regulated. Water
of the cold circuit crosses a pressure regulator too, RP-1, programmed to 0.7 bar approx. to avoid
overpressures in the unit. Before entering the exchanger, water passes through a flow sensor SC-2
(flowmeter C-2) to measure the cold water flow that enters the exchanger. Then, water enters the
exchanger, through which it is heated, leaves the exchanger and is directed to the drain. Cold water
can enter the exchanger through both ends, to arrange flow in countercurrent the inlet will be the
opposite to that of the hot circuit.

Theory
Heat Exchanger
Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids that are at
different temperatures. Heat exchangers are commonly used in practice in a wide range of
applications, from heating and air-conditioning systems in a household, to chemical processing
and power production in large plants. Heat transfer in a heat exchanger usually involves convection
in each fluid and conduction through the wall separating the two fluids.

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There are different types of flow in a heat exchanger:

a. Parallel flow
b. Countercurrent flow
c. Cross flow

In parallel flow, the hot and cold fluids enter and leave through the same end and circulate in the
same direction. On the other hand, in countercurrent flow, the fluids enter and leave through
opposite ends and circulate in opposite directions. Figure 2 shows both types of flow.

Fig. 3 Parallel Flow and Counter-current Flow

In compact heat exchangers, the two fluids usually move perpendicular to each other, and such
flow configuration is called cross-flow. The cross-flow is further classified as unmixed and mixed
flow, depending on the flow configuration. The cross-flow is said to be unmixed since the plate
fins force the fluid to flow through a particular interfin spacing and prevent it from moving in the
transverse direction (i.e., parallel to the tubes). The cross-flow is said to be mixed since the fluid
now is free to move in the transverse direction. Both fluids are unmixed in a car radiator. The
presence of mixing in the fluid can have a significant effect on the heat transfer characteristics of
the heat exchanger.

Fig. 4 Cross Flow

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Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

The most common type of heat exchanger in industrial applications is the shell-and-tube heat
exchanger, shown in Figure 3. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers contain a large number of tubes
(sometimes several hundred) packed in a shell with their axes parallel to that of the shell. Heat
transfer takes place as one fluid flows inside the tubes while the other fluid flows outside the tubes
through the shell. Baffles are commonly placed in the shell to force the shell-side fluid to flow
across the shell to enhance heat transfer and to maintain uniform spacing between the tubes.
Despite their widespread use, shell and-tube heat exchangers are not suitable for use in automotive
and aircraft applications because of their relatively large size and weight. Note that the tubes in a
shell-and-tube heat exchanger open to some large flow areas called headers at both ends of the
shell, where the tube-side fluid accumulates before entering the tubes and after leaving them. Shell-
and-tube heat exchangers are further classified according to the number of shell and tube passes
involved. Heat exchangers in which all the tubes make one U-turn in the shell, for example, are
called one-shell-pass and two tube-passes heat exchangers. Likewise, a heat exchanger that
involves two passes in the shell and four passes in the tubes is called a two-shell-passes and four-
tube-passes heat exchanger.

Fig. 5 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

Temperature Distribution in Exchangers

In the parallel flow exchanger, the hottest zone of the hot fluid exchanges heat with the coolest
zone of the cold fluid at the inlet area. At the beginning the heat transfer is big, since the

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temperature difference is great; but this difference falls very quickly along the exchanger,
approaching asymptotically to zero. It is important to say that, for this type of exchangers, the
outlet temperature of the cold fluid never exceeds the outlet temperature of the hot fluid.

In countercurrent flow, the hottest zone of the hot fluid exchanges heat with the hottest zone of the
cold fluid and the coldest zone of the hot fluid with the coldest zone of the cold fluid. This
configuration gives a good heat transfer both between the hot parts of both fluids at one end and
the cold parts at the other end. Besides, the outlet temperature of the cold fluid may exceed the
outlet temperature of the hot fluid.

