LABORATORY MANUAL FOR REMEDIAL CHEMISTRY COURES

Introduction to laboratory safety rules

General Laboratory Safety Rules

A standard list of basic laboratory safety rules are given below, and must be followed in every
laboratory that uses hazardous materials or processes. These basic rules provide behavior,
hygiene, and safety information to avoid accidents in the laboratory. Laboratory specific safety
rules may be required for specific processes, equipment, and materials, which should be
addressed by laboratory specific SOPs.

Basic Safety Rules

Basic safety rules for laboratory conduct should be observed whenever working in a laboratory.
Many of the most common safety rules are listed below.

 Know locations of laboratory safety showers, eyewash stations, and fire extinguishers.
The safety equipment may be located in the hallway near the laboratory entrance.

 Know emergency exit routes.

 Avoid skin and eye contact with all chemicals.

 Minimize all chemical exposures.

 No horseplay will be tolerated.

 Assume that all chemicals of unknown toxicity are highly toxic.

 Post warning signs when unusual hazards, hazardous materials, hazardous equipment, or
other special conditions are present.

 Avoid distracting or startling persons working in the laboratory.

 Use equipment only for its designated purpose.

 Combine reagents in their appropriate order, such as adding acid to water.

 Avoid adding solids to hot liquids.

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 All laboratory personnel should place emphasis on safety and chemical hygiene at all
times.

 Never leave containers of chemicals open.

 All containers must have appropriate labels. Unlabeled chemicals should never be used.

 Do not taste or intentionally sniff chemicals.

 Never consume and/or store food or beverages or apply cosmetics in areas where
hazardous chemicals are used or stored.

 Do not use mouth suction for pipetting or starting a siphon.

 Wash exposed areas of the skin prior to leaving the laboratory.

 Long hair and loose clothing must be pulled back and secured from entanglement or
potential capture.

 No contact lenses should be worn around hazardous chemicals – even when wearing
safety glasses.

 Laboratory safety glasses or goggles should be worn in any area where chemicals are
used or stored. They should also be worn any time there is a chance of splashes or
particulates to enter the eye. Closed toe shoes will be worn at all times in the laboratory.
Perforated shoes or sandals are not appropriate.

 Determine the potential hazards and appropriate safety precautions before beginning any
work.

 Procedures should be developed that minimize the formation and dispersion of aerosols.

 If an unknown chemical is produced in the laboratory, the material should be considered

hazardous.

 Do not pour chemicals down drains. Do NOT utilize the sewer for chemical waste
disposal.

 Keep all sink traps (including cup sink traps and floor drains) filled with water by
running water down the drain at least monthly.

 Do not utilize fume hoods for evaporations and disposal of volatile solvents..

 Avoid working alone in a building. Do not work alone in a laboratory if the procedures
being conducted are hazardous.

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 Laboratory Report writing format
Outer page (cover page)

Name of institution

College

Department
Course name and course code

Name of group members, Id no. and signature

Name Id.No. sign

1. ________________ ________ ________

2. ________________ ________ ________

3. ________________ ________ ________

Date_____________________

Name of instructor __________

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 Inner page

Experiment number: ______________

Experiment title: _________________

Objective; The plan or what is going to be done.

Theory: (Not more than half a page, which is used to show relevance of the experiment)

Apparatus and chemicals :Write down all the instruments and chemicals used in the
experiment .

Procedure : stepwise activity which arrives you to the final product and must be written in past
form .

Data and observation ; write down all raw data and observation .

Result and discussion ; summarize your findings and discuss it.

Calculation if present; write down all calculation involved in the experiment

Conclusion ; what did you understand from the experiment ? depending on the result conclude
your findings

Post lab question ;answer all post lab question

Reference ; the source of the theory of the experiment

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 Experiment -1

Effect of Acids and Bases on Indicators

Objective: To detect acidity of a solution using indicators.

Theory: Acid-base indicators are weak organic acids (denoted here as HIn ) or weak organic

bases ( In− ) that indicate whether a solution is acidic, basic or neutral. An acid–base indicator is
usually prepared as a solution (in water, ethanol, or some other solvent). In acid–base titrations, a
few drops of the indicator solution are added to the solution being titrated

Materials required: Lemon juice, dilute HCl, dilute HNO3, dilute H2SO4 phenolphthalein,
litmus, methyl red, universal indicator, test tubes, test tube rack, test tube holder, and reagent
bottles.

Procedure: Take four clean test tubes and place some lemon juice in the first, dilute HCl in the
second, dilute HNO3 in the third and dilute H 2 SO4 in the fourth. Dip a strip of blue litmus paper
into each of the four test tubes and observe. Follow the same procedure and repeat the
experiment until each acid has been tested by each indicator. Record your observation.

Observations and analysis: What colors have you observed when each indicator was added to
each of the following acid solutions? Use the following Table to record your observation:

Write a laboratory report and submit it on time!

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 Experiment-2
Investigating the Reactions of Metals with Dilute Acids

Objective: To investigate the reaction between active metals and dilute acids.

Materials required: Dilute H2SO4, dilute HCl, zinc, magnesium and iron, test tubes, test tube
holder, test tube rack, burner, wooden splint, spatula.

Procedure: Take three test tubes and place a spatula-full of powdered zinc in the first,
powdered magnesium in the second and iron filings in the third. Pour dilute HCl into each of the
test tubes until the metals are completely covered by the acid. To test the type of gas evolved,
cover one of the test tubes with a piece of cardboard for a few seconds. Bring a burning splint
close to the mouth of the test tube and remove the cardboard.

Observations and analysis:

a. What does the formation of bubbles indicate?

b. What sound do you hear when the burning splint is close to the mouth of the test tube?

c. Which gas is evolved during the reaction?

d .Which metal’s reaction with dilute HCl or H2 SO4 is the most violent?

Write a laboratory report on your observations and submit it on time.

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 Experiment -3

Title: Investigation of Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Objective: To investigate the solubility of NaCl and CuCl2 in polar and nonpolar solvents

Apparatus and Chemicals: Test tube, Bunsen burner, NaCl, CuCl2, water,ethanol, cyclohexane, and
petroleum ether

Procedure:

1. Place about 0.5 g each of NaCl and CuCl2 in to two separate test tubes and add about 2.5 mL of water
and shake both test tubes quickly.

2. If some residue is left in the test tubes, heat the solutions with a Bunsen

burner.

3. Repeat Step 1 using fresh ethanol, cyclohexane, and petroleum ether solvents,

separately. (SAFETY: Do not heat these, as they are highly flammable!)

Observations and analysis:

Prepare an observation table in your notebook for the solubility of NaCl andCuCl2in all the four solvents
at room temperature and on heating (SAFETY:only heat when water is the solvent) and record the
observations.

Conclusion

Interpret the observation table and give results. Make a generalized statement about the solubility
of ionic compounds in polar and non-polar solvents

Write a laboratory report on your observations and submit it on time.

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 Experiment -4
Investigating the melting point of covalent compounds

Objective: To investigate the melting point of naphthalene.

Apparatus and chemicals: Thermometer, stirrer, beaker, melting point apparatus , benzoic
acid . Procedure: 1. Place a small amount of benzoic acid in the melting point tube

2. Heat the beaker slowly. When the naphthalene melts, record the reading on the
thermometer.

Observations and analysis:

Check your result by referring to standard melting point values. Discuss possible reasons for the
differences in melting point compared to the standard melting point.

Write a laboratory report on your observations and submit it on time.

Experiment -5

Acid-base Titration

Objective: To find the molarity of a given hydrochloric acid solution by

titrating against 0.1M standard sodium hydroxide solution.

Apparatus: 10 mL pipette, burette, 150 mL Erlenmeyer flask, beaker, funnel,

burette clamp and metal stand.

Procedure:

1. Clean the burette with distilled water and rinse it with the 0.1M sodium

hydroxide solution; and fix the burette on the burette clamp in vertical

position

2. Using a funnel, introduce 0.1M sodium hydroxide solutions into the burette.

Allow some of the solution to flow out and make sure that there are no air

bubbles in the solution (why?).

3. Record level of the solution, corresponding to the bottom of the meniscus,

to the nearest 0.1 mL.

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4. Measure exactly 10 mL of hydrochloric acid solution (given) with the help

of a10 mL pipette and add it into a clean 150 mL Erlenmeyer flask and add

two or three drops of phenolphthalein indicator.

Caution: When you suck hydrochloric acid or any reagent solution, into a

pipette, have the maximum caution not to suck it into your mouth.

Titration: First hold the neck of the Erlenmeyer flask with one hand and the

Stop cock with the other.

 As you add the sodium hydroxide solution from the burette, swirl the content

of the flask gently and continuously.

 Add sodium hydroxide solution until the first faint pink color comes which

disappears on swirling.

 Add more sodium hydroxide drop wise until the pink color persists for a few

seconds.

 Find the difference between the initial level and the end point level of the

burette.

Observations and analysis:

1. Color change at the end point is from __________ to _________.

2. What is the volume of sodium hydroxide added at the end point?

3. What is the normality of hydrochloric acid at the end point?

4. What is the similarity and difference between equivalence point and end

point level after reaching the end point?