DBMS Shree Medha Degree College, Ballari

Unit – 01
DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
Data:

 It is a collection of non-facts figures or statistics that can be recorded

and is meaningful.
 Any valid or meaningful information is known as data.
Example:
 Current balance of account: 10,000₹
 Account number: 0752560103221801
 Blood group: O+ve.
Database: Database is a collection of organized and related data which is
having a valid and implicit meaning and is designed to meet the information
need for an organization.
Example:
 Collections of 50 peoples bank organization.
 College database.
DBMS (Database management system)
 It is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain
database.
 The primary goal of DBMS is to provide an environment that is both
convenient and efficient to use in storing and retrieving database
information.
Advantages of DBMS
 Because of the dis-advantages faced by the FMS, DBMS came into
existence.
 The primary goal of DBMS is to provide convenient and efficient
atmosphere in database management.
The various advantages of DBMS are:
1. Minimal data redundancy: In DBMS data is stored in centralised location
called database with in database logical relationship exists among
various files which avoid data redundancy.
2. Improved data consistency: Data redundancy leads to data consistency in
FMS where as in DBMS since data redundancy is ok avoided data
consistency is maintained.
3. Best utilization of memory: In DBMS, there is no data duplication, memory
is best utilised without any unnecessary wastage.
4. Program data independence: In DBMS, Data is stored in a centralised
location called as Database and the programs written in DBMS are
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generic programs, any modifications made to the data within the
database will not affect programs data. Hence programs data is
independence of database.
5. Reduce development time: In Database Approach Since the programs are
developed very fast. It results is less development time.

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6. Improved data sharing: The basic goal of Database approach is to support
multi users. When there are multiple users, Data should be exchanged
because data is present in a common centralised location called as
Database (Users are Authorised users).
7. Reduction of program maintenance: Maintenance of a program means
taking backup for future reference. In database approach the programs
are generic programs. Hence maintenance of database program is an
easy task.
8. Easy Data Accessing: In DBMS data can be accessed randomly. Therefore,
data accessing is easy when compared to FMS.
9. Data Security: DBMS provides security. We can restrict certain people
from accessing the database or allow them to see certain portion of
database while blocking sensitive information.
10. Provide Backup and Recovery: DBMS provides the schemes such as
recovery and backup from the failure including disk crash, power
failure, software errors.
Disadvantages of DBMS:
With the vast list of advantages, there are some following disadvantages or
limitations of the database management system.
1. High Cost:
 Database users require a high-speed processor and huge memory
size to use the database on the DBMS. Sometimes, users require
costly machines for maintaining databases.
 Organizations need a trained and highly paid technical database
administrator for using and maintaining the large database systems.
2. Huge Size: The size of the database is not big at the initial state, but
when the user stores a large amount of data, then it creates many
problems. Due to the huge data, database systems do not provide
good results and do not run efficiently. That's why the size is
another limitation of the database systems.
3. Database Failure: In the database systems, all the data or
information of an organization is stored in one centralized
database. If the database of that organization fails, then the data is
lost, and the organization will collapse. So, database failure is a big
problem with the database management system.
4. Complexity: Database management system (DBMS) is so complex for
non- technical users. So, it isn't easy to manage and maintain
database systems. Therefore, training for the designers, users, and
administrators is necessary to efficiently run the database systems.
5. Increased Staff Cost: DBMS requires an educated and skilled staff for
managing and maintaining the databases. So, we need to spend a lot
of money to get this level of trained and experienced staff.
6. Requirement of Technical Staff: A non-technical people can't understand
the complexity of the database. So, the technical staff is required for
maintaining and handling the database management system.

