Programming in C

Lab Assignment

Bachelor of Technology

Submitted by
Name- Harekam Bhatia
Sap ID- 590014459

Submitted to
Dr. Mahendra Kumar Shrivas

UPES
Bidholi, Via Prem
Nagar ,Dehradun ,Uttarakhand
July-Dec-2024
1|Page
 Lab ASSIGNMENT 1

Question 1: Write a program to print “Hello World”

Solution:

#include<stdio.h> Output:

int main()

printf (“Hello World”);

Coding

2|Page
Q2. Write a c program to print the address in
multiple lines.
Solution:
Coding
#include<stdio.h> Output:
int main()

printf(“hello
UPES\n”);
printf(“I am
Priyanshu”);
}

3|Page
Q3. Write a program that prompts the user to enter
their name and age.

Solution:
Coding
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char name[50];
int age;
printf(“enter your name”);
scanf ("%s", name);
printf("Enter your age: ");
scanf ("%d", &age);
printf ("Name: %s, Age: %d\n",
name, age);
return 0;
}
Output:

4|Page
 Q4. Write a c program to add two numbers,
take number from the user.
Solution:
Coding
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a, b, s;
printf("enter any two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
s=a+b;
printf("sum of two numbers is: %d",s);
return 0;
}

Output:

5|Page
 Question 1: Write a C program to calculate the area and perimeter
of a rectangle based on its length and width.

Solution:
Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
int l, b;
float peri , area;
printf("Enter the length and breadth
of a rectangle\n");
scanf("%d" ,&l);
scanf("%d" ,&b);
peri=2*(l+b);
area=l*b;
printf("AREA OF RECTANGLE IS:\n
%f",area);
printf("\n PERIMETER OF RECTANGLE
IS:\n %f",peri );
}

6|Page
 Question 2: Write a C program to convert
temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit using the
formula: F=(C*9/5) + 32.

Solution:

Coding Output

#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
float cel,far;
printf(“Enter the
temperature in Celsius\n”);
scanf(“%f”,&cel);

far=(cel*(float)9/5)+32;
printf("Celsius to
fahrenheit is %.2f\n",far);
}

7|Page
Experiment 3.1: Conditional Statements

Question 1: WAP to take check if the triangle is valid or not. If the validity is
established, do check if the triangle is isosceles, equilateral, right angle, or
scalene. Take sides of the triangle as input from a user.

Solution:

Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main() {
float a,b,c;
printf("Enter the length of
side 1: ");
scanf("%f", &a);
printf("Enter the length of
side 2: ");
scanf("%f", &b);
printf("Enter the length of
side 3: ");
scanf("%f", &c);
if (a + b > c && a + c > b && b
+ c > a){
printf("The triangle is valid.\
n");
if (a == b && b == c) {
printf("The triangle is
Equilateral.\n");
} else if (a == b || b == c ||

8|Page
a == c)
{
printf("The triangle is
Isosceles.\n");
}
else {
printf("The triangle is
Scalene.\n");

}
return 0;
}

Question 2: WAP to compute the BMI Index of the person and print the BMI values as per the
following ranges. You can use the following formula to compute BMI=
weight(kgs)/Height(Mts)*Height(Mts).

BMI

Starvation <15

Anorexic 15.1 to
17.5

Underweight 17.6 to
18.5

Ideal 18.6 to 24.9

Overweight 25 to 25.9

Obese 30 to 39.9

Morbidity Obese 40.0 above

9|Page
Solution:
Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>
int main ()
{
float a, w, h;
// a stands for BMI, w
stands for weight in kg
and h stands for height
in meters
printf("Weight (kg):");
scanf("%f", &w);
printf("Height
(meter):");
scanf("%f", &h);
a = w / (h*h);
printf("BMI: %f\n",a);
if (a <= 15)

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{printf("Starvation");}
else if (a >= 15.1 && a
<=17.5)
{printf("Anorexic");}
else if (a >= 17.6 && a
<= 18.5)
{printf("Underweight");}
else if (a >= 18.6 && a
<= 24.9)
{printf("Ideal");}
else if (a >= 25 && a <=
25.9)
{printf("Overweight");}
else if (a >= 30 && a <=
39.9)
{printf("Obese");}
else
{printf("Morbidity
Obese");}
return 0;
}

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Question3: WAP to check if three points (x1,y1),
(x2,y2) and (x3,y3) are collinear or not.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3;
printf("ENTER x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3:");
scanf("%d%d%d%d%d
%d",&x1,&x2,&x3,&y1,&y2,&y3);
if(x1*y2-x1*y3-y1*x2+y1*x3+x2*y3-
x3*y2 ==0){
printf("THE POINTS ARE
COLLINEAR");
}
else{
printf("THE POINTS ARE NOT

12 | P a g e
COLLINEAR");
}
return 0;
}

Question 4: According to the gregorian calendar, it

was Monday on the date 01/01/01. If Any year is
input through the keyboard write a program to find
out what is the day on 1st January of this year.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{int
year,nyear,leapyr ,nonleapyr
,days;
printf("Plz Enter the
year between 2001 to 2024 \
n");

