ASSIGNMENT 1

Factorization

LEVEL - A
1. Factorize 64x − 729y
6 12

2. Factorize a 3 + b3 + 3ab − 1
(a) ( a + b − 1) ( a 2 + b 2 + a + b + 1 − ab ) (b) ( a + b − 1) ( a 2 + b 2 + a + b − 1 + ab )
(c) ( a + b − 1) ( a 2 + b 2 − a − b + 1 + ab ) (d) None of these
3. If a 2 ( b − c ) + b2 ( c − a ) + c2 ( a − b ) = k ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a ) then which of the following is true?
(a) k = 1 (b) k = −1 (c) k = 2 (d) k = −2
4
4. The factors of (x + 625) are
(a) (x2 – 25), (x2 + 25) (b) (x2 + 25), (x2 + 25)
(c) (x2 – 10x + 25), (x2 + 5x + 25) (d) does not exist
4 4
5. Find the largest prime divisor of 5 + 4 ∙ 6 . (Mock AIME 5 2005-2006 Problems/Pro)
y 4 − x 4 y3
−
x ( x + y) x
6. The simplified form of the expression 2 is
y − xy + x 2
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) −1 (d) 2
7. Factorize (a + 1) (a + 2) (a + 3) (a + 4) – 120
8. One of the factors of 81a 4 + ( x − 2a )( x − 5a )( x − 8a )( x − 11a ) is
(a) x 2 − 13ax + 31a 2 (b) x 2 − 13a + 31a 2
(c) x 2 + 18a − 31a 2 (d) x 2 − 18a + 31a 2
9. The square root of  2x 2 + 17 x + 1  3 x 2 + 4x + 2   4 x 2 + 11 x + 2 
 6  2  3 3 
1 1
(a) ( x + 2 )( x + 3)( x + 4 ) (b) ( 4x + 3)( 3x + 2 )( x + 1)
3 11
1 1
(c) ( 4x + 3)( 3x + 2 )( x + 2 ) (d) ( x + 1)( 2x + 1)( 3x + 1)
6 3
( ) − 4 ( bc − da )
2
Factorize d − c + a − b
2 2 2 2 2
10.

LEVEL - B
11. Factorize (i) x 4 + 2x 3 + 7x 2 + 6x − 7 (ii) x 3 + 9x 2 + 23x + 15
12. Prove that id n > 1 then n4 + 4n I composite. (1978 Kurschak Xompwririon)

13. Compute
(10 + 324 )( 22 + 324 )(34 + 324 )( 46 + 324 )(58 + 324 ) .
4 4 4 6 4

( 4 + 324 )(16 + 324 )( 28 + 324 )( 40 + 324 )(52 + 324 )

4 4 4 4 4
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20144 + 4  20134 20124 + 4  20134

14. Calculate the value of − .
20132 + 4027 2 20132 + 40252
15. Find the largest prime factor of 134 + 165 – 1722, given that it is the product of three distinct primes.
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Answers Key
1. ( 2x + 3y )( 2x + 3y )( 4x
2 2 2
+ 6xy 2 + 9y 4 )( 4x 2 − 6xy 2 + 9y 4 )

2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. 157 6. (c)

7. (a 2
+ 5a − 6 )( a 2 + 5a + 16 ) = ( a − 1)( a + 6 ) ( a 2 + 5a + 16 )

8. (a) 9. (c)
10. ( d + a − b − c )( d + a + b + c )( d + b − a − c )( d + c − a − b )
11. (i) ( x 2 + x + 7 )( x 2 + x − 1) (ii) ( x + 1)( x + 3)( x + 5)
13 373 14. 0 15. 1321

Video Solutions Links

1 https://youtu.be/WXTJY5xkQQg
2 https://youtu.be/SsUI0vp4y04
3 https://youtu.be/1cFEG1RklC8
4 https://youtu.be/cnwKdubMGqU
5 https://youtu.be/BdfKynTlRWQ
6 https://youtu.be/nJQc3X9qoag
7 https://youtu.be/VsjSG1TEQCY
8 https://youtu.be/UkkKUtsDB8w
9 https://youtu.be/qdm0aJvf84s
10 https://youtu.be/rgCzHkE38xU
11 https://youtu.be/AgK6jHw05HE
12 https://youtu.be/ZhCz428LF64
13 https://youtu.be/I2YxeFsY2B8
14 https://youtu.be/XTje-lrXkyg
15 https://youtu.be/9WA7koTERbw

Solutions
LEVEL - A
1. Factorize 64x 6 − 729y12
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64x 6 − 729y12 = ( 2x ) − ( 3y 2 ) = ( 2x ) − ( 3y 2 )  ( 2x ) + ( 3y 2 ) 

6 6 3 3 3 3
Sol:
  