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DBMS Shree Medha Degree College, Ballari
7. Cost of Data Conversion: It is one of the big disadvantages of the
database management system because the cost of data conversion is
very high. There is a

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requirement for trained, skilled, and experienced database administrators
for converting the data smoothly.
8. Performance: Performance is another big disadvantage of database
systems because the speed of the database systems for small firms and
organizations is very slow. Hence, the performance of the database
systems in small organizations is poor.
Objectives of DBMS
The major objectives of DBMS are:
1. Data shareability: the data which is stored in the database should be
available for users by application programs.
2. Data availability: data availability refers to the fact that the data create
level to the wide variety of users can access the data easily in a
meaningful format.
3. Data integrity: data integrity refers to the correctness of the data in the
database in other words, the data availability in the database is a
reliable data.
4. Data independence: The data and application programmes are separate
from each other. User can change data storage structures and
operations without changing the application program.
5. Data security: Data security refers to the fact that only authorised users
can access the data. Data security can be enforced by password. The
DBMS must not allow them to make conflicting changes.
Characteristics and purpose of database approach:

1. Real-world entity: A DBMS is more realistic and uses real-world entities

to design its architecture. It uses the entity and attributes. For example,
a university database may use students as an entity and their Register-
number, Name, Age as an attribute.
2. Relation-based tables: DBMS allows entities and relations among them to
form tables. A user can understand the architecture of a database just
by looking at the table names.
3. Isolation of data and application: A database system is entirely different
than its data. A database is an active entity, whereas data is said to
be passive, on which the database works and organizes. DBMS also
stores metadata, which is data about data, to ease its own process.
4. Less redundancy: DBMS follows the rules of normalization, which splits a
relation when any of its attributes is having redundancy in values.
Normalization is a mathematically rich and scientific process that
reduces data redundancy.
5. Consistency: Consistency is a state where every relation in a database
remains consistent. There exist methods and techniques, which can
detect attempt of leaving database in inconsistent state. A DBMS can
provide greater consistency as compared to earlier forms of data
storing applications like file-processing systems.
6. Query Language: DBMS is equipped with query language, which makes it
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more efficient to retrieve and manipulate data. A user can apply as
many and as different filtering options as required to retrieve a set of
data. Traditionally it was not possible where file-processing system was
used.

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DBMS Shree Medha Degree College, Ballari
7. ACID Properties: DBMS follows the concepts of Atomicity, Consistency,
Isolation and Durability (ACID). These concepts are applied on
transactions, which manipulate data in a database. ACID properties
help the database stay healthy in multi-transactional environments and
in case of failure.
8. Multiuser and Concurrent Access: DBMS supports multi-user environment
and allows them to access and manipulate data in parallel. Though
there are restrictions on transactions when users attempt to handle the
same data item, but users are always unaware of them.
9. Multiple views: DBMS offers multiple views for different users. A user
who is in the Sales department will have a different view of database
than a person working in the Production department. This feature
enables the users to have a concentrate view of the database according
to their requirements.
10. Security: DBMS offers many different levels of security
features, which enables multiple users to have different views with
different features. For example, a user in the Sales department cannot
see the data that belongs to the Purchase department. Additionally, it
can also be managed how much data of the Sales department should be
displayed to the user.
Functions of DBMS
DBMS performs several important functions that guarantee the integrity and
consistency of the data in the database.
1. Data storage, retrieval and update: A DBMS must provide users with the
ability to store, retrieve and update data in the database. This is the
fundamental function of DBMS.
2. Data dictionary management: A DBMS must provide a catalogue (called as
data dictionary) in which description of data items are stored and which
is accessible to users. It is data about the data (meta data).
3. Data security management (authorization): A DBMS must provide a
mechanism to ensure that only authorised users can access the
database.
4. Data integrity management: Database integrity refers to the correctness
and consistency of stored data. It can be considered as another type of
database protection.
5. Backup and recovery management: A DBMS must provide a mechanism for
recovering the database in the event that the database is damaged in
anyway. The failure May the result of a system crash, a hardware or
software error etc.
6. Concurrency control services: A DBMS must provide a mechanism to
ensure that the database is updated correctly when multiple users are
updating the database concurrently.
7. Data independence: A DBMS must include services to support the
independence programmes from the actual structure of the database.
8. Data communication interface: the modern DBMS accepts the end users

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request through multiple different network environments. The DBMS
might provide database access through browsers by using internet.
9. Database access language: The DBMS provides data access through a
query language.

