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Flow Chart - Bio CHP7

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Lisha Jain
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3 views5 pages

Flow Chart - Bio CHP7

Uploaded by

Lisha Jain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The digestive system is a group of organs that carry out the digestion of food.

Organs
that are involved in this process- mouth, oesophagus, pancreases, liver, stomach,
intestines (alimentary canal)
They break down the food we eat so it can be absorbed by the blood and transported to
the cells and tissues to maintain a healthy working body system

Holozoic nutrition- Complex food particles are broken down into simple compounds by
the action of digestive juices

PROCESS -
1. Ingestion :- The process of intake of food from outside into the body through
mouth. It makes use of the organs- lips, tongue, teeth
2. Digestion :- The process of breaking down complex insoluble organic compounds
into simple soluble molecules by digestive enzymes. The food we consume is in
large peices, these large pieces are broken down to smaller pieces by physical
digestion (breakdown of food by chewing or grinding without use of any chemical
processes) the large molecules are brown down to smaller molecules by chemical
digestion (breakdown of molecules so that they can be absorbed) These small can
get through the walls of the small intestine and into the blood
3. Absorption:- the movement of small nutrient molecules and mineral ions
absorbed by the intestinal walls and transported to the blood, The process by
which simple digested food is absorbed by the intestinal wall and transported to
blood
4. Assimilation :- The process of utilization of absorbed nutrients by the body cells
for energy and synthesis of new protoplas
5. Ejection/ defecation :- The process of getting rid of undigested solid part of food
as feces

Alimentary canal -
Is the part of the digestive system through which food passes as it moves from the mouth
to the anus. Food moves through the alimentary canal because the muscles contract and
release to squeeze the food along. This is called peristalsis ~> the rhythmic muscular
contractions that move the food through the alimentary canal. This long passage tube is
lubricated with mucus so the food can slide and move easily.
FLOW CHART :-
Food digestion begins in the mouth and finishes in the anus

➢ Mouth (Buccal Cavity) :-


○ Teeth- Grinds (mechanical digestion) the food (increases the surface area)
and mixes it with saliva→ Forms a bolus.
○ The tongue mixes the food with saliva and helps in swallowing
○ Water helps in digestion
○ Mucus helps the chewed food to bind together to form the small ball called
bolus. It also lubricates it so it can go down to the oesophagus easily.
○ Starch →maltose by Salivary Amylase. (not fully)
○ (faster the mechanical digestion , faster the enzymatic digestion)

➢ Oesophagus :-
○ Circular and smooth muscles
○ LUMEN= hole where substances pass.
○ Food passes through peristalsis.
○ No digestion because there are no digestive enzymes present.

➢ Stomach :- (food enters stomach by sphincter muscles)


○ Proteins break down starts :-
■ Proteins are the biggest molecule and the monomer of proteins is
amino acids. This breakdown of protein → amino acids happens by
the following steps :-
■ Stomach secrets a gastric juice which is made up of 3 things (HCL,
pepsin and mucus)
■ Now pepsin is an enzyme which break downs - proteins →
polypeptides (by pepsin/ renin)
■ This breakdown is protein then goes to the small intestine (jejunum)
○ Peristalsis occurs to mix the food
○ Goblet cells produce mucus
○ HCL has a pH of 2 which kills the harmful microorganisms in the food. It is
also the optimum pH pepsin.
○ Food enters the stomach as chyme
○ This chyme mixes with the gastric juice
➢ Pancreas :-
○ Divided into endocrine and exocrine
○ Food does not pass through here
○ When food enters the duodenum, bile flows along the bile duct and hence is
mixed with the food in the small intestine.
○ Also called hexocrine gland

➢ Small intestine :- ( has 2 parts - duodenum and jejunum )


○ Duodenum :-
■ First food enters the duodenum from the stomach as chyme (chyme
is mad in the stomach)
■ Bible comes from gall bladder over here
■ Bile is a yellowish- green alkaline, watery liquid which neutralizes
acidic mixtures from the stomach.
■ This bile emulsifies the large fat molecules into smaller ones
(increasing the surface area for a faster rate of reaction)
■ These small fat molecules are further broken down into :-
Small fat molecules → fatty acids + glycerol → by lipase (this
comes from the pancreas)
■ Starch → maltose → Pancreatic amylase (this maltose will later be
broken down further in the jejunum)
■ The entire fat digestion is completed here as the monomers (fatty
acids and glycerol) are achieved
○ Jejunum :-
■ Maltose = glucose + glucose → by maltase
■ Lactose = glucose + galactose → by lactase
■ Sucrose = glucose + fructose → by sucrase
■ Polypeptides → peptides → by trypsin
■ Peptides → amino acids → by peptidase
○ Ileum :-
■ This is the last part of the small intestine
■ It only joins the small intestine to the large intestine
■ This connects to the first part of the large intestine called the ceacum

➢ Large intestine :- (divided into 2 parts - ceacum and rectum)


○ Water and salts are absorbed
○ No digestion takes place
○ Also called colon
○ Ileum joins small intestine and first part of large intestine (ceacum)
○ Undigested food moves through ceacum → ascending colon → descending
colon → rectum → food is out the body as feces → by anus
○ Rectum= 2nd part of large intestine. It stores and produces undigested food
as feces.

➢ Anus :-
○ Undigested food is received from the rectum
○ Food is out from the body as feces

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