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 scanf("%d",&year);
nyear= year - 2000;
leapyr= nyear/4;
nonleapyr= nyear -
leapyr;
if (year%4==0){
days =
nonleapyr*(365) + (leapyr-
1)*366+365;
}
else {
days = leapyr*366 +
(nonleapyr)*365+365;
}
if (days%7==0){
printf("It is a sunday on
1st january of %d ",year);
}
else if (days%7==1){
printf("It is a monday on
1ST january of %d ",year);
}
else if (days%7==2){
printf("It is a tuesday on

14 | P a g e
1ST january of %d ",year);
}
else if (days%7==3){
printf("It is a wednesday
on 1ST january of %d
",year);
}
else if (days%7==4){
printf("It is a thrusday on
1ST january of %d ",year);
}
return 0;
}

Question 5: WAP using ternary operator, the user

should input the length and breadth of a rectangle,
one has to find out which rectangle has the highest
perimeter. The minimum number of rectangles
should be three.
Solution:
Coding
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int l1, b1, l2, b2, l3, b3, perimeter1,
perimeter2, perimeter3, highest_perimeter;
15 | P a g e
 printf("Enter length and breadth of
rectangle 1: ");
scanf("%d %d", &l1, &b1);

printf("Enter length and breadth of

rectangle 2: ");
scanf("%d %d", &l2, &b2);

printf("Enter length and breadth of

rectangle 3: ");
scanf("%d %d", &l3, &b3);

perimeter1 = 2 * (l1 + b1);

perimeter2 = 2 * (l2 + b2);
perimeter3 = 2 * (l3 + b3);

highest_perimeter = (perimeter1 >

perimeter2) ? perimeter1 : perimeter2;
highest_perimeter = (highest_perimeter >
perimeter3) ? highest_perimeter :
perimeter3;

printf("Rectangle with the highest

16 | P a g e
perimeter is:\n");
if (highest_perimeter == 2 * (l1 + b1)) {
printf("Rectangle 1\n");
} else if (highest_perimeter == 2 * (l2 +
b2)) {
printf("Rectangle 2\n");
} else {
printf("Rectangle 3\n");
}
return 0;
}

Experiment 3.2: Loops

Question 1: WAP to enter numbers till the user
wants. At the end, it should display the count of
positive, negative, and Zeroes entered.
Solution:

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Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int number;
int positive_count
= 0, negative_count
= 0, zero_count = 0;
char choice;
do {
printf("Enter a
number: ");
scanf("%d",
&number);
if (number > 0)
{

positive_count++;
} else if
(number < 0) {

negative_count++;
} else {
zero_count+
+;
}
18 | P a g e
 printf("Do you
want to enter
another number?
(y/n): ");
scanf(" %c",
&choice);
} while (choice ==
'y' || choice == 'Y');
printf("\nCount of
positive numbers:
%d\n",
positive_count);
printf("Count of
negative numbers:
%d\n",
negative_count);
printf("Count of
zeroes: %d\n",
zero_count);
return 0;
}

19 | P a g e
Question 2: WAP to print the multiplication table of
the number entered by the user. It should be in the
correct formatting. Num * 1 = Num

Solution:

Coding Output
#include
<stdio.h>
int main() {
int num;
printf("Enter a
number to print its
multiplication
table: ");
scanf("%d",
&num);

printf("Multiplicati
on Table of %d:\n",
num);
for (int i = 1; i
<= 10; i++) {
printf("%d *
20 | P a g e
%d = %d\n", num,
i, num * i);
}
return 0;
}

Question 3: WAP to generate the following set of

output
a. 1
23
456

b. 1
11
121
1331
14641

Solution:
a.
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {

21 | P a g e
 int rows = 3;
int number = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <=
rows; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j
<= i; j++) {
printf("%d ",
number);
number++;
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

b.
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int rows = 5;
for (int i = 0; i <
rows; i++) {

22 | P a g e
 int num = 1;
for (int j = 0; j <=
i; j++) {
printf("%d ",
num);
num = num * (i -
j) / (j + 1);
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

Question 4: The population of a town is 100000. The

population has increased steadily at the rate of
10% per year for the last 10 years. Write a program
to determine the population at the end of each year
in the last decade.

Solution:

Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>

23 | P a g e
#include <math.h>
int main() {
int initial_population =
100000;
float growth_rate =
0.10;
int years = 10;
printf("Year\
tPopulation\n");
printf("-------------------\
n");
for (int i = 1; i <=
years; i++) {
int population =
initial_population * pow(1
+ growth_rate, i);
printf("%d\t%d\n", i,
population);
}
return 0;
}

Question 5: Ramanujan Number is the smallest

number that can be expressed as the sum of two
24 | P a g e
cubes in two different ways. WAP to print all such
numbers up to a reasonable limit.

Example of Ramanujan number: 1729

12^3 + 1^3 and 10^3 + 9^3. for a number

L=20(that is limit)

Solution:

Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int limit = 20;
int found = 0;
printf("Ramanujan
numbers (up to %d):\n",
limit);
for (int i = 1; i <=
limit; i++) {
for (int j = i; j <=
limit; j++) {
int sum1 = i * i * i
+ j * j * j;

25 | P a g e
 for (int k = 1; k
<= limit; k++) {
for (int l = k; l
<= limit; l++) {
if (i == k &&
j == l) continue;
int sum2 = k
* k * k + l * l * l;
if (sum1 ==
sum2) {
if (!found)
{

printf("%d can be
expressed as:\n", sum1);
found =
1;
}

printf("%d^3 + %d^3
and %d^3 + %d^3\n", i,
j, k, l);
}
}
}

26 | P a g e
 }
}
if (!found) {
printf("No
Ramanujan numbers
found up to %d.\n",
limit);
}
return 0;
}

Experiment 4: Variable and Scope of Variable

Question 1: Declare a global variable outside all
functions and use it inside various functions to
understand its accessibility.
Solution:
27 | P a g e
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>
int globalVar = 10;
void printGlobal() {
printf("Global
Variable in printGlobal:
%d\n", globalVar);
}
void modifyGlobal() {
globalVar += 5;
printf("Global
Variable modified in
modifyGlobal: %d\n",
globalVar);
}
void resetGlobal() {
globalVar = 10;
printf("Global
Variable reset in
resetGlobal: %d\n",
globalVar);
}
int main() {
printf("Initial Global
Variable: %d\n",
28 | P a g e
globalVar);
printGlobal();
modifyGlobal();
printGlobal();
resetGlobal();
printGlobal();
return 0;
}

Question 2: Declare a local variable inside a

function and try to access it outside the function.
Compare this with accessing the global variable
from within the function.

29 | P a g e
Solution:

Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>
int globalVar = 10;
void myFunction() {
int localVar = 5;
printf("Inside
myFunction: localVar
= %d\n", localVar);
printf("Inside
myFunction:
globalVar = %d\n",
globalVar);
}
int main() {
myFunction();
printf("Outside
myFunction:
globalVar = %d\n",
globalVar);
return 0;
}

30 | P a g e
Question 3: Declare variables within different code
blocks (enclosed by curly braces) and test their
accessibility within and outside those blocks
Solution:
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
{
int blockVar1 =
20;
printf("Inside
first block: blockVar1
= %d\n", blockVar1);
}
{
int blockVar2 =
30;
printf("Inside
second block:
blockVar2 = %d\n",
blockVar2);
}
int mainVar = 40;
printf("Inside
main: mainVar = %d\
n", mainVar);
31 | P a g e
return 0;
}
Question 4: Declare a static local variable inside a
function. Observe how its value persists across
function calls.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>
void countCalls() {
static int callCount
= 0;
callCount++;
printf("Function
called %d times\n",
callCount);
}
int main() {
countCalls();
countCalls();
countCalls();
return 0; }

32 | P a g e
Experiment 5: Array
1.WAP to read a list of integers and store it in a single dimensional
array. Write a C program to print the second largest integer in a
list of integers
CODING OUTPUT
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n, i, largest,
second_largest;
printf("Enter the number of
integers: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
int arr[n];
printf("Enter %d integers: ",
n);
for(i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}
largest = second_largest = -
2147483648;
for(i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if(arr[i] > largest) {
second_largest =
largest;
largest = arr[i];
} else if(arr[i] >
second_largest && arr[i] <
largest) {
second_largest = arr[i];
}
}
printf("The second largest
integer is: %d\n",
second_largest);
return 0;
}

33 | P a g e
 Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>

struct complex{
float real;
float imag;
};

void complexsum (struct

complex n1, struct
complex n2, struct
complex sum)
{
sum.real = n1.real +
n2.real;
sum.imag = n1.imag +
n2.imag;

printf("sum of real part :

%f\n", sum.real);
printf("sum of imaginary
part : %f\n", sum.imag);

int main()
{
struct complex n1 = {9,
7};
34 | P a g e
 struct complex n2 = {5,
11};
struct complex sum =
{0};

complexsum(n1, n2,
sum);

return 0;
}

Question 2: WAP to read a list of integers and store it in a single

dimensional array. Write a C program to count and display
positive, negative, odd, and even numbers in an array.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int n, i;
//pc is positive count, nc
35 | P a g e
 is negative count, oc is
odd count, ec is even
count
int pc = 0, nc = 0, oc =
0, ec = 0;

printf("Enter the
number of elements: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
int arr[n];
printf("Enter %d
integers:\n", n);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

{

if (arr[i] > 0)
{
pc++;
} else if (arr[i] < 0)
{
nc++;
}

if (arr[i] % 2 == 0)

36 | P a g e
 {
ec++;
} else
{
oc++;
}
}

printf("Positive count:
%d\n", pc);
printf("Negative count:
%d\n", nc);
printf("Even count: %d\
n", ec);
printf("Odd count: %d\
n", oc);

return 0;
}

Question 3: WAP to read a list of integers and store it in a single

dimensional array. Write a C program to find the frequency of a
particular number in a list of integers.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a, numfind,

37 | P a g e
 frequency =0;
printf("enter the
number of integers:");
scanf("%d", &a);

int arr[a];
printf("enter %d
integers:", a);
for(int i = 0; i<a; i++)
{
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}

