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Observations Pp Qs

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Observations Pp Qs

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joanne.ahmed1234

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Q1.

People’s perception of how they spend their time at the gym is often not very accurate.
Some spend more time chatting than on the treadmill. A psychologist decides to observe
the actual behaviour of an opportunity sample of gym users at a local gym.

Explain why it is more appropriate for the psychologist to use an observation than a
questionnaire in this case.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 3 marks)

Q2.
Read the item and then answer the question that follows.

The psychologist focused on fluency in spoken communication in her study.

Other research has investigated sex differences in non-verbal behaviours
such as body language and gestures.

Design an observation study to investigate sex differences in non-verbal behaviour of

males and females when they are giving a presentation to an audience.

In your answer you should provide details of:

• the task for the participants

• the behavioural categories to be used and how the data will be recorded
• how reliability of the data collection might be established
• ethical issues to be considered.
(Total 12 marks)

Q3.
A controlled observation was designed to compare the social behaviours of pre-school
children of working parents and pre-school children of stay-at-home parents. The sample
consisted of 100 children aged three, who were observed separately. Half of the children
had working parents and the other half had stay-at-home parents.

The observation took place in a room which looked like a nursery, with a variety of toys
available. In the room, there were four children and one supervising adult. Their behaviour
was not recorded.

Each child participant was brought into the room and settled by their parent. The parent
then left to sit outside. Each child participant’s behaviour was observed covertly for five

Page 1 of 30
minutes while they played in the room.

The observation was conducted in a controlled environment and a standardised script was
used when the children and their parents arrived.

Explain why the researcher used a controlled observation and a standardised script in this
study.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 4 marks)

Q4.
Identify one limitation of controlled observations.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 1 mark)

Q5.
Read the text below and answer the questions that follow.

A psychologist is using the observational method to look at verbal aggression in a group of

children with behavioural difficulties. Pairs of observers watch a single child in the class for
a period of one hour and note the number of verbally aggressive acts within ten-minute
time intervals. After seeing the first set of ratings, the psychologist becomes concerned
about the quality of inter-rater reliability. The tally chart for the two observers is shown in
the table below.

Table: Observation of one child – number of verbally aggressive acts in ten-minute

time intervals

Time slots 0–10 11–20 21–30 31–40 41–50 51–60

Observer A 2 5 0 6 4 3

Observer B 4 3 2 1 6 5

(a) Use the data in the Table above to sketch a scattergram. Label the axes and give
the scattergram a title.

Page 2 of 30
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Using the data in the Table above, explain why the psychologist is concerned about
inter-rater reliability.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) Identify an appropriate statistical test to check the inter-rater reliability of these two
observers. Explain why this is an appropriate test.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) If the psychologist does find low reliability, what could she do to improve inter-rater
reliability before proceeding with the observational research?

___________________________________________________________________

Page 3 of 30
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 15 marks)

Q6.
One situation in which disruption of attachment can occur is when a mother of a young
child is admitted into hospital. A researcher decided to study the behaviour of a two year
old boy who experienced this disruption of attachment.

She decided to use naturalistic observation of the boy both before his mother was
admitted into hospital and after she returned home. Each period of observation lasted for
one hour.

(a) Suggest two suitable behavioural categories the researcher could use to record the
boy’s behaviour.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) How might the researcher record the boy’s behaviour during the one-hour
observation?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

___________________________________________________________________

Page 4 of 30
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q7.
In an observational study, 100 cars were fitted with video cameras to record the driver’s
behaviour. Two psychologists used content analysis to analyse the data from the films.
They found that 75% of accidents involved a lack of attention by the driver. The most
common distractions were using a hands-free phone or talking to a passenger. Other
distractions included looking at the scenery, smoking, eating, personal grooming and
trying to reach something within the car.

(a) What is content analysis?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Explain how the psychologists might have carried out content analysis to analyse
the film clips of driver behaviour.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

The psychologists then designed an experiment to test the effects of using a hands-
free phone on drivers’ attention. They recruited a sample of 30 experienced police
drivers and asked them to take part in two computer-simulated driving tests. Both
tests involved watching a three-minute film of a road. Participants were instructed to
click the mouse as quickly as possible, when a potential hazard (such as a car
pulling out ahead) was spotted.

Each participant completed two computer-simulated driving tests:

Page 5 of 30
• Test A, whilst chatting with one of the psychologists on a hands-free phone

• Test B, in silence, with no distractions.

The order in which they completed the computer tests was counterbalanced.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) Explain why the psychologists chose to use a repeated measures design in this
experiment.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e) Identify one possible extraneous variable in this experiment. Explain how this
variable may have influenced the results of this experiment.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(f) Explain one or more ethical issues that the psychologists should have considered in
this experiment.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 6 of 30
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(g) Write a set of standardised instructions that would be suitable to read out to
participants, before they carry out Test A, chatting on a hands-free phone.

The computer simulator measured two aspects of driver behaviour:

• the number of hazards detected by each driver

• the time taken to respond to each hazard, in seconds.

The mean scores for each of these measures is shown in the table below.

Table to show the mean number of hazards detected and mean reaction times
in seconds for Test A and Test B

Test A: with hands-

Mean scores Test B: in silence
free phone

Number of hazards
26.0 23.0
detected

Reaction time in
0.45 0.27
seconds

The psychologists then used an inferential statistical test to assess whether there
was a difference in the two conditions.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 7 of 30
___________________________________________________________________
(5)

(h) Identify an appropriate statistical test to analyse the difference in the number of
hazards detected in the two conditions of this experiment. Explain why this test of
difference would be appropriate.

They found no significant difference in the number of hazards detected (p > 0.05),
but there was a significant difference in reaction times (p . 0.01).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(i) Explain why the psychologists did not think that they had made a Type 1 error in
relation to the difference in reaction times.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(j) Replication is one feature of the scientific method. The psychologists decided to
replicate this experiment using a larger sample of 250 inexperienced drivers.

Explain why replication of this study would be useful.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 32 marks)

Q8.
Observation in a Strange Situation has been used to investigate cultural variations in

Page 8 of 30
attachment.

Give one advantage of using observation in psychological research.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 2 marks)

Q9.
A psychologist wanted to investigate the effects of age of adoption on aggressive
behaviour. He compared children who had been adopted before the age of two with
children who had been adopted after the age of two. The children were observed in their
school playground when they were six years old.

(a) Suggest two operationalised behavioural categories the psychologist could use in
his observation of aggressive behaviour. Explain how the psychologist could have
carried out this observation.

Behavioural Category 1 ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Behavioural Category 2 ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Explanation of how the observation could have been carried out ___________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Explain one ethical issue the psychologist would have needed to consider when
carrying out this research. How could the psychologist have dealt with this issue?

___________________________________________________________________

Page 9 of 30
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

The psychologist wanted to investigate how aggressive the children were when they were
at home. He interviewed a sample of their parents to investigate this.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

Q10.
Read the item and then answer the questions that follow.

Following previous research indicating the social benefits of green

space in urban areas, two psychology students decided to observe
social behaviour in public spaces. They focused on two
neighbouring towns, Greensville where most public spaces were
planted with flowers and vegetables, and Brownton where most
public spaces were paved with concrete.
The students compared the instances of considerate behaviours in
the two towns. Considerate behaviour categories included putting
litter in the bin, having a dog on a lead and riding a bike with care.
The observations were carried out in four different areas of a similar
size in each town on weekdays between the hours of 4.30pm and
6.00pm. The students worked together to ensure inter-observer
reliability, recording each target behaviour whenever it occurred.

(a) Should the hypothesis for this research be directional or non-directional? Explain
your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 10 of 30
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Before the observation could begin, the students needed to operationalise the
behaviour category ‘riding a bike with care’.

Explain what is meant by operationalisation and suggest two ways in which ‘riding a
bike with care’ could have been operationalised.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) The students thought that having a dog on a lead was a useful measure of
considerate behaviour because it had face validity. Explain what is meant by face
validity in this context.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) Identify and briefly outline two other types of validity in psychological research.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 11 of 30
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(e) Identify the behaviour sampling method used by the students. Shade one box only.

A Time sampling

B Pair sampling

C Event sampling

D Target sampling
(1)

(f) Explain how inter-observer reliability could be ensured by working as a pair.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(g) The data for considerate behaviours is shown in the Table 1.

Table 1

Considerate behaviours
Riding bike
Litter in bin Dog on lead
with care
Greensville 23 23 10
Browntonn 10 17 9

The students noted that overall more considerate behaviours occurred in

Greensville than in Brownton.

Calculate the ratio of considerate behaviours observed in Greensville to considerate

behaviours observed in Brownton. Show your workings and present your answer in
the simplest form.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 12 of 30
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(h) The students carried out a Chi-square test on their data.

Explain why the Chi-square test was an appropriate test to use in this case.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(i) In order to interpret the results of the Chi-square test the students first needed to
work out the degrees of freedom. They used the following formula.

Degrees of freedom (df) = (r–1) x (c–1)

r = number of rows and c = number of columns

Calculate the degrees of freedom for the data in Table 1. Show your workings.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(j) The calculated value of Chi-square was 6.20. Referring to the Table 2 below, state
whether or not the result of the Chi-square test is significant at the 0.05 level of
significance. Justify your answer.

Table 2

df Levels of significance for a one-tailed test

0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01
Levels of significance for a two-tailed test
0.20 0.20 0.05 0.02
1 1.64 2.71 3.84 5.41
2 3.22 4.60 5.99 7.82
3 4.64 6.25 7.82 9.84
4 5.99 7.78 9.49 11.67

Page 13 of 30
To be significant at the level shown the calculated value of Chi Square must be equal to or greater than
the critical/table value

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(k) In the discussion section of their report of the investigation the students wanted to
further discuss their results in relation to levels of significance.

Write a short paragraph the students could use to do this.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(l) As a follow-up to their observation the students decided to interview some of their
peers about inconsiderate behaviours in their 6th Form Centre. The interviews were
recorded.

Explain how the students could develop their interview findings by carrying out a
content analysis and why content analysis would be appropriate in this case.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 14 of 30
(m) Suggest one inconsiderate behaviour that the students might focus on in their
content analysis.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 36 marks)

Q11.
Read the item and then answer the question that follows.

A group of researchers used ‘event sampling’ to observe children’s

friendships over a period of three weeks at break times and
lunchtimes during the school day.

Explain what is meant by ‘event sampling’.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 2 marks)

Q12.
Read the item and then answer the questions that follow.

Twenty primary school teachers were sent by their individual head teachers to attend a
training course in classroom behaviour management run by educational psychologists at a
local university. Before the training course, and again after training, the teachers were
asked to say how confident they were in managing difficult classroom behaviour.

The researchers compared the before and after answers to see how many teachers rated
their confidence as ‘better’, ‘worse’, or ‘the same’ as it had been at the start of the course.

The results are shown in the table below:

Confidence Confidence Confidence

Better Worse Same
Number of
16 2 2
teachers

(a) Which of A, B, C or D best describes this study? Shade one box only.

A laboratory experiment

B pilot experiment

C natural experiment

Page 15 of 30
D controlled experiment
(1)

(b) What fraction of the teachers thought that their confidence was better after the
course? Show your workings.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) What might the researchers conclude about the training course on the basis of the
data in the table? Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) What is the operationalised dependent variable in this study?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Which experimental design is being used in this study and why would it be an
appropriate design in this case?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(f) The psychologists conducting the training decided to use the Sign Test to see
whether there was a significant difference in confidence in managing difficult
classroom behaviour before and after the course.