Calculation of Heat Transfer Rate

Two important relations for the analysis of a heat exchanger are the overall energy balances, both
of the hot fluid and the cold fluid. Neglecting the changes of potential and kinetic energy along the
exchanger, we have:

General heat transfer rate from the hot fluid:

𝑞ℎ = ṁ1 𝑐𝑝ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

General heat transfer rate from the cold fluid:

𝑞𝑐 = ṁ2 𝑐𝑝𝑐 (𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑,𝑖𝑛 )

And loss of heat transfer can be found out as

𝑞𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑞ℎ − 𝑞𝑐

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Where:
qh = Heat flow of the water in the hot circuit
qc = Heat flow of the water in the cold circuit
ṁ1 = Mass flow rate of water in the hot circuit
ṁ2 = Mass flow rate of water in the cold circuit
Thot,in = Inlet temperature of the water from the hot circuit to the exchanger, measured by ST-1
Thot,out = Outlet temperature of the water from the hot circuit of the exchanger, measured by ST-2
Tcold,in = Inlet temperature of the water from the cold circuit to the exchanger, measured by ST-7
in counter flow and by ST-3 in parallel flow
Tcold,out = Outlet temperature of the water from the cold circuit to the exchanger, measured by ST-
3 in counter flow and by ST-7 in parallel flow
cpc = Specific heat of water of the cold circuit to the mean temperature between the value of Tcold,out
and Tcold,in of the exchanger
cph = Specific heat of water of the cold circuit to the mean temperature between the value of Thot,out
and Thot,in of the exchanger
Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference
As it has been seen, the temperature difference between the fluids changes along the exchanger.
This is why it is advisable to define a mean temperature value (Tm).
From the analysis developed in most books about heat transfer, we can find that the appropriated
mean temperature difference is a logarithmic mean temperature difference (Tlm), defined in the
following equation:
∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
∆𝑇
ln (∆𝑇1 )
2

For counter flow:

∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇3
∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇7
For parallel flow:
∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇3
∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇7

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Experimental Procedure
1. Check that the valves of the hot and cold circuit are correctly positioned for the
performance of the practical exercise in countercurrent flow configuration, according to
the operation section.
2. Check that the water heating tank is full of water above the level switch AN-1.
3. Switch on the heating element AR-1 and set the temperature of the heating tank ST-16,
according to the operation section, to 45ºC.
4. Switch on the impeller pump AB-1 and set a flowrate for the hot circuit SC-1 or (C-1), as
it is indicated in the operation section.
5. Set a flowrate for the cold circuit SC-2 or (C-2), with VR-2, until the system stabilizes to
a temperature of 45ºC in ST-16.
6. Record the temperature measurements (ST-1, ST-2, ST-3, ST-7, ST-16) and water
flowrates SC-1 or (C-1) and SC-2 or (C-2) in the worksheet.
7. After recording the values, calculate the LMTD
8. Repeat steps from 1 to 9 changing the direction of the working flow to work in parallel.
Obtain the value of the LMTD (ΔTlm) for parallel flow
9. Calculate the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) in the inner tube, for
countercurrent flow

Observations and Calculations

The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) can be calculated from the following equation;

𝑞ℎ = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑙𝑚

Where ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4

T16
T1
T2

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T3
T7
ṁ1
ṁ2
qh
ΔTlm
U

Specimen Calculations
Parallel Flow

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Counter Flow

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Discussion

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 lOMoARcPSD|37494883

Water Properties Table

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 lOMoARcPSD|37494883

Experiment 10
Objective
To determine the effectiveness of shell and tube heat exchanger by ε-NTU method

Apparatus
The shell and tube heat exchanger consists of 21 tubes arranged as a square through which a water
flow from the hot circuit of the base unit circulates. The cold circuit water flows by the annular
side between the shell and the tubes. The exchanger has seven thermocouples distributed between
the hot and cold circuits, in which the temperature at the inlet, outlet and intermediate points of
the exchanger are measured.

Fig. 1 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

Hot water flows along a closed circuit. A heating element, AR-1, immersed in the tank, heats water
up to a specific temperature, ST-16. Water leaves the tank and is impelled by a pump, AB-1. Part
of the water enters the exchanger and a minimum part returns to the tank through a bypass. There
is a valve in the bypass to regulate the hot water flow, VR-1. This valve is set to a flowrate
recommended by the manufacturer for the correct use of the unit. The water is cooled at the outlet
of the exchanger and returns to the heating tank. Before entering this heating tank, the fluid passes
through a flow sensor, SC-1 (flowmeter C-1), where the water flow of the hot circuit that flows
through the heat exchanger is measured.

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Fig. 2 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger with Base Unit

The water of the cold circuit comes from the main network, crosses a regulation valve, VR-2,
through which the water flow of the cold circuit that enters the exchanger can be regulated. Water
of the cold circuit crosses a pressure regulator too, RP-1, programmed to 0.7 bar approx. to avoid
overpressures in the unit. Before entering the exchanger, water passes through a flow sensor SC-2
(flowmeter C-2) to measure the cold water flow that enters the exchanger. Then, water enters the
exchanger, through which it is heated, leaves the exchanger and is directed to the drain. Cold water
can enter the exchanger through both ends, to arrange flow in countercurrent the inlet will be the
opposite to that of the hot circuit.

Theory
NTU-Effectiveness Method for Analysis of Heat Exchanger

If the outlet temperatures of the exchanger are not known, to calculate the heat transfer rate from
the logarithmic mean temperature difference the problem should be solved by iteration, starting
from an approximate value of one of the temperatures. This method would be very slow. In these
cases the NTU effectiveness method is preferred. First, the effectiveness is defined as the quotient
between the really exchanged heat and the maximum that could be transferred in an infinite area
exchanger with countercurrent flow.

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 lOMoARcPSD|37494883

𝑞𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜀=
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥

The maximum temperature difference possible suffered by one of the two fluids is (Thi-Tci), so
effectiveness will be:

𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜
𝜀= 𝑖𝑓 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝 > 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝
𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖

𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖
𝜀= 𝑖𝑓 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝 < 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝
𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖

The number of transfer units (NTU) is a dimensionless parameter widely used for the analysis of
heat exchangers and is defined as:

𝑈𝐴
𝑁𝑇𝑈 =
(𝑚. 𝐶𝑝 )𝑚𝑖𝑛

On the other hand, the capacity ratio (CR) is defined as:

(𝑚. 𝐶𝑝 )𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑅 =
(𝑚. 𝐶𝑝 )𝑚𝑎𝑥

Expressing  as a function of CR and NTU the following plot is obtained:

Fig. 2 CR vs NTU Plot

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Experimental Procedure
1. Check that the valves of the hot and cold circuit are correctly positioned for the
performance of the practical exercise in countercurrent flow configuration, according to
the operation section.
2. Check that the water heating tank is full of water above the level switch AN-1.
3. Switch on the heating element AR-1 and set the temperature of the heating tank ST-16,
according to the operation section, to 45ºC.
4. Switch on the impeller pump AB-1 and set a flowrate for the hot circuit SC-1 or (C-1), as
it is indicated in the operation section.
5. Set a flowrate for the cold circuit SC-2 or (C-2), with VR-2, until the system stabilizes to
a temperature of 45ºC in ST-16.
6. Record the temperature measurements (ST-1, ST-2, ST-3, ST-7, ST-16) and water
flowrates SC-1 or (C-1) and SC-2 or (C-2) in the worksheet.
7. After recording the values, calculate the LMTD
8. Repeat steps from 1 to 9 changing the direction of the working flow to work in parallel.
Obtain the value of the LMTD (ΔTlm) for parallel flow
9. Calculate the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) in the inner tube, for
countercurrent flow
10. Calculate the efficiency with the NTU-ε method, employ the chart from annex 2. For that
purpose, the NTU value (number of transfer units) and the Cr value must be known. With
these two values the value of the exchanger efficiency (ε) will be easily obtained.

Observations and Calculations

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4
T16
T1
T2
T3

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T7
ṁ1
ṁ2
∆T1
∆T2
∆Tlm
A
Cp
qc
U
Cmin
Cmax
Cr
NTU
qact
qreal
ε

Specimen Calculations

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Discussion

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 lOMoARcPSD|37494883

Water Properties Table

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 lOMoARcPSD|37494883

Experiment 11
Objective
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of plate heat exchanger for parallel and counter-
current flow

Apparatus
The Plate Heat Exchanger consists of a collection of stainless steel plates arranged in parallel. The
space between the plates forms a channel through which water flows. Hot and cold water channels
alternate along the exchanger so heat is transmitted by the thin plates. The heat exchanger has 4
thermocouples: 2 for measuring cold water temperature and 2 for measuring hot water temperature.

Fig. 1 Plate Type Heat Exchanger

Theory
Plate Heat Exchanger

A Plate Heat Exchanger consists of a set of corrugated metal plates confined in a shell. Each metal
plate has 4 ports or holes. The plates and the ports are sealed by joints at their edge to allow hot

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and cold fluids flowing through narrow alternate passages formed between the plates. Heat
transfers through the thin plates, offering relatively low thermal resistance.

Elements of a Plate Heat Exchanger

Plates

Plates limit the flow of fluids through the path of the exchanger and provide the surface area for
heat transfer. The surface is corrugated to improve heat transfer. Corrugations break the limit layer,
causing turbulences with low Reynolds numbers, increasing heat transfer coefficient significantly.
Also, corrugations between adjacent plates come into contact at certain points forming Channels
of flow and increase the stiffness of the thin plates. Most of the plates have chevron-patterned
corrugations. According to the angle of the chevron a bigger or lower Heat Transfer Coefficient
may be provided.

Plates at the edges are not thermal plates, these plates do not transfer heat. They simply contain
the fluid and prevent contact with pressure plates which are generally made of tempered steel.
Thus, in a 20-plate Heat Exchanger only 18 will be thermal plates.

Fig. 2 Plates with Chevron’s Angle

Joints

They prevent both fluids from mixing and prevent losses. They allow fluids to distribute between
alternate plates. Joints are made of just one piece to be adjusted in the slots around the perimeter

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of the plate and around the holes of the ports. Joints are a key element in Plate Heat Exchangers,
since the integrity of the unit depends on them.

Guide Bars

There are two Guide Bars, one at the top and the other one at the bottom. Plates slide over them,
maintaining a proper position. These bars are longer than the set of plates to allow for the loosening
and sliding of the plates in order to be to be inspected and cleaned.

Experimental Procedure
1. Verify that the valves are opened and counter-current flow configuration is set.
2. Verify that the heating tank is filled with water over the level switch.
3. Turn on the pump and the resistance (equipment power supply).
4. Fix the tank temperature at 65ºC (ST16).
5. Set the hot water flow in 3 l/min approx. (SC1) and adjust the cold water flow until reaching
stationary operating conditions, keeping the temperature set in the tank constant
6. Set the valves in order to change the direction of cold water flow to get a counter-current
flow configuration.
7. Verify that a temperature of 65ºC is maintained in the tank and that the same hot and cold
water flows set previously in step 5 are circulating.
8. Once the system is stabilised write down the temperature and flow measurements on the
experimental sheet.
9. Once the measures have been taken, you may calculate the experimental effectiveness, the
theoretical effectiveness by the NTU method and the theoretical temperatures at the
exchanger outlet.

Observations and Calculations

For Counter Flow

∆T1 = Thi − Tci

∆T2 = Tho − Tco

For Parallel Flow

∆T1 = Thi − Tc𝑜

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∆T2 = Tho − Tc𝑖

∆T1 − ∆T2
∆T𝑙𝑚 =
∆T
ln ( 1 )
∆T2

Overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated as

q = U × A × ∆T𝑙𝑚

Where
W
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient ( )
m2 . K

𝑞 = 𝑚ℎ × 𝑐𝑝 × (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
A = Total area of heat exchanger in the inner side of inner tube
A=N ×𝐿×𝑤
Where

N = Total number of tubes

L = Length of each plate
w = Width of each plate

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4

T16
T1
T2

T3
T7
ṁ1
ṁ2
∆T1

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∆T2
∆Tlm
A

Cp
qh
U

Specimen Calculation

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Discussion

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 lOMoARcPSD|37494883

Water Properties Table

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 lOMoARcPSD|37494883

Experiment 12
Objective
To determine the effectiveness of plate heat exchanger by ε-NTU method

Apparatus
The Plate Heat Exchanger consists of a collection of stainless steel plates arranged in parallel. The
space between the plates forms a channel through which water flows. Hot and cold water channels
alternate along the exchanger so heat is transmitted by the thin plates. The heat exchanger has 4
thermocouples: 2 for measuring cold water temperature and 2 for measuring hot water temperature.

Fig. 1 Plate Type Heat Exchanger

Experimental Procedure
1. Verify that the valves are opened and counter-current flow configuration is set.
2. Verify that the heating tank is filled with water over the level switch.
3. Turn on the pump and the resistance (equipment power supply).
4. Fix the tank temperature at 65ºC (ST16).
5. Set the hot water flow in 3 l/min approx. (SC1) and adjust the cold water flow until reaching
stationary operating conditions, keeping the temperature set in the tank constant

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6. Set the valves in order to change the direction of cold water flow to get a counter-current
flow configuration.
7. Verify that a temperature of 65ºC is maintained in the tank and that the same hot and cold
water flows set previously in step 5 are circulating.
8. Once the system is stabilised write down the temperature and flow measurements on the
experimental sheet.
9. Once the measures have been taken, you may calculate the experimental effectiveness, the
theoretical effectiveness by the NTU method and the theoretical temperatures at the
exchanger outlet.

Observations and Calculations

For Counter Flow

∆T1 = Thi − Tci

∆T2 = Tho − Tco

For Parallel Flow

∆T1 = Thi − Tc𝑜

∆T2 = Tho − Tc𝑖

∆T1 − ∆T2
∆T𝑙𝑚 =
∆T
ln ( 1 )
∆T2

Overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated as

q = U × A × ∆T𝑙𝑚

Where
W
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient ( )
m2 . K

𝑞 = 𝑚ℎ × 𝑐𝑝 × (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
A = Total area of heat exchanger in the inner side of inner tube
A=N ×𝐿×𝑤
Where

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N = Total number of tubes

L = Length of each plate
w = Width of each plate

Effectiveness of heat exchanger can be given as:

𝑞𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜀=
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥

Where

𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 )

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4

T16
T1
T2

T3
T7
ṁ1
ṁ2
∆T1
∆T2
∆Tlm
A

Cp
qc
U

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Cmin
Cmax
Cr
NTU
qmax

qreal
ε

Specimen Calculation

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Discussion

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 lOMoARcPSD|37494883

Water Properties Table

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 lOMoARcPSD|37494883

Experiment 13
Objective
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of coil vessel flow heat exchanger

Apparatus
The coil vessel heat exchanger consists of a vessel and a coil. The vessel contains cold water heated
up by a coil within the cold water. Hot water flows through the coil. Also, the water in the vessel
is stirred by a propeller that produces an increase in heat transfer while spinning.

The overflowing drainage system that goes through the vessel is a tube that on its upper part allows
the cold water flow to exit during the process of continuous supply. The exchanger has five
thermocouples: 3 for measuring cold water temperature and 2 for measuring hot water temperature.

Fig. 1 Coil Vessel Heat Exchanger

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Theory
Coil Vessel Heat Exchanger

The coil vessel heat exchanger consists of a vessel and a coil. The vessel contains cold water heated
up by a coil within the cold water. Hot water flows through the coil. The energy transfer with the
vessel fluid is carried by means of a coil immersed inside the vessel providing additional
turbulence to the vessel fluid as well. The vessel usually incorporates a stirrer to both increase the
turbulence of the liquid and improve the heat distribution thus these systems are known as stirring
vessels.

The operating of the stirring vessels may be by batches or through continuous supply. When
operating by batches, the mass contained in the vessel is kept constant. Once heated or cooled up
to a certain temperature, content may be emptied and filled to repeat the process again. It also
allows maintenance of fluid at constant temperature of the fluid which may prove extremely useful
in many chemical processes. With continuous supply, there is an input and output to the
permanent flow of the vessel. It is a continuous renovation process of the liquid in the vessel.

Experimental Procedure
1) Position the valves of hot and cold circuits correctly
2) Ensure that water heating tank is full of water above the level switch AN-1
3) Verify that the Valve AV-9 is opened while valve AV-10 is closed
4) Switch on the heating element AR-1 and set the temperature of the heating tank T16 to
60 0C
5) Start the stirrer
Switch on the pump AB-1 and set the flow rate of hot circuit to a suitable value. Also set
the flow rate of cold circuit until the system stabilizes to a temperature of 60 0C
6) Record the temperatures and water flow rates
7) Repeat the experiment by keeping flow rate of hot circuit (m1) constant and varying the
flow rate of cold circuit (m2) for different water temperatures in the tank i-e T16=500C,
550C
8) Finally calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness for coil heat
exchanger

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Observations and Calculations

∆T1 = T4 − T1
∆T2 = T5 − T3

∆T1 − ∆T2
∆T𝑙𝑚 =
∆T
ln ( 1 )
∆T2

Overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated as

q = U × A × ∆T𝑙𝑚

Where
W
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient ( )
m2 . K

𝑞 = 𝑚ℎ × 𝑐𝑝 × (𝑇4 − 𝑇5 )
A = Total area of heat exchanger in the inner side of inner tube
𝐷𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝐷𝑒𝑥𝑡
A = πL ( )
2

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4

T16
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
ṁ1
ṁ2
∆T1
∆T2
∆Tlm
A

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Cp
q
U

Specimen Calculations

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Discussion

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 lOMoARcPSD|37494883

Experiment 14
Objective
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of jacketed vessel flow heat exchanger for
parallel and counter-current flow

Apparatus
The heat exchanger consists of a vessel enclosed within a jacket. The vessel contains cold water
that is heated by the hot water which flows through the jacket and returns to the tank. Also, the
water in the vessel is stirred by a propeller that produces an increase in turbulence and therefore
an increase in heat transfer when spinning.

The drainage system within the vessel consists of a tube which allows cold water to overflow into
a pipe and flow toward the exit only when the water has reached an adequate level within the tank.
The exchanger has 5 thermocouples: 3 for measuring cold water temperature and 2 for measuring
hot water temperature.

Fig. 1 Jacketed vessel Heat Exchanger

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Theory
Jacketed Vessel Heat Exchanger

A heat exchanger is a device developed for heat transfer between two fluids at different
temperatures separated by a solid wall. They have multiple applications in engineering so there are
different models adapted to each application. Warming or cooling liquids contained in vessels or
reactors is required in many industrial processes. These vessels usually incorporate a stirrer which
increases the turbulence of the liquid and also improves heat transfer rates. These systems are
known as stirring vessels.

The energy transfer with the stirring vessel is carried out by a jacket that wraps around the vessel
on the outside, within which the heating or cooling fluid passes. Using limpet coils is a way to
modify the system. This is when a square cross-section coil is attached to the external surface of
the vessel. This may improve the control of flow distribution in regards to the jacket.

Experimental Procedure
1) Position the valves of hot and cold circuits correctly
2) Ensure that water heating tank is full of water above the level switch AN-1
3) Verify that the Valve AV-9 is opened while valve AV-10 is closed
4) Switch on the heating element AR-1 and set the temperature of the heating tank T16 to
60 0C
5) Start the stirrer. Switch on the pump AB-1 and set the flow rate of hot circuit to a suitable
value. Also set the flow rate of cold circuit until the system stabilizes to a temperature of
60 0C
6) Record the temperatures and water flow rates
7) Repeat the experiment by keeping flow rate of hot circuit (m1) constant and varying the
flow rate of cold circuit (m2) for different water temperatures in the tank i-e T16=500C,
550C
8) Finally calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness for jacketed heat
exchanger

Observations and Calculations

∆T1 = T1 − T3

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 lOMoARcPSD|37494883

∆T2 = T2 − T5

∆T1 − ∆T2
∆T𝑙𝑚 =
∆T
ln ( 1 )
∆T2

Overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated as

q = U × A × ∆T𝑙𝑚

Where
W
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient ( )
m2 . K

𝑞 = 𝑚ℎ × 𝑐𝑝 × (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
A = Total area of heat exchanger in the inner side of inner tube
𝐷𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝐷𝑒𝑥𝑡
A = πL ( )
2

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4

T16
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
ṁ1
ṁ2
∆T1
∆T2
∆Tlm
A
Cp

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 lOMoARcPSD|37494883

q
U

Specimen Calculations

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Discussion

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 lOMoARcPSD|37494883

Water Properties Table

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