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Applications of DBMS
1. Railways & Airlines: Reservations, Cancellations, Schedule information,
staff and Passengers information.
2. Banking: Accounts, customer information, loans and Banking Transactions.
3. Universities: student &course information and results with Grades.
4. Credit card Transactions: purchase on credit cards and generating of
monthly bills.
5. Finance: For storing information about holdings, sales and purchase of
stocks etc.
6. Telecommunication: keeping records of calls made, generating bills for
prepaid calls, information of communication networks.
7. Sales: for storing customer, product and purchase information.
8. Manufacturing: for management of supply chain, and for tracking
production of items in factory.
9. Human Resources: for information about Employees, salaries, pay roles etc.
10. Online shopping:
11. Medical and healthcare:
12. Education sector:
People associated with database system:
There are two categories of people behind DBMS. They are:
1. Actors on the scene
2. Workers behind the scene
1) Actors on the scene: The persons involved in the design, use and
maintenance of large databases are: Database Administrator (DBA)
 Database Designer
 End User
 Software Engineer (System Analyst and Application Programmer)
2) Workers behind the scene: The persons who work to maintain the
database environment but are not actively involved in the database
itself are:
 DBMS system designers and implementers
 Tool developers
 Operators and maintenance personnel.
Roles & Responsibilities of DBA
 The DBA is a single person or a group of persons responsible for
implementing the database system.
The DBA has following roles and responsibilities regarding database management.
1. Providing schema definition and modification: The overall design of the D/B
is known as schema. DBA is responsible to provide schema (logical and
physical) of the/B is known as schema.
2. Granting user authorization: DBA can grant authorization of data access to
different users so that database will not be accessible by unauthorized

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users.
3. Backup and recovery: DBA is responsible for taking the database backup
periodically in order to be able to recover data from any failures (like
virus attack).

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4. New Software installation: Installing how DBMS s/w, application S/W
&S/W &another related s/w.
5. Monitoring performance: BA monitor the CPU and memory usage of
computer, the performance of the DB.
6. Security & administration: Creating and monitoring the security of the
database system DBA check and audit security problems. It can also
add & remote users if required.
7. Deciding the storage structure & access strategy: The DBA must also decide
how the data is to be represented in the database& must specify the
representation by writing the storage structure definition.
8. Data availability: DBA ensure that database information is always
available to all users.
9. Define integrity constraints: DBA define integrity constraints (like primary
key, unique, not null) for the database.
DBA is Responsible for design, implementation and maintain the database.
DBA and functions of DBA (database administrator)
 DBA is a single person or a group of persons responsible for
implementing the database system within an organisation
 DBA is a centralized control of the database management system
(both data & application programs).
 The main functionality of DBA is to provide convenient and efficient
atmosphere for database users and access the data.
 The entire control of DBMS is in the hands of DBA
Functions of DBA
1. Providing schema definition and modification:
 The overall design or structure of the database
 Modification of schema car also be performed by DBA
2. Granting users authorization:
 The primary functionality of DBA is to provide security.
 DBA can grant authorisation of data access to different users so that
database will not be accessible by unauthorised users
3. Physical partition of the DB:
 Since the DB can be accessed by multi-user each and every user
Physical and partitioned data. Hence the physical partitioned database
is done by DBA
4. Declaring integrity constraints:
 Constraints are the rules which are formed by an organisation since
these rules are applicable for all these rules are called Integrity
constraints.
 DBA is responsible to frame integrity constraints of an organisation.

5. Providing physical organisation of DB:

 Since the data is shared in the B with same storage structure it is the
responsibility of DBA To organise the DB in order to provide convenient

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and efficient atmosphere.