//ask user which number

o find
printf("enter the
number whose frequency
you want to find:");
scanf("%d", &numfind);

for(int i=0; i<a; i++)

{
if(arr[i] == numfind)
{
frequency++;
}
}
printf("the frequency of
%d is: %d\n ", numfind,

38 | P a g e
 frequency);
return 0;
}

Question 4: WAP that reads two matrices A (m x n) and B (p x q)

and computes the product A and B. Read matrix A and matrix B in
row major order respectively. Print both the input matrices and
resultant matrix with suitable headings and output should be in
matrix format only. Program must check the compatibility of
orders of the matrices for multiplication. Report appropriate
message in case of incompatibility.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x, y, z, t, i, j, k;
// matrix a
printf("Enter the number
of rows and columns for
matrix a: ");
scanf("%d %d", &x, &y);
// matrix b
printf("Enter the number
of rows and columns for
matrix b: ");
scanf("%d %d", &z, &t);

if (y != z) {
printf("Matrix
multiplication not
39 | P a g e
 possible\n. Number of
columns of a must be
equal to number of rows of
b.\n");
return 1;
}
int a[x][y], b[z][t], c[x][t];
// Read matrix a
printf("Enter elements of
matrix a:\n");
for (i = 0; i < x; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < y; j++) {
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
}
}
// Read matrix b
printf("Enter elements of
matrix b:\n");
for (i = 0; i < z; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < t; j++) {
scanf("%d", &b[i][j]);
}
}
for (i = 0; i < x; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < t; j++) {
c[i][j] = 0;
}
}

40 | P a g e
 for (i = 0; i < x; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < t; j++) {
for (k = 0; k < y; k++) {
c[i][j] += a[i][k] * b[k][j];
}
}
}
printf("\nMatrix a:\n");
for (i = 0; i < x; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < y; j++)
{
printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
printf("\nMatrix b:\n");
for (i = 0; i < z; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < t; j++)
{
printf("%d ", b[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
printf("\nfinal Matrix (a *
b):\n");

41 | P a g e
 for (i = 0; i < x; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < t; j++)
{
printf("%d ", c[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

Lab Assignment 6 (Function)

Question 1: Develop a recursive and non-recursive function FACT
(num) to find the factorial of a number , n ! , defined by FACT(n) =
1, if n = 0. Otherwise, FACT(n) = n * FACT(n-1). Using this function,
42 | P a g e
write a C program to compute the binomial coefficient. Tabulate
the results for different values of n and r with suitable messages.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>

int fact(int n)
{
if (n==0)
{return 1;}
int factnm1 = fact (n-1);
int factn = factnm1 * n;
}
int main()

{
printf("factorial is: %d\
n", fact(4));

return 0;
}

Question 2: Develop a recursive function GCD (num1, num2) that

accepts two integer arguments. Write a C program that invokes
this function to find the greatest common divisor of two given
integers.
Solution:
43 | P a g e
 Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>

int GCD(int num1, int

num2)
{
if (num2 == 0)
{
return num1;
}
else
{
return (num2 , num1 %
num2);
}

int main()
{
int num1, num2;
printf("num 1 and num2
are :");
scanf("%d %d", &num1,
&num2);

printf("the greatest
common divisor of %d and
%d is: %d", num1, num2,

44 | P a g e
 GCD(num2, num1 %
num2));

return 0;
}

Question 3: Develop a recursive function FIBO (num) that accepts

an integer argument. Write a C program that invokes this function
to generate the Fibonacci sequence up to num.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>

int fib(int n)
{
if (n==0)
{return 0;}

if (n==1)
{return 1;}

int fibnm1 = fib(n-1);

int fibnm2 = fib(n-2);
int fibn = fibnm1 +
fibnm2;
return fibn;
}
int main()

45 | P a g e
 {
printf("fibonachi is: %d\
n", fib(4));

return 0;
}

Question 4: Develop a C function ISPRIME (num) that accepts an

integer argument and returns 1 if the argument is prime, 0
otherwise. Write a C program that invokes this function to
generate prime numbers between the given ranges.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>

//function definition and

declaration
int ISPRIME(int num)
{
if (num <= 1)
return 0;
for (int i = 2; i*i<= num; i+
+)
{
if (num % i == 0)
return 0;
}
return 1;

46 | P a g e
 }

int main()
{
int s, e;// s stands for start
and e stands for end

printf("Enter starting
range: ");
scanf("%d", &s);
printf("Enter ending
range: ");
scanf("%d", &e);

printf("Prime numbers
between %d and %d are: \
n", s, e);
for (int i = s; i <= e; i++)
{
if (ISPRIME(i)) //function
call
{
printf("%d ", i);
}
}
printf("\n");
return 0;
}

47 | P a g e
Question 5: Develop a function REVERSE (str) that accepts a string
argument. Write a C program that invokes this function to find the
reverse of a given string.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

// function definiation and

declaration
void reverse(char str[])
{
int s = 0;//s stands for
start
int e = strlen(str) - 1;// e
stands for end
char temp;

while (s < e)
{
temp = str[s];
str[s] = str[e];
str[e] = temp;
s++;
e--;
}

48 | P a g e
 }

int main()
{
char _strr[100];
printf("Enter a string: ");
fgets(_strr, sizeof(_strr),
stdin);
_strr[strcspn (_strr, "\n")]
= '\0';
reverse(_strr);// function
call
printf("Reversed string:
%s\n", _strr);
return 0;
}

49 | P a g e
Lab Assignment 7 (Structure and Union)
Question 1: Write a C program that uses functions to perform the
following operations:
a. Reading a complex number.

b. Writing a complex number.

c. Addition and subtraction of two complex numbers

Solution:
Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>

struct complex{
float real;
float imag;
};

void complexsum (struct

complex n1, struct
complex n2, struct
complex sum)
{
sum.real = n1.real +
n2.real;
sum.imag = n1.imag +
n2.imag;
50 | P a g e
 printf("sum of real part :
%f\n", sum.real);
printf("sum of imaginary
part : %f\n", sum.imag);

int main()
{
struct complex n1 = {9,
7};
struct complex n2 = {5,
11};
struct complex sum =
{0};

complexsum(n1, n2,
sum);

return 0;
}

Question 2: Write a C program to compute the monthly pay of 100

employees using each employee_s name, basic pay. The DA is
computed as 52% of the basic pay. Gross-salary (basic pay + DA).
Print the employees name and gross salary.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>

51 | P a g e
 struct employee
{
char name[50];
float basic_pay;
float DA;
float gross_salary;
} e[100];

void readdata(struct
employee e[])
{
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("\nEmployee %d
details\n", i + 1);
printf("Enter employee
name: ");
scanf("%s", e[i].name);
printf("Enter basic pay:
");
scanf("%f",
&e[i].basic_pay);

// Calculate DA
e[i].DA = 0.52 *
e[i].basic_pay;

// Calculate gross salary

52 | P a g e
 e[i].gross_salary =
e[i].basic_pay + e[i].DA;
}
}

void printdata(struct
employee e[])
{
printf("\nEmployee
Salary Details\n");

printf("------------------------\
n");

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)

{
printf("\nEmployee %d:\
n", i + 1);
printf("Name: %s\n",
e[i].name);
printf("Gross Salary:
%.2f\n", e[i].gross_salary);
}
}

int main()
{

readdata(e);
printdata(e);
53 | P a g e
 return 0;
}

Question 3: Create a Book structure containing book_id, title,

author name and price. Write a C program to pass a structure as a
function argument and print the book details.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>

struct book {
int book_id;
char title[50];
char author_name[100];
float price;
};

void
printBookDetails(struct
book b) {
printf("\nBook Details:\
n");
printf("Book ID: %d\n",
b.book_id);
printf("Title: %s\n",
b.title);
54 | P a g e
 printf("Author: %s\n",
b.author_name);
printf("Price: %.2f\n",
b.price);
}

int main() {

struct book bk;

// Input details for the

book
printf("Enter book ID:
");
scanf("%d",
&bk.book_id);

printf("Enter book title:

");
scanf("%s", &bk.title);

printf("Enter author
name: ");
scanf("%s",
&bk.author_name);

printf("Enter book price:

");
scanf("%f", &bk.price);

55 | P a g e
 printBookDetails(bk);

return 0;
}

Question 4: Create a union containing 6 strings: name,

home_address, hostel_address, city, state and zip. Write a C
program to display your present address.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
union address {
char name[50];
char
home_address[100];
char
hostel_address[100];
char city[100];

56 | P a g e
 char state[100];
int zip;
};

int main()
{
union address a1;
strcpy
(a1.hostel_address ,"cryst
al crown hostel\nupes
road\nbidholi\
ndehradun");
printf("hostel address:
%s\n", a1.hostel_address);
return 0;
}

Lab Assignment 8 (Pointers)

Question 1: declare different types of pointers (int, float, char) and
initialize them with the address of variables. Print the values of
both pointers and variables they point to.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 4;
float b = 1.75;

57 | P a g e
 char c = 'a';

// pointers declaration
int *pointer_a;
float *pointer_b;
char *pointer_c;

// adding address to
pointers
pointer_a = &a;
pointer_b = &b;
pointer_c = &c;

// printing address of
variable using pointers
printf("address of a :
%p\n", pointer_a);
printf("address of b :
%p\n", pointer_b);
printf("address of c :
%p\n", pointer_c);

// printing values of
variable using pointers
printf("value of a : %d\
n", *pointer_a);
printf("value of b : %f\
n", *pointer_b);
printf("value of c : %c\
n", *pointer_c);

58 | P a g e
 return 0;
}

Question 2: perform pointers arithmetic (increment and

decrement) on pointers of different types. Observe how the
memory address change and the effects on data access.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 4;
float b = 1.75;
char c = 'a';

// pointers declaration
int *pointer_a;
float *pointer_b;
char *pointer_c;

// adding address to
pointers
pointer_a = &a;
pointer_b = &b;
pointer_c = &c;

