A Conceptual Model of Information Sharing in E-

Government Services
Azman Yasin1, Huda Ibrahim1, Mazida Ahmad1, Mazni Omar1 and Abdul Rahim Othman2
1
School of Computing, Universiti Utara Malaysia.
2
School of Business Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia.
yazman@uum.edu.my

Abstract—As to provide a better delivery of e-government delivering E-government services to public. It is guided using
services, guides should be given to support information sharing a framework for measuring the complex dependent variables
and integration. Good practices in information sharing among named DeLone and McLean Information Systems (IS)
the state government’s agencies should be adopted. In Malaysia, Success Model.
currently, there is insufficient information about the current
practices, states or level of maturity, requirements, models
The study aims to identify information sharing
adopted in relation to information sharing for the e-services’ requirements among the state government agencies in
implementation among the government agencies. Previous implementing e-Government services, to identify the
studies in Malaysia have been conducted in relation to critical practices and stages of information sharing among the state
factors for e-government services and information sharing. agencies in implementing e-Government services and to
These previous studies focused on conceptual framework which propose an information sharing model in supporting e-
need for more efforts in creating an integrative model to guide government implementation among government agencies.
information sharing for e-government services. The primary This study also attempts to find answers to the following
aim of this study is to propose information sharing model to questions - (RQ1) What are the requirements of information
support implementation of e-government for Malaysia and
Indonesia environment. A theoretical study is conducted to
sharing among the state government agencies in
analyze several prominent information sharing models to implementing e-Government services? (RQ2) What are the
identify the appropriate information sharing practices in practices and stages of information sharing among the state
delivering e-government services. Case studies will be applied to agencies in implementing e-Government services? (RQ3)
explore the current practices and the state of maturity level of What is information sharing model in supporting e-
information sharing at inter-organizational level among the government implementation among government agencies?
states. In-depth interviews to public-sector participants will be
carried out based on the best practices. Government documents II. RESEARCH MOTIVATION
will also be reviewed to learn the agencies’ vision, mission,
objectives and others. The findings will be used as a foundation.
These outputs are also expected to formulate guidelines and
Norazah and Juhana had examined factors in influencing
procedure to best guide information sharing framework to employees in knowledge sharing within E-Government
support an implementation of e-government services in agencies in Malaysia [3]. They proposed an integrated
Malaysia and Indonesia. conceptual framework that highlighted two capable factors;
technical factor and non-technical factor. These studies,
Index Terms—E-Government Services; E-Procurement; although, based only on the literatures and experts review
Information Sharing. without engaging any government agencies in the data
collection process, could provide a good foundation in the
I. INTRODUCTION future study of proposing information sharing model for the
government agencies.
Nowadays, the electronic procedures of government and A study revealed that implementing e-Procurement in
business establishments are growing promptly with government agencies has its own shortcomings and
technological innovation. Electronic Government (E- challenges such as lack of IT skills and infrastructures,
Government) has been gathering momentum in study and problems in software integration, data management,
apply in some organization global era. It is the contributions legislation as well as outsourcing constraints [4]. Nawi,
and benefits of Information to enhance the government Roslan, Salleh, Zulhumadi, & Harun (2016) also examined
services to business organizations through the expected the challenges of e-Procurement implementation among the
quality operations. E-Government implementations government agencies in Malaysia [5]. They have discovered
contribute several positive impacts in any criteria such as that there were constraints in government policies which
service quality, data analysis and management control [1]. requires tendering and purchasing processes to be in printed
The focus of this study is information sharing in e- forms (paper-based) and does not provide the flexibility for
Government. Information sharing has been recognized in the process to be carried out in the electronic forms via web-
many areas such as; business, government and Non-profit based application (e-tendering system). Due to this obstacle,
organizations that concerns and tried to resolve social and it hinders the attempt to establish the e-Government services.
environmental problems [2]. External challenge is also identified to this matter. Moreover,
This study emphasizes on the information sharing that are challenges from the vendors, industry and technology
available to public, in terms of the details of how government enhancement are also identified as external challenges that set
agencies in Malaysia practice information sharing in the implementation of e-Government services aback from

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establishment. These challenges are beyond the control of the problem of discovery and aggregation content in the portal
organizations [5]. [9]. It uses connecting in terms of semantic web ontologies
The requirements for e-government services, what and and logic instructions is flexible from the system structure
how much information can be shared are still warrants for viewpoint, can be used to deliver the end-user with useful
further investigation. The confidentiality and even security of semantic services, and can reduce human effort in portal
the information for information sharing to take place among maintenance.
government agencies is very crucial. Three categories of Aman and Kasimin (2010) evaluated the E-government
security in relation to e-government services are highlighted services in Malaysia to enhance the access to and supply of
including data security, information security, and process government services to benefit citizens, business companies
security; in which they are categorized under organizational to inefficient or ineffective due to many challenges
and technological factors. encountered in determining the benefits cost [4]. The
This study focuses on implementation and survey evaluation E-government also able to adopt the project E-
regarding information sharing model. It consists types of E- procurement that increases the quality of service it delivers
government service, E-Procurement DeLone and McLean and converts traditional manual procurement processes to
and parameter measurement: (i) E-Government Service - electronic procurement on the Internet. E-procurement focus
deliberating the E-Government service that form of in administration fees in company that allows suppliers to
information sharing in the form of model and specification, register or renew their registration with the Ministry of
(ii) E-Procurement in Malaysia and Indonesia Agencies – to Finance through the Internet. Suppliers are able to submit
focus on a survey in any agencies in Malaysia and Indonesia application, check application rank and pay registration fees
that are using system of E-procurement system in their through E-procurement.
environment. Then, Garcia, Smith and Duchessi (2007) used
collaborative E-government to control and manage the
III. BACKGROUND OF STUDY perceived impediments and benefit the information sharing
public in several sectors in government environment [10].
This section presents the elaboration about E-government The proposed collaborative system achieved the expected
services that are classified into several categories the focus in output that reduced duplicate data process, better quality
l E-procurement implementation. It also discussed about information and effective any service government. Next
information sharing implementation, model and services in section elaborates the information sharing that collaborative
the various application. with E-government implementation.

A. E-Government Services B. Information Sharing

E-government is the use of information knowledge to allow Information sharing is generally referred to ways of
and enhance the efficiency with which government services communication between senders and receivers [11]. There
are provided to citizens, workers, and agencies [6]. It refers are a few information sharing models that were developed by
to government’s use of technology, predominantly web- previous researchers. Abdelhadi et al. (2015) proposed
based Internet tenders to improve the access to and transfer information sharing model to develop business management
of government data and provision to populations, corporate using cloud technology [12]. The model offers two variants
partners, employees, other agencies, and government entities. in the cloud technology which are managed and unmanaged
It is used to assist public administrators of traditional private cloud. Managed private cloud is flexible, secure cloud
administrative organizations. This article describes different hosting services and compelling for all businesses alike.
stages of e-government development, which outline the Meanwhile, the unmanaged private cloud provides users with
structural transformations of governments’ progress toward similar features as managed private cloud but with the only
electronically-enabled government and how the Internet- exclusion being managed services.
based government models become integrated with traditional Bijon, Haque and Hasan (2014) proposed Mobile Ad hoc
public administration, inferring essential deviations in the network (MANET) based on the implementation of
form of government [7]. information sharing model [13]. This model analyzed
E-Government services connect government networks and circulation situation for approval flows and minimized it
organize a variety of service infrastructure to deliver using ‘buffering on-the-fly’ technique. The information
extensive and proactive services. The e-Government services model upgrades in specific model name behavioral model
are insufficient owing to two major problems. First, previous that identifies various valuable properties that influences trust
studies on information systems implementation and calculation in universal environment and delivers a supple
recognition focus on business and for income organizations, device by which a node can compute trust prioritizing these
not on governmental and public organizations. Second, properties based on its requirements.
despite most of studies on enhancing E-government services Wang and Lei (2013) implemented platform information
have been proposed, useful empirical study is deficient. E- sharing model on geo-hazard spatial based on service
government is more than online service delivery system. oriented architecture (SOA) for geological disaster data
Behavioral issues of e-government study are noticeably more services [11]. Data for the application of SOA assist reusable
significant than technological ones. Moreover, e-government application service or utility of distinct development of
services are required to support governments in improving integration, and expected through the network admission to
the usefulness and quality of e-government services [8]. these services or functions. The service framework that is
There are several study efforts that implemented the E- modified to Wenchuan zone by using data set rules, geo-
government services. shared service model by Geo-Hazard Spatial Information.
Sidorof and Hyvonen (2005) proposed the E-government Information Sharing Service Model is evaluation and
in form of portal system that used for semantic search to solve application as well as effective system test is finished based

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 A Conceptual Model of Information Sharing in E-Government Services

on the Wenchuan geo-disaster evaluation and application

system and shared service stage design.
Yingzhao and Jing (2009) developed the information
sharing approach for supply chain management to the market
competitions are so intensified [14]. The supply chain
partnership entails intensive but selective information sharing
and joint improvement activities. Information sharing is
illustrious between purchasing information sharing and buyer
shares tactical information.

C. Information Sharing
Electronic procurement or e-procurement is generally
referring to products or services purchasing process using
electronic mediums over the Internet which can lead to
significant reduction in purchasing costs and time [15] [16]
[17]. The main features of E-procurement process are desktop
purchasing systems, electronic tendering, catalogue-based,
online auctions and systems. There are three components that
make up the implementation of E-procurement system as
Figure 2: Implementation research methodology
illustrated in Figure 1.
This study stresses on library search and documents review
on e-Government services in Malaysia and Indonesia. A visit
to MAMPU and MDEC of Malaysia and the related agencies
in Indonesia will be among the mechanisms to confirm with
the list and status of e-Government services, as well as to
gather some documents in relation to e-Government
rules/policies/framework. The list of these e-Government
services will advance the study to the list of the state agency/s
that directly and indirectly involved in the planning,
implementing, monitoring and maintaining of the services.
As case study approach is chosen, a few e-Government
services and state agencies will be selected for the study,
Figure 1: E-procurement system [16] based on the status of the importance, performance, and
richness of data. A semi-structured interview will be
Based on Figure 1, E-Procurement system controls the performed on public-sector participants including the
procurement process electronically which is very helpful for agency’s leaders, head of department and program manager.
the vendors and the organization. Prior researches have This is to identify the requirements in information sharing for
examined the long-term implications of this organization- implementing e-Government services. Questionnaires will be
vendor relationship. Evidently, the findings indicated that designed based on previous studies and documents gathered
mutual trust and respect between organizations and vendors from MAMPU, MDEC, and Chief Government Security
resulted in a greater information sharing which also Office (CGSO). The first part of the Questionnaires is about
contributed in cost reduction as well as organizations’ the profile of the agency and e-Government service. The
performance enhancement [18] [19] [20] [21]. second part will be about the requirements of information
A research was conducted by Ramantoko and Irawan to sharing that could include items of technical and non-
examine the factors influencing the information sharing technical factors needed in facilitating the sharing of
model in supporting the implementation of e-Procurement information between agencies and/or among agencies in a
services in e-Government services in Bandung, Indonesia [8]. state.
The assessment was carried out for the early maturity of The third part of the questionnaires is about the practices
information sharing stage or stage 1 to evaluate the benefits adopted in information sharing between and among agencies.
and risks of implementing the system in the early stage by This would include questions about dimension and maturity
adopting D&M IS Success Model. The positive outcomes stages of IS. The areas will reveal the type or dimension
indicated that all constructs of D&M IS Success Model focused by the state’s agencies; either at technological,
positively influenced the IS model in supporting the organizational, inter-organizational or environmental.
implementation of e-Procurement services between the Semi-structured interviews would be carried-out to probe
government agencies and the citizens of Bandung. more on the details of the practices especially when involve
conflicts between agencies in information sharing. It will be
IV. METHODOLOGY part of the focus in the study to identify the alignment of the
practices by the State to the guidelines given by the Federal.
This section explains the phases of research methodology Data will be analyzed qualitatively and will be validated by
designed for this study. Figure 2 describes the concept and the selected experts. The output would highlight the current
technique used to reach the objectives of the study. The study practices adopted or the gaps to be filled in for an
first identifies the list all the E-Government services offered improvement. Based on the data gathered, a model for
and delivered by the state agencies to government agencies, information sharing for an implementation of e-Government
citizens and businesses.

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Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering

services among the state agencies will be proposed. It is customized to cater the targeted users, easy to understand and
expected that the proposed model can significantly guide and offers high security especially during purchasing or business
enhance information sharing between and among the state transactions. System Quality (SYSQ) is to measure the
agencies in implementing e-Government services at state usability, reliability, adaptability, availability and response
level in the future. time of this e-Government service. Service Quality (SQ)
usually refers to the service providers which could be from
V. CONCEPTUAL MODEL the IS department, other departments or third party
organizations to deliver the support to the users. An excellent
This research is grounded on the DeLone and McLean IS service provider will likely to increase the users’ experience,
Success Model to measure the IS success of the e- satisfaction and prevent sale losses. Intention to Use (IU) is
Government services as suggested by Jaffari et al. (2011) [22] an essential factor to measure users’ viewpoints of this e-
[23]. DeLone and McLane information system is a Government service. This measure covers the whole process
framework for conceptualizing and operationalizing IS of the users’ experience of using the system. Nett Benefits
success. Most of researchers referred the framework as (NB) are the most key success measures of an electronic
guidance in implementation of information system system and dictate the successfulness of an IS system. It may
particularly in relation to the area of information sharing. have positive or negative impact on individual users,
D&M IS Success Model suggesting success measures organizations or societies which determined by specific
which consists of three quality dimensions (Information context and objectives for this system.
Quality, System Quality and Service Quality), Intention to This model postulates four propositions: (i) Information
Use or Use, User Satisfaction and Nett Benefits as depicted Quality positively correlates with Intention to Use (ii) System
in Figure 3. Quality positively correlates with Intention to Use (iii)
Service Quality positively correlates with Intention to Use
(iv) Intention to Use positively correlates with Nett Benefits.

VI. CONCLUSION

This paper investigates the information sharing

requirements among the government agencies in
implementing the e-Government services and e-Procurement
in Malaysia and Indonesia. Through the lens of D&M IS
Success Model, a conceptual model is proposed. This study
significantly undertakings in proposing the design model of
information sharing in E-Government services among
Figure 3: DeLone and McLean IS Success Model (DeLone & McLean, government agencies in Malaysia. It is valuable toward field
2003) [22] of information sharing model by providing the model criteria
and scheme algorithm design in developing in term of model
Per DeLone and McLean, Nett Benefits is the most crucial in E-Procurement in several agencies. Moreover, this study
IS success measure which is determined by carefully defined also proposed model of information sharing that compatible
context and stakeholders [22]. The results of intention to use with E-government agencies. This model is helpful as the
and user satisfaction lead to the occurrences of nett benefits guidance for implementation of several research areas about
whether the benefits have positive or negative overall impacts information sharing. Further empirical investigation is
on users. Positive benefits most likely will lead to the required to determine the model ability.
continuation of the services and negative benefits most likely
will lead to the discontinuation of the services. Figure 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
depicts the conceptual model based on the D&M IS Success
Model. The authors wish to thank the Universiti Utara Malaysia
and Universiti Telkom, Bandung, Indonesia for funding this
study under matching grant scheme, S/O project code: 13399.

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