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Data Models
 A data model is a collection of concepts that can be used to describe
the structure of a database.
 By structure of a database, the data types, relationships and
constraints that should hold for the data.
 Most data models also include a set of basic operations for
specifying retrievals and updates on the database.
The most often used data models are:
 Hierarchical Model
 Network Model
 Relational Model
 Object-Oriented Model
 Object-Relational Model

1. Hierarchical Model:
 A Hierarchical Database Model is a data model in which the data is
organized into a tree structure.
 The data is stored as records which are connected to one another through
links.
 A record is a collection of fields, with each field containing only one value.
 At the top of hierarchy there is only one entity which is called Root.

Advantages:
 The model allows easy addition and deletion of new information.
 Data at the top of the Hierarchy is very fast to access.
 The model relates, very well to natural hierarchies such as assembly
plants and employee organization in corporations.
Disadvantages:
 Complex implementation.
 Predefined tree structure reduces flexibility.
 The database can be very slow when searching for information on
the lower entities.
2. Network Model:
 The Network Model is a database model conceived as a
flexible way of representing objects and their relationships.
 Its distinguishing feature is that the schema, viewed as a graph in
which object types are nodes and relationship types are arcs.
 The Objects or entities can be accessed through several paths.

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Advantages:
 The network model is also conceptually simple and easy to design.
 The network model can handle the one to many and many to many
relationships which is real help in modeling the real-life situations.
 The data access is easier and flexible than the hierarchical model.
 The network model does not allow a member to exist without an owner.
 The network model is better than the hierarchical model in isolating
the programs from the complex physical storage details.

Disadvantages:
 All the records are maintained using pointers and hence the whole
database
 structure becomes very complex. The insertion, deletion and updating
operations of any record require large number of pointers
adjustments.
 Structural changes to the database are very difficult.

3. Relational Model:
 The Relational Model for database management is an approach to
managing data using a structure and language described in 1969 by
Edgar F. Codd.
 In the relational model of a database, all data is represented in
terms of tuples, grouped into relations.
 A database organized in terms of the relational model is a relational
database.

Advantages:
 Tables consisting of rows and columns are much easier to understand.
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DBMS Shree Medha Degree College, Ballari
 Different tables from which information has to be linked and extracted
can be easily manipulated by operators such as project and join to give
information in the form in which it is desired.

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 The usage of relational algebra and relational calculus in the manipulation
of the
 relations between the tables ensures that there is no ambiguity.
 Security control and authorization can also be implemented more easily
by moving sensitive attributes in a given table into a separate relation
with its own authorization controls.
 Data independence is achieved more easily with normalization
structure used in a relational database than in the more complicated
tree or network structure.
Disadvantages:

 Performance is a major constraint and therefore disadvantage in

the use of relational database system is machine performance.
 Physical storage consumption.
 Slow extraction of meaning from data.

4. Object-Oriented Model:
 Object-oriented models define a database as a collection of
objects with features and methods.
 An object database (also Object-Oriented Database Management
System, (OODBMS) is a Database Management System in which
information is represented in the form of objects as used in
object-oriented programming.

Advantages:
 Applicability to advanced database applications.
 Improved performance.
 Support for schema evolution.
 Enriched modeling capabilities.
 Extensibility.
 Capable of handling a large variety of data types.
 Removal of impedance mismatch.
 More expressive query language.

Disadvantages:
 Lack of universal data.
 Query optimization compromises encapsulations Lack of support for
security.
 Locking at object level may impact performance.

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What is Schema and Types of Schema
 A database schema is the logic representation of a database. It shows
how the data is stored logically in the entire database.
 Schema represents the overall structure or design of the database.
 It is a template / structure/ blueprint for a table (database objects).
 It contains list of attributes and instructions that inform the database
engine that how the data is organized and how the elements are
related to each other.
 Database schema contains schema objects that many include
tables, fields, packages, views, relationships, primary key and foreign
key.
Types of Schema:
1. Physical or internal database schema: Physical database schema specifies
how the data is stored physically on a storage system or disk storage in
the form of files and indicates. Designing a database at the physical
level is called a physical schema.
2. Logical or conceptual database schema: The logical view is designed by
logical schema, which describes all the entities, attributes and
relationships together with integrity constraints.
3. View or external database schema: W’s level design of database is known as
view schema. Schema generally describes the end user interaction with
the database system.
Data independence
 Data independence is an important feature of DBMS as it allows
changing the structure of the data base without making any changes in
the application programs that use the data database.
 The ability to modify a scheme definition in one level without effecting a
scheme definition in the next higher level is called data independence.
 Data independence helps us to keep data separate from all problems
that make use of it
Types of data independence
1. Physical data independence
2. Logical data independence

1. Physical data independence:

 Physical data independence is the ability to change the internal schema
with the perfect in the conceptual or external schema of database.
 Physical data independent easy to achieve as compared to logical data
independence
Example: Any of the following changes in the physical structure Schema Will
not affect the conceptual scheme
1. Use of new storage device like hard disk or magnetic tape etc

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2. Switching to different data structure
3. Changing the access methods
4. Changing the location of database Ex: C drive to E drive.

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2. Logical data independence:
 Logical data independence is the ability to change the conceptual
schema without affecting physical schema or application programs
 Logical data independence is more to achieve then the physical data
independence
Example: Any of the following changes in conceptual schema will not
affect the external schema
1. Addition of new data item in database
2. Change constraints
3. Remove or deletion of existing data item from database
DBMS Architecture (or) logical DBMS Architecture (or) three level Architecture.
1. External level:
 It is also called View level.
 The user does not need to know the database
schema details such as data structure, table
definition etc. User is only concerned about data
which is what returned back to the wave level
after it has been fetched from database.
 The reason this level is called “view” is because
several users can weave their desired data from
this level which is internally fetched from
database with the help of conceptual and internal
level mapping.
 External level is the “Top level”.

2. Conceptual level:
 It is also called logical level.
 The whole design of the database such as relationship among data,
schema of data etc. are described in this level.
 Database constraints and security are also implemented in
this level of architecture.
 This level is maintained by DBA.

3. Internal level:
 It is also called physical level.
 This level describes how the data is actually stored in the storage devices.
 This level is also responsible for allocating space to the data.
 This is the lowest level of architecture.
Database Languages
Database languages are used for read, update and store data in a database.
There are four main categories of Database languages as shown in below
1. DDL (Data Definition Language)
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)

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3. DCL (Data Control Language)
4. TCL (Transaction Control Language)

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1. DDL (Data Definition Language)
DDL statements are used to alter/modify a database or table structure
and schema. These statements handle the design and storage of database
objects. DDL statements include the following:
CREATE Create a new Table, database,
schema
ALTER Alter existing table, column
description
DROP Delete existing objects from database

2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)

DML statements affect records in a table. The are basic operations we
perform on data such as selecting a few records from a table, inserting
new records, deleting unnecessary records, and updating/modifying
existing records. DML statements include the following:
SELEC Select records from a table
T
INSERT Insert new records
UPDATE Update/Modify existing
records
DELETE Delete existing records

3. DCL (Data Control Language)

DCL statements control the level of access that users have on
database objects. DCL statements include the following:
GRANT Allow users to read/write on certain database objects
REVOKE Keeps users from read/write permission on database
objects

4. TCL (Transaction Control Language)

TCL statements allow you to control and manage transactions to
maintain the integrity of data within SQL statements. TCL statements
include the following:

BEGIN Opens a transaction

COMMIT Commits a transaction
ROLLBACK ROLLBACK a transaction in case of any
error

DBMS Interfaces:
User-friendly interfaces provided by a DBMS may include the following:
1. Form-based Interfaces
2. Text-based Interfaces
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3. GIS Interface
4. Menu-Based Interfaces for Web Clients or Browsing
5. Interfaces for the DBA

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1. Form-based Interfaces:
Form-based user interfaces are wide spread and a very important
means of interacting with a DBMS. They are easy to use and have the
advantage that the user does not need special knowledge about database
languages like SQL.
This interface consists of forms Which are adapted to the user. User can
fill in all of the fields and make new entries to the database or only some of
the fields to query the other ones. But some operations might be restricted by
the application, The following figure shows Form -based Interface.

2. Text-based Interfaces:
Text-based interfaces are very powerful tools and allow a
Comprehensive interaction with a DBMS. However, the use of these is
based on active knowledge of the respective database language. The
following figure shows Text-based Interface.

3. GIS interface
A GIS (Geographic Information Systems) user interface often
integrates features of a database interface. The database interaction
takes place through the combination of different interfaces:
1. Graphical interaction via a selection on the map,
2. Combination of form-based and text-based interaction.
(e.g., Special Query Wizards for the easier creation of database
queries).

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The following figure shows Geographic Information Systems Interface:

4. Menu-Based Interfaces for Web Clients or Browsing:

These interfaces present the user with lists of options, called menus that
lead the user through the formulation of a request. Menus do away with
the need to memorize the specific commands and syntax of a query
language; the query is composed step by step picking options from a
menu that is displayed by the system.
5. Interfaces for the DBA:
Most database systems contain privileged commands that can be used
only by the DBA’s staff. These include commands for creating accounts,
setting system p granting account authorization, changing a schema, and
reorganizing the storage structures of a database.
Classification of Database Management Systems
Database management systems can be classified based on several criteria.
They are:
1. Classification Based on Data Model
2. Classification Based on User Numbers
3. Classification Based on Database Distribution.
1. Classification Based on Data Mode
The most popular data model in use today is the Relational data model.
Well-known DBMSs like Oracle, MS SQL Server, DB2 and MySQL support
this model. Other traditional models, such as Hierarchical data models and
Network data models are still used in industry mainly on mainframe
platforms. However, they are not commonly used due to their complexity.
These are all referred to as traditional models because they preceded the
relational model.
In recent years, the newer Object-oriented data models were
introduced. This model is a database management system in which
information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented
programming. Object-oriented databases are different from relational
databases, which are table-oriented. Object-oriented database
management systems (OODBMS) combine database capabilities with
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object-oriented programming language capabilities.

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2. Classification Based on User Numbers:
A DBMS can be classified two types based on the number of users it
supports. They are:
 Single-user database system, which supports one user at a time
 multiuser database system, which supports multiple users
concurrently.
3. Classification Based on Database Distribution:
A DBMS can be classified two types based on database distribution. They
are:
 Centralized Systems
 Distributed Database System
Centralized Systems
With a centralized database system, the DBMS and database are
stored at a single site that is used by several other systems as shown in
below:

Distributed Database System

In a distributed database system, the actual database and the
DBMS software are distributed from various sites that are connected by
a computer network as shown in below:

Dept. of Computer Science 26 of 27 From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech
DBMS Shree Medha Degree College, Ballari
Distributed databases can be broadly classified into
homogeneous and heterogeneous distributed database environments,
each with further sub- divisions, as shown in the following figure.

Homogeneous Distributed Database Systems

Homogeneous distributed database systems use the same DBMS
software from multiple sites. Data exchange between these Various sites
can be handled easily. For example, library information systems by the same
vendor, such as Computer Corporation. use the same DBMS software which
allows easy data exchange between the various library sites.
Homogeneous Distributed Database Systems
Homogeneous distributed database systems use the same DBMS
software from multiple sites. Data exchange between these Various sites
can be handled easily. For example, library information systems by the same
vendor, such as Computer Corporation. use the same DBMS software which
allows easy data exchange between the various library sites.

Dept. of Computer Science 27 of 27 From the desk of Mr. Chaitanya Reddy Mtech