Page 16 of 30
Give the calculated value of S in this study and explain how you arrived at this
figure.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(g) Explain why statistical testing is used in psychological research.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(h) Following the training course, one of the researchers carried out an overt classroom
observation of each teacher’s primary school class. The researcher wanted to
record the frequency of difficult classroom behaviours shown by the pupils during a
normal lesson.

He identified six categories of disruptive behaviour and decided to record the

frequency of each of the six behaviours during the first ten minutes and the last ten
minutes of the lesson.

Suggest two behavioural categories that the researcher could record during his
observation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(i) Design a tally chart/record sheet the researcher could use to record his
observations.

Show your tally chart/record in the box below.

Page 17 of 30
(3)

(j) Identify one problem that might have occurred during this observation and explain
how the observation would be improved by addressing this problem.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 24 marks)

Q13.
Briefly discuss how observational research might be improved by conducting observations
in a controlled environment.

_______________________________________________________________________

Page 18 of 30
_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 4 marks)

Q14.
Read the item and then answer the questions that follow.

A child psychologist carried out an overt observation of caregiver-infant interaction. She

observed a baby boy interacting separately with each of his parents. Using a time
sampling technique, she observed the baby with each parent for 10 minutes. Her findings
are shown in the table below

Frequency of each behaviour displayed by the infant when interacting with his
mother and when interacting with his father

Gazing at Looking Eyes closed Total

parent away from
parent

Mother 12 2 6 20

Father 6 10 4 20

Total 18 12 10 40

(a) Using the data in the table, explain the procedure used for the time sampling
technique in this study.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(b) In what percentage of the total observations was the baby gazing at his mother?
Show your calculations.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) Which one of the following types of data best describes the data collected in this
study? Shade one box only.

Page 19 of 30
A Primary data

B Qualitative data

C Secondary data

D Continuous data
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q15.
Read the item and then answer the question that follows.

Studies of attachment often involve observation of interactions between

mother and baby pairs like Tasneem and Aisha. Researchers sometimes
write down everything that happens as it takes place, including their own
interpretation of the events.

Explain how such observational research might be refined through the use of behavioural
categories.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 4 marks)

Q16.
Explain what is meant by ‘overt observation’.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 2 marks)

Page 20 of 30
Q17.
Design an observational study to investigate how people spend their time at the gym.

In your answer you will be awarded credit for providing appropriate details of:

• type of observation with justification

• operationalised behavioural categories

• use of time and/or event sampling with justification

• how reliability of data collection could be assessed.

(Total 12 marks)

Q18.
Two psychology students investigated the effect of type of play area on friendly
behaviours. They watched the behaviour of six-year-old children in two different play
areas and recorded their observations using a set of behavioural categories. They
observed 25 children in the first play area and another 25 children in a second play area.

Play Area 1 was a grass space, surrounded by trees and plants.

Play Area 2 was a paved space, surrounded by brick and concrete walls.

(a) What are behavioural categories? Explain why it was important to use behavioural
categories in this observation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

The table below shows the raw data for the observation.

The number of friendly behaviours

observed in each category

Playing near Standing near

Sitting near to
to another to another
another child
child child

Play Area 1
28 35 32
Grass space

Play Area 2 18 19 20

Page 21 of 30
Paved space

After the observation, the students showed their raw data table to their psychology
teacher.
The teacher suggested that some of the behavioural categories in the table above were
not valid examples of friendly behaviour.

(b) Suggest two better examples of friendly behaviours that the students could have
used in their observation. Explain why these might be more valid examples of
friendly behaviour than the behaviours in the table.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

When she looks at the results in the table, the teacher says, “I can see there is a
difference in behaviour between the two conditions, but is the difference significant at the
0.05 level of significance?”

(c) What do the students need to do with the data in the table above so that they can
answer their teacher’s question? Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

In this study, the students used a nomothetic approach for their research.

(d) Name the opposite approach to the nomothetic approach. Briefly outline what this
opposite approach might have involved in a study of friendly behaviour.

Page 22 of 30
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

Q19.
A psychology student carried out a study of excitement at a theme park. She measured
the heart rate of people waiting in the queue for a roller coaster.

The student’s tutor said, ‘Using heart rate as a measure of excitement is an example of
biological reductionism.’

(a) Explain why measuring heart rate in this situation could be an example of biological
reductionism.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Outline two non-biological ways of measuring excitement that the student could also
use in this situation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

Q20.

Page 23 of 30
A head teacher wanted to increase recycling in his school. He arranged for the canteen to
have three bins, one for cardboard, one for plastic and one for food waste. A month later,
a psychology teacher decided to see if the students were recycling. One lunch break she
watched different students going to the bins. Each time, she wrote down which of the
three types of waste they recycled. She positioned herself so that the students could not
see her but so that she had a clear view of the bins.

(a) Identify one type of observation being used in this investigation.

Justify your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Explain the sampling technique the teacher used to record her observations.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

As the different year groups had lunch at different times, the teacher was able to present
her results as three year groups, as shown in the table below.

The number of items each year group recycled

Year group Cardboard Plastic Food

7-9 20 35 10

10-11 18 25 7

12-13 12 15 5

(c) What do the results in the table suggest about the recycling initiative?
Refer to the data in the table above in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 24 of 30
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(d) Explain one way in which the design of this observation could have been improved.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q21.
A researcher carried out an overt observation study of social learning. For one week the
helping behaviour of children in a playgroup was recorded. All the children then saw a
short film in which a child was praised for tidying up toys. For the following week the
helping behaviour of the same children in the playgroup was recorded.

(a) Which of the following statements is the best description of an overt observation
study?

Shade one box only.

A The researcher becomes a member of the

group whose behaviour is being observed.
B The researcher uses a structured
procedure in which behaviour is watched
and recorded.
C The researcher watches and records
behaviour in the setting it would normally
occur.
D The researcher watches and records
behaviour of a group that knows it is being
observed.
(1)

(b) Briefly discuss one way in which a covert observation of children might be more
beneficial than an overt observation.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 25 of 30
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) At the end of the observation study the researcher used a sign test to see if the
behaviour of the children was more helpful, less helpful or the same after seeing the
film than it was before they had seen the film.

Explain why the researcher decided the sign test would be an appropriate statistical
test to use on the data from this study.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Q22.
Researchers wanted to see if there was a difference in the number of students choosing
to use various work spaces in the college library. Previous research findings on this topic
were inconsistent.

There were three types of work space available in the library:

• single desks with a chair

• large tables with chairs
• settees with low tables.

The researchers used CCTV camera recordings of the different work space areas taken
over three days. From each day, they analysed two hours’ worth of recordings from the
morning and two hours’ worth of recordings from the afternoon. They noted down the
number of students seen working at each of the three work spaces.

(a) Should the hypothesis for this observation be directional or non-directional?

Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 26 of 30
___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Which two of the following procedures did the researchers use in this study?

Shade two boxes.

A Controlled observation

B Event sampling

C Natural experiment

D Naturalistic observation

E Random sampling
(2)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

The results of the library study are shown in Table 1 below.

Table 1: Total number of students working in each work

space

Single desks Large tables Settees with

with a chair with chairs low tables

Morning 34 22 120

Afternoon 37 23 183

(d) Summarise the findings of this study using the data in Table 1.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 27 of 30
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

Students who were in a library over a three-day period were asked to complete a
questionnaire about their work space use.

The questionnaire contained only closed questions.

(e) Explain one way in which using open questions, in addition to closed questions,
might improve the questionnaire.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Question 4 on the questionnaire was ‘Which of the following work spaces do you use most
often in the library?’

The results for question 4 are shown in the Table 2 below.

Table 2: Responses to question 4

Total
Question 4 options
responses

working at a single desk with a chair 310

working at a large table with chairs 78

working on a settee with low tables 31

Table 2 includes only the responses of students whose data was analysed in the first part
of the study.

(f) Explain Compare the results given in Table 1 with those seen in Table 2.

What conclusion could now be made from these two sets of data? Explain your
answer.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 28 of 30
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 16 marks)

Q23.
The feedback from a school was that recreational screen time affected pupils’ social
interactions. A psychologist decided to investigate this further by using an observation of
social interaction during playtime at the school.

Design the observation to investigate pupils’ social interaction in the playground.

In your answer you will be awarded credit for providing appropriate details of:

• type of observation, with justification

• choice of time sampling or event sampling, with justification
• dealing with one relevant ethical issue
• assessing reliability of the data through inter-observer reliability.

You may use this space to plan your answer.

_______________________________________________________________________

Page 29 of 30
_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 12 marks)

Q24.
Studies of attachment often involve naturalistic observations.

Suggest one way in which studies of attachment could be improved by using controlled
observations.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 3 marks)

Page 30 of 30

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Observations Pp Qs

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Observations Pp Qs

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Q1.

The psychologist focused on fluency in spoken communication in her study.

Design an observation study to investigate sex differences in non-verbal behaviour of

In your answer you should provide details of:

• the task for the participants

A psychologist is using the observational method to look at verbal aggression in a group of

Table: Observation of one child – number of verbally aggressive acts in ten-minute

Time slots 0–10 11–20 21–30 31–40 41–50 51–60

(a) What is content analysis?

Each participant completed two computer-simulated driving tests:

• Test B, in silence, with no distractions.

The computer simulator measured two aspects of driver behaviour:

• the number of hazards detected by each driver

• the time taken to respond to each hazard, in seconds.

Test A: with hands-

Explain why replication of this study would be useful.

Give one advantage of using observation in psychological research.

Behavioural Category 1 ______________________________________________

Behavioural Category 2 ______________________________________________

Following previous research indicating the social benefits of green

(f) Explain how inter-observer reliability could be ensured by working as a pair.

(g) The data for considerate behaviours is shown in the Table 1.

The students noted that overall more considerate behaviours occurred in

Calculate the ratio of considerate behaviours observed in Greensville to considerate

(h) The students carried out a Chi-square test on their data.

Degrees of freedom (df) = (r–1) x (c–1)

df Levels of significance for a one-tailed test

Write a short paragraph the students could use to do this.

A group of researchers used ‘event sampling’ to observe children’s

Explain what is meant by ‘event sampling’.

The results are shown in the table below:

Confidence Confidence Confidence

(d) What is the operationalised dependent variable in this study?

(g) Explain why statistical testing is used in psychological research.

He identified six categories of disruptive behaviour and decided to record the

Show your tally chart/record in the box below.

A child psychologist carried out an overt observation of caregiver-infant interaction. She

Gazing at Looking Eyes closed Total

Studies of attachment often involve observation of interactions between

• type of observation with justification

• operationalised behavioural categories

• use of time and/or event sampling with justification

• how reliability of data collection could be assessed.

Play Area 1 was a grass space, surrounded by trees and plants.

The number of friendly behaviours

Playing near Standing near

(a) Identify one type of observation being used in this investigation.

The number of items each year group recycled

Year group Cardboard Plastic Food

Shade one box only.

A The researcher becomes a member of the

There were three types of work space available in the library:

• single desks with a chair

(a) Should the hypothesis for this observation be directional or non-directional?

Explain your answer.

Shade two boxes.

The results of the library study are shown in Table 1 below.

Table 1: Total number of students working in each work

Single desks Large tables Settees with

The questionnaire contained only closed questions.

The results for question 4 are shown in the Table 2 below.

Table 2: Responses to question 4

working at a single desk with a chair 310

working at a large table with chairs 78

working on a settee with low tables 31

Design the observation to investigate pupils’ social interaction in the playground.

• type of observation, with justification

You may use this space to plan your answer.

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