= ( 2x − 3y 2 ) ( 2x 2 ) + ( 2x ) ( 3y 2 ) + ( 3y 2 )  ( 2x + 3y 2 ) ( 2x ) − ( 2x ) ( 3y 2 ) + ( 3y 2 ) 
2 2 2

   
= ( 2x + 3y 2 )( 2x + 3y 2 )( 4x 2 + 6xy 2 + 9y 4 )( 4x 2 − 6xy 2 + 9y 4 )

2. Factorize a 3 + b3 + 3ab − 1
(a) ( a + b − 1) ( a 2 + b 2 + a + b + 1 − ab ) (b) ( a + b − 1) ( a 2 + b 2 + a + b − 1 + ab )
(c) ( a + b − 1) ( a 2 + b 2 − a − b + 1 + ab ) (d) None of these
Ans: (a)
Sol: a 3 + b3 + 3ab − 1
= a 3 + b3 + ( −1) − 3  a  b ( −1)
3

= ( a + b − 1) ( a 2 + b 2 + 1 − ab + b + a )

3. If a 2 ( b − c ) + b2 ( c − a ) + c2 ( a − b ) = k ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a ) then which of the following is true?

(a) k = 1 (b) k = −1 (c) k = 2 (d) k = −2
Ans: (c)
Sol: a 2 ( b − c ) + b2 ( c − a ) + c2 ( a − b ) = k ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )
a 2 ( b − c ) + b2c − b2a + c2a − c2 b = k ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )
a 2 ( b − c ) + bc(b − c) + a(c2 − b 2 ) = k ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )
(b − c)(a 2 + bc − ac − ab) = k ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )
(b − c)(a − b)(a − c) = k ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )
k = −1

4. The factors of (x4 + 625) are

(a) (x2 – 25), (x2 + 25) (b) (x2 + 25), (x2 + 25)
(c) (x2 – 10x + 25), (x2 + 5x + 25) (d) does not exist
Ans: (d)
Sol: Put, x4 + 625 = 0
x4 = -625, which is not possible.
It does not have any root.

5. Find the largest prime divisor of 54 + 4 ∙ 64. (Mock AIME 5 2005-2006 Problems/Pro)
Sol: 54 + 4x64 = (52 + 2.62 + 2.5.6)( 52 + 2.62 - 2.5.6) = (157)(37)
157 is the largest prime.
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y 4 − x 4 y3
−
x ( x + y) x
6. The simplified form of the expression is
y 2 − xy + x 2
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) −1 (d) 2
Ans: (c)
y 4 − x 4 y3
−
x ( x + y) x
Sol:
y 2 − xy + x 2
(y 2
+ x 2 ) ( y − x )( y + x )
−
y3 ( y − x ) ( y2 + x 2 ) y3
x ( x + y) x −
= = x x
y 2 − xy + x 2 y 2 − xy + x 2
( y − x ) ( y 2 + x 2 ) − y3 − ( x 3 + xy 2 − yx 2 )
= = = −1
x ( y 2 − xy + x 2 ) (x 3
+ xy 2 − x 2 y )

7. Factorize (a + 1) (a + 2) (a + 3) (a + 4) – 120
Sol: ( a + 1)( a + 2 )( a + 3)( a + 4 ) −120
= ( a + 1)( a + 4 )  ( a + 2 )( a − 3)  − 120

= ( a 2 + 5a + 4 )( a 2 + 5a + 6 ) − 120

= ( a 2 + 5a + 5) − 1 ( a 2 + 5a + 5) + 1 − 120

= ( a 2 + 5a + 5) − 121 = ( a 2 + 5a + 5) − 112
2 2

= ( a 2 + 5a − 6 )( a 2 + 5a + 16 ) = ( a − 1)( a + 6 ) ( a 2 + 5a + 16 )

8. One of the factors of 81a 4 + ( x − 2a )( x − 5a )( x − 8a )( x − 11a ) is

(a) x 2 − 13ax + 31a 2 (b) x 2 − 13a + 31a 2
(c) x 2 + 18a − 31a 2 (d) x 2 − 18a + 31a 2
Ans: (a)
Sol: 81a 4 + ( x − 2a )( x − 5a )( x − 8a )( x − 11a )
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= 81a 4 + ( x − 2a )( x − 11a )( x − 5a )( x − 8a )
= 81a 4 + ( x 2 − 13ax + 22a 2 )( x 2 − 13ax + 40a 2 )
= 81a 4 + ( x 2 − 13ax + 31a 2 − 9a 2 )( x 2 − 13ax + 31a 2 + 9a 2 )
= 81a 4 + ( y + 22a 2 )( y + 40a 2 )( where y = x 2 − 13ax)
= 81a 4 + y 2 + 62a 2 y + 880a 4
= 961a 4 + 62a 2 ( x 2 − 13ax ) + ( x 2 − 13ax )
2