// printing address of
variable using pointers

59 | P a g e
 printf("address of a :
%p\n", pointer_a);
printf("address of b :
%p\n", pointer_b);
printf("address of c :
%p\n", pointer_c);

// increment
pointer_a++;
pointer_b++;
pointer_c++;

// printing address of
variavle after pointers
increment
printf("\nafter
increment\n");
printf("address of a :
%p\n", pointer_a);
printf("address of b :
%p\n", pointer_b);
printf("address of c :
%p\n", pointer_c);

// decrement
pointer_a--;
pointer_b--;
pointer_c--;

// printing address of
variable after pointers
60 | P a g e
 decrement
printf("\nafter
decrement\n");
printf("address of a :
%p\n", pointer_a);
printf("address of b :
%p\n", pointer_b);
printf("address of c :
%p\n", pointer_c);

return 0;
}

Question 3: write a function that accepts pointers as parameter.

Pass variable by reference using pointers and modify their values
within the function.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>
void pointer_function(int
*x, int *y) // function
defination
{
// function declaration
*x = *x + 60;
*y = *y * 7;
}
61 | P a g e
 int main()
{
// declare of two
variable
int a = 9;
int b = 10;

// printing value before

changes
printf("\nbefore
changes\n");
printf("a = %d and b =
%d", a, b);

// function call
pointer_function(&a,
&b);

// printing value after

changes
printf("\naftre changes\
n");
printf("a = %d and b =
%d", a, b);

return 0;
}

62 | P a g e
 Lab Assignment 9 (File Structure)
Question 1: Write a program to create a new file and write text
into it.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
FILE *file;

// opening a file
file = fopen ("hello.txt",
"w");
if (file == NULL)
{
printf("error opening
63 | P a g e
 the file\n");
return 1;
}

// taking inputs in file

fprintf(file, "hello
world!!\n");
fprintf(file, "this will
show in the file created\
n");

// closing file
fclose(file);

printf("text is been
entered in 'hello.txt' file\
n");
return 0;
}

Question 2: Open an existing file and read its content character by

character, and then close the file.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
FILE *file;
file = fopen("hello.txt",
64 | P a g e
 "r");

char a; // to read
content of file
a = fgetc(file);

if (file == NULL)
{
printf("error in
opening file");
return 1;
}

printf("file content:\n");
while (a != EOF)
{
printf("%c", a);
a = fgetc(file);
}

fclose(file);
return 0;
}

Question 3: Open a file, read its content line by line, and display
each line on the console.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>
65 | P a g e
 int main()
{
FILE *file;
char li [200]; // to read
content of file
file = fopen("hello.txt",
"r");

if (file == NULL)
{
printf("error in
opening file");
return 1;
}

printf("file content:\n");
while (fgets(li, sizeof(li),
file))
{
printf("%s", li);
}

fclose(file);
return 0;
}

66 | P a g e
Lab Assignment 10 (Dynamic Memory
Allocation)
Question 1: Write a program to create a simple linked list in C
using pointer and structure.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

67 | P a g e
 struct str {
int data;
struct str *next;
};

int main() {
struct str *head = NULL,
*second = NULL, *third =
NULL;

head = (struct str *)

malloc(sizeof(struct str));
second = (struct str *)
malloc(sizeof(struct str));
third = (struct str *)
malloc(sizeof(struct str));
head->data = 6;
head->next = second;

second->data = 12;
second->next = third;

third->data = 18;
third->next = NULL;

printf("Linked list: ");

struct str *temp = head;
while (temp != NULL) {
printf("%d -> ", temp-

68 | P a g e
 >data);
temp = temp->next;
}
printf("NULL\n");

return 0;
}

Question 2: Write a program to insert item in middle of the linked

list.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct Node {
int data;
struct Node* next;
};

struct Node*
createNode(int data) {
struct Node* newNode =
(struct
Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct
Node));
newNode->data = data;
newNode->next = NULL;

69 | P a g e
 return newNode;
}

struct Node*
insertInMiddle(struct
Node* head, int x) {
struct Node* newNode =
createNode(x);

if (head == NULL) {
return newNode;
}

struct Node* slow =

head;
struct Node* fast =
head;
struct Node* prev =
NULL;

while (fast != NULL &&

fast->next != NULL) {
prev = slow;
slow = slow->next;
fast = fast->next-
>next;
}

if (prev != NULL) {
prev->next =
70 | P a g e
 newNode;
newNode->next =
slow;
} else {
newNode->next =
head;
return newNode;
}

return head;
}

void printList(struct Node*

head) {
struct Node* current =
head;
while (current != NULL)
{
printf("%d -> ",
current->data);
current = current-
>next;
}
printf("NULL\n");
}

int main() {
struct Node* head =
NULL;

71 | P a g e
 head = createNode(1);
head->next =
createNode(2);
head->next->next =
createNode(4);
head->next->next-
>next = createNode(5);

printf("Original List: ");

printList(head);

int x = 3;
head =
insertInMiddle(head, x);

printf("Updated List
after inserting %d: ", x);
printList(head);

return 0;
}

72 | P a g e
Lab Assignment 11 (Bitwise Operator)
Question 1: Write a program to apply bitwise OR, AND and NOT
operators on bit level.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>

void display_binary(int n)
{
for (int i=7; i >= 0; i--) //
where 7 to 0 reperesnt 8
bit display_binary
{
printf("%d", (n >> i) &
1);
}
}

int main()
{
int a = 36;

73 | P a g e
 int b = 6;

printf("binary of a is :");
display_binary(a);
printf("\nbinary of b
is :");
display_binary(b);

// bitwize OR
int bit_OR = a|b;
printf("\nbitwize OR of
%d and %d is:" ,a, b);
display_binary(bit_OR);

// bitwize AND
int bit_AND = a&b;
printf("\nbitwize AND of
%d and %d is:", a, b);
display_binary(bit_AND);

// bitwize NOT
int bit_NOT_a = ~a;
printf("\nbitwize NOT of
%d is:", a);

display_binary(bit_NOT_a);

int bit_NOT_b = ~b;

printf("\nbitwize NOT of
%d is:", b);
74 | P a g e
 display_binary(bit_NOT_b);

return 0;
}

Question 2: Write a program to apply left shift and right shift

operator.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n = 4;
printf("Original number:
%d", n );
printf("\nBinary
representation of %d: ",
n ); // binary of 4
for (int i = 5; i >= 0; i--)
{
printf("%d", (n >> i)
& 1);
}

int leftside = n << 3;

//left shift
printf("\nLeft shift of %d
by 3 positions: %d", n,
leftside);
printf("\nafter left shift:
75 | P a g e
 ", leftside);
for (int i = 5; i >= 0; i--)
{
printf("%d", (leftside
>> i) & 1);
}

int rightside = n >>

1; //right shift
printf("\nRight shift of
%d by 1 positions: %d", n,
rightside);
printf("\nafter right
shift: ", rightside);
for (int i = 5; i >= 0; i--)
{
printf("%d",
(rightside >> i) & 1);
}

return 0;
}

Lab Assignment 12 (Preprocessor and

Directives in C)
Question 1: Write a program to define some constant variable in
preprocessor.
Solution:
Coding Output

76 | P a g e
 #include<stdio.h>

//defining some constant

variable in preprocessor
#define print "hello world"
#define min_value 10

int main()
{
printf("message :%s\n",
print);
printf("minimum value :
%d\n", min_value);
return 0;
}

Question 2: Write a program to define a function in directives.

Solution:
Coding Output
#include<stdio.h>

//defining some constant

variable in preprocessor
#define sum(a,b) ((a) +
(b))
#define square(t) ((t) * (t))

int main()

77 | P a g e
 {
int num1 = 6;
int num2 = 3;
printf("square of %d is :
%d\n",num1,
square(num1));
printf("sum of %d and
%d is :%d\n", num1, num2,
sum (num1, num2));
return 0;
}

Lab Assignment 13 (Macros in C)

Question 1: Write a program to define multiple macro to perform
arithmetic functions.
Solution:
Coding Output

78 | P a g e
 #include<stdio.h>

//defining some constant

variable in preprocessor
#define sum(a,b) ((a) +
(b))
#define sub(a,b) ((a) - (b))
#define multiply(a,b) ((a) *
(b))
#define divide(a,b) ((a) /
(b))

int main()
{
int num1 = 21;
int num2 = 14;
printf("sum of %d and
%d is :%d\n", num1, num2,
sum (num1, num2));
printf("subtraction of
%d and %d is :%d\n",
num1, num2, sub (num1,
num2));
printf("multiplication of
%d and %d is :%d\n",
num1, num2, multiply
(num1, num2));

if(num2 != 0)
{
printf("sum of %d and

79 | P a g e
 %d is :%d\n", num1, num2,
divide (num1, num2));
}

return 0;
}

80 | P a g e
 Lab Assignment 14 (Static Library in C)
Question 1: Write a program to create a static library for
performing arithmetic functions.
Solution:
Coding Output
Header File:
int add(int x, int y);
int sub(int x, int y);
int multiply(int x, int y);
Static Library:
#include<stdio.h>
#include "arithmetic.h"

int main()
{
int a = 7;
int b = 4;
printf("%d + %d = %d\
n",a, b, add(a,b));
printf("%d - %d = %d\n",a,
b, sub(a,b));
printf("%d * %d = %d\n",a,
b, multiply(a,b));
return 0;
}
Source File:
int add(int x, int y)
{

81 | P a g e
 return x+y;
}
int sub(int x, int y)
{
return x-y;
}
int multiply(int x, int y)
{
return x * y;
}

Question 2: Write a program to use static library in other program.

Solution:
Coding Output
Main Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include "arithmetic.h" //
Include the library's
header file
int main() {
int a = 7;
int b = 4;
printf("Using Static
Library:\n");
printf("Addition: %d\n",
add(a, b));
printf("Subtraction: %d\n",
subtract(a, b));
printf("Multiplication: %d\
82 | P a g e
 n", multiply(a, b));
return 0;
}

Lab Assignment 15 (Shared Library in C)

Question 1: write a program to create a shared library for
performing arithmetic function.
Solution:
Coding Output
Header File:
#ifndef ARITHMETIC_H
#define ARITHMETIC_H

int add (int x, int y);

int sub (int x, int y);
int multipy (int x, int y);

#endif
Shared Library:
#include<stdio.h>
#include "arithmetic.h"

int main()
{
int a = 15;
int b = 10;

83 | P a g e
 printf("using shared
library\n");
printf("addition : %d\n",
add(a, b));
printf("subtraction : %d\
n", sub(a, b));
printf("multiplicaton : %d\
n", multiply(a, b));
return 0;
}
Source File:
#include "arithemtic.h"
int add(int x, int y)
{
return x + y;
}
int sub(int x, int y)
{
return x - y;
}
int multiply(int x, int y)
{
return x * y;
}

Question 2: Write a program to use shared library in other

program.
Solution:
Coding Output
84 | P a g e
 Source File:
#include <stdio.h>
#include "arithmetic.h" //
Include the library's
header file
int main() {
int a = 15, b = 10;
printf("Using Shared
Library:\n");
printf("Addition: %d\n",
add(a, b));
printf("Subtraction: %d\n",
subtract(a, b));
printf("Multiplication: %d\
n", multiply(a, b));
printf("Division: %.2f\n",
divide(a, b));
return 0;
}

85 | P a g e
 Lab Assignment 16 (Multithreading in C)
Question 1: Write a program to print 1 – 10 numbers five time
using multithreading in C.
Solution:
Coding Output
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>

void* print_numbers(void*
arg) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i+
+) {
printf("%d ", i);
}
printf("\n");
return NULL;
}

86 | P a g e
 int main() {
pthread_t arr[5];
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
if
(pthread_create(&arr[i],
NULL, print_numbers,
NULL) != 0) {

perror("pthread_create
failed");
return 1;
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
pthread_join(arr[i],
NULL);
}

return 0;
}

Lab Assignment 17 (Socket

Programming in C)
Question 1: write a program to implement socket programming
using C.
Solution:
Coding
For Client:
87 | P a g e
 #include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define PORT 8080
int main(int argc, char const* argv[])
{
int sock = 0, valread, client_fd;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
char* hello = "Hello from client";
char buffer[1024] = { 0 };
if ((sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) {
printf("\n Socket creation error \n");
return -1;
}
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(PORT);
// Convert IPv4 and IPv6 addresses from text to binary
form
if (inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1",
&serv_addr.sin_addr)<= 0) {
printf("\nInvalid address/ Address not supported \n");
return -1;
}
if ((client_fd= connect(sock, (struct
sockaddr*)&serv_addr,sizeof(serv_addr)))< 0) {

88 | P a g e
 printf("\nConnection Failed \n");
return -1;
}
send(sock, hello, strlen(hello), 0);
printf("Hello message sent\n");
valread = read(sock, buffer, 1024);
printf("%s\n", buffer);
// closing the connected socket
close(client_fd);
return 0;
}
For Server:
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define PORT 8080
int main(int argc, char const* argv[])
{
int server_fd, new_socket, valread;
struct sockaddr_in address;
int opt = 1;
int addrlen = sizeof(address);
char buffer[1024] = { 0 };
char* hello = "Hello from server";

89 | P a g e
 // Creating socket file descriptor
if ((server_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
{
perror("socket failed");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// Forcefully attaching socket to port 8080
if (setsockopt(server_fd, SOL_SOCKET,SO_REUSEADDR |
SO_REUSEPORT, &opt,
sizeof(opt))) {
perror("setsockopt");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
address.sin_family= AF_INET;
address.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
address.sin_port = htons(PORT);
// Forcefully attaching socket to port 8080
if (bind(server_fd, (struct
sockaddr*)&address,sizeof(address))< 0) {
perror("bind failed");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (listen(server_fd, 3) < 0) {
perror("listen");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if ((new_socket = accept(server_fd, (struct
sockaddr*)&address,(socklen_t*)&addrlen))< 0) {

90 | P a g e
 perror("accept");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
valread = read(new_socket, buffer, 1024);
printf("%s\n", buffer);
send(new_socket, hello, strlen(hello), 0);
printf("Hello message sent\n");
// closing the connected socket
close(new_socket);
// closing the listening socket
shutdown(server_fd, SHUT_RDWR);
return 0;
}

Lab Assignment 18 (Testing and

Debugging)
Question 1: write a program and perform testing and debugging
on some implementation
Solution:
Coding

91 | P a g e
 def is_prime(num):
if num <= 1:
return False
for i in range(2, int(num ** 0.5) + 1):
if num % i == 0:
return False
return True

def prime_checker():
while True:
try:
num = int(input("Enter a number to check if it's
prime: "))
if is_prime(num):
print(f"{num} is a prime number.")
else:
print(f"{num} is not a prime number.")
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input. Please enter a valid
integer.")

next_check = input("Do you want to check

another number? (yes/no): ")
if next_check.lower() != 'yes':
break

# Run the prime number checker program

prime_checker()

92 | P a g e
93 | P a g e