= ( 31a 2 + x 2 − 13ax ) = ( 31a 2 + x 2 − 13ax ) ( 31a 2 + x 2 − 13ax )

2

9. The square root of  2x 2 + 17 x + 1  3 x 2 + 4x + 2   4 x 2 + 11 x + 2 

 6  2  3 3 
1 1
(a) ( x + 2 )( x + 3)( x + 4 ) (b) ( 4x + 3)( 3x + 2 )( x + 1)
3 11
1 1
(c) ( 4x + 3)( 3x + 2 )( x + 2 ) (d) ( x + 1)( 2x + 1)( 3x + 1)
6 3
Ans: (c)
 2 17  3  4 11 
Sol:  2x + x + 1  x 2 + 4x + 2   x 2 + x + 2 
 6  2  3 3 
 12x 2 + 17x + 6  3x 2 + 8x + 4  4x 2 + 11x + 6 
=   
 6  2  3 
= (12x 2 + 17x + 6 )( 3x 2 + 8x + 4 )( 4x 2 + 11x + 6 )
1
36
1
= ( 4x + 3)( 3x + 2 )( 3x + 2 )( x + 2 )( x + 2 )( 4x + 3 )
36
1
 square root = ( 4x + 3)( 3x + 2 )( x + 2 )
6

( ) − 4 ( bc − da )
2
Factorize d − c + a − b
2 2 2 2 2
10.

(d − c2 + a 2 − b2 ) − 4 ( bc − da ) = ( d 2 − c2 + a 2 − b 2 ) − ( 2bc − 2da )
2 2 2 2 2
Sol:
= ( d 2 − c 2 + a 2 − b 2 − 2bc + 2da )( d 2 − c 2 + a 2 + b 2 + 2bc − 2da )

= ( d + a ) − ( b + c )  ( d − a ) − ( b − c ) 
2 2 2 2
  
= ( d + a − b − c )( d + a + b + c )( d + b − a − c )( d + c − a − b )
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LEVEL - B
11. Factorize (i) x 4 + 2x 3 + 7x 2 + 6x − 7 (ii) x 3 + 9x 2 + 23x + 15
Sol: Let y = x2 + x. Then
(i) x 4 + 2x 3 + 7x 2 + 6x − 7 = x 2 ( x 2 + x ) + x ( x 2 + x ) + 6 ( x 2 + x ) − 7
= ( x 2 + x + 6 )( x 2 + x ) − 7 = y 2 + 6y − 7 = ( y + 4 )( y − 1)

= ( x 2 + x + 7 )( x 2 + x − 1)

(ii) x 3 + 9x 2 + 23x + 15 = x 2 ( x + 1) + 8x ( x + 1) + 15 ( x + 1)
= ( x + 1) ( x 2 + 8x + 15 ) = ( x + 1)( x + 3 )( x + 5 )

12. Prove that id n > 1 then n4 + 4n I composite. (1978 Kurschak Xompwririon)

Sol: If n is odd then
n4 + 4.22n-2 = (n2 + 2.2n-1 + 2.n.2(n-1)/2)( n2 + 2.2n-1 - 2.n.2(n-1)/2)
If n is even the expression is even and greater than 2 therefore composite.

13. Compute
(10 + 324 )( 22 + 324 )(34 + 324 )( 46 + 324 )(58 + 324 ) .
4 4 4 6 4

( 4 + 324 )(16 + 324 )( 28 + 324 )( 40 + 324 )(52 + 324 )

4 4 4 4 4

Sol: The Sophie Germain identity states that a4 + 4b4 can be factored as (a2 + 2b2 – 2ab) (a2 + 2b2 + 2ab).
Each of the terms is in the form of x4 + 324. Using Sophie Germain, we get that
x4 + 324 = x4 + 4 ∙ 34
= (x2 + 2 ∙ 32 – 2 ∙ 3 ∙ x) (x2 + 2 ∙ 32 + 2 ∙ 3 ∙ x)
= (x(x – 6) + 18)(x(x + 6) + 18),
So the original expression becomes

20144 + 4  20134 20124 + 4  20134

14. Calculate the value of − .
20132 + 4027 2 20132 + 40252
Sol: 20144 + 4x20134 = (20142 + 2x20132 + 2.2014.2013)( 20142 + 2x20132 - 2.2014.2013)
= (20132 + (2014+2013)2)( 20142 + 2x20132 - 2.2014.2013)
= (20132 + 40272)( 20142 + 2x20132 - 2.2014.2013)
Similarly, 20144 + 4x20134 = (20132 + 40252)( 20122 + 2x20132 - 2.2012.2013)
Hence, value is: 20142 + 2x20132 - 2.2014.2013 – (20122 + 2x20132 - 2.2012.2013)
= 2x4026 – 4x2013 = 0
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15. Find the largest prime factor of 134 + 165 – 1722, given that it is the product of three distinct primes.
Sol: