Services & Equipment

Natural Light Source

• Luminous Source
• Non-Luminous source
• Incandescent
• Electric Discharge
• Phosphoresence
• Fluorescence
• Chemiluminescence
• Bioluminescence
• Solid State
Artificial Light Source
Incandescence
 Incandescence
• Incandescent Lamps
– Produces light with a wire filament heated to a
high temperature by an electric current passing
through it
– Hot filament is protected from oxidation with a
glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or
evacuated leading to a significant extension in life
and reduction in bulb blackening through life
 Incandescence
• Halogen Lamps
– Uses halogen gases to increase both light output
and rated life
– Halogen gas reacts chemically with the evaporated
tungsten to prevent it from affixing to the glass
thereby eliminate blackening
Electric Discharge
Fluorescence
 Fluorescence
• Fluorescent Lamp
– Low pressure mercury vapour lamps
– Emits Ultra-Violet (UV) radiation after discharge
which converts to visible spectrum in presence of
phosphor coating
– Compact Fluorescent lamps (CFL): Miniature
version of fluorescent lamps
 Low-pressure sodium vapour
• Gas discharge tube containing solid sodium, a
small amount of neon, and argon gas
• Dim red or pink light initially
• Sodium vaporizes, becomes bright yellow
• Sodium in presence of mercury in low
pressure to emit monochromatic yellow light
 High-intensity discharge lamps
• High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) Lamp
– compact arc tube contains a mixture of xenon,
sodium and mercury
– Xenon gas easily ionizes & facilitates striking the
arc between the electrodes
– The heat generated by arc vaporizes the mercury
and sodium
– Mercury vapor raises the gas pressure and
operating voltage, and the sodium vapor produces
light at sufficient pressure
 High-intensity discharge lamps
• Metal Halide Lamp
– Produces light by an electric arc through a gaseous
mixture of vaporized mercury and metal halides
(compounds of metals with bromine or iodine)
Phosphorescence
Chemiluminescence
Bioluminesence
 Light Sources
• Hg Vapor
• MH
SSL (LED)
 LED (electroluminescence)
• LED is a two-lead semiconductor light source
• It is a p–n junction diode that emits light when
a suitable voltage is applied to the leads
• Colour of the light is determined by the energy
band gap of the semiconductor
• Silicon is most widely used because it is less
sensitive to the temperature
Colour
Driver
Characteristics
Life
Luminaire
 Luminaire
• An apparatus which distributes, filters or
transforms the light emitted from one or more
lamps and which includes , except the lamps
themselves, all the parts necessary for fixing
and protecting the lamps and, where necessary,
circuit auxiliaries, together with the means for
connecting them to the electric supply
Luminaire Classification as per Indian Standards
 Basic Requirements of Luminaire
• Provide support & electrical connection to the
lamp(s) within
• Control & distribute the light from the lamp
• Keep the operating temperature of lamp with in
limit
• Be easy to install & maintain
• Have a pleasing appearance
• Be economically viable
 Properties of luminaire
• Luminaires have to be
– Reliable
– Functional
– Aesthetically acceptable
– Perform specified functions at minimum risk to the
user
Polar Luminous Intensity Distribution
Types of Luminaires / Light Fixtures
 Direct Light Fixture
• Produce an even illumination on the horizontal
plane
• Projects 90 to 100 percent of their light
downward toward the work area
• Direct lighting tends to create shadows
 Direct-indirect light fixtures
• Distributes light equally upward and
downward
• Reflected light off the ceiling and other room
surfaces and direct light illuminates the work
area
 Indirect light fixtures
• Uses a ceiling, wall or other surface as a
secondary reflector
• Distributes 90 to 100 percent of the light
upward
• Provide the most even illumination and least
direct glare
• Usually used in offices
 Shielded light fixtures
• Use diffusers, lenses and louvers to cover
bulbs from direct view
• Prevent glare and distribute light
• Diffusers are translucent or semi-transparent
covers made of glass or plastic
• Louvers are baffles that shield the bulb from
view and reflect light
Different Types of LED Luminaire
• Panel Light
– Generally used office and education places
– Available in 2ft x 2ft, 1ft x 4 ft
– They can be recessed, surface or pendent mounted
Different Types of LED Luminaire
• Downlighter
– Emit light in a downward direction with an
accurate and narrow beam
Different Types of LED Luminaire
• Track Spot
– light fixtures are attached anywhere on a
continuous track device which contains electrical
conductors
Different Types of LED Luminaire
• Linear
– Allows the ceiling to look continuous linear
lighting arrangement
– Generally used in modern office spaces.
Different Types of LED Luminaire
• LED Integrated Batten
– lighting fixture with one or two LED tubes built in
– It can be IP20 (Indoor) or IP65 (Industrial and
Outdoor) or higher
– Generally T8 and T5 LED battens are available in
Indian Market
Different Types of LED Luminaire
• Post Top
– Has a vintage and classy look which makes the
ambience aesthetically appealing
– Mounted on 1.5 m poles to 2 m poles depending
upon beautification
– Acts as a luminous source and a landscape material
also
Different Types of LED Luminaire
• Bollards
– architectural outdoor lighting fixture
– Typically giving off light from the top or the sides
– Used to illuminate walkways, steps or pathways
Different Types of LED Luminaire
• Footlight
– Footlight or Step light is used to illuminate steps
Different Types of LED Luminaire
• Floodlight
– Broad-beamed, high-intensity artificial light
– Used to illuminate outdoor playing fields while an
outdoor sports event is being held during low-light
conditions
– The main advantages of LEDs in this application
are their lower power consumption, longer life,
and instant start-up
Different Types of LED Luminaire
• Well glass
– Used as a main lighting device in mines
– Generally Well glass Luminaire made of Pressure
die cast aluminium body
Different Types of LED Luminaire
• Highbay
– Used in any large area with a ceiling height
greater than 20 ft
– Usually found in warehouses, factories, etc.
Different Types of LED Luminaire
• Canopy
– Ideal lighting solutions for a variety of applications
– Outdoor locations such as parking garages,
covered strip mall walkways and gas stations
– Lighting make the space feel welcoming, safe and
attractive.
Different Types of LED Luminaire
• Streetlight
Different Types of LED Luminaire
• Clean Room Application
– sealed enclosure protecting from dirt, dust,
moisture and other contaminants
– Protects the surrounding from heat, arcing, air
pressure leakage, electromagnetic Interference
(EMI)
– Generally used in Hospitals, laboratories, food
industries etc..
 Lighting Systems
1. General Lighting
 Lighting Systems
2. Localised General Lighting
 Lighting Systems
3. Local Lighting
Mounting of Fixture
Mounting of Fixture
 Lighting
• Ambient Lighting
– Used to make an interior space visible
– Sometimes used to refer to natural, or existing light.
• Task Lighting
– Directed lighting toward a specific area
– More detail to objects and provide safe passage
– Any close-range work --cooking, sewing, drawing, writing
• Accent Lighting
– Used to “accentuate” features
– Add visual interest to an object or area
– Creating Dramatic environment change the mood of a
room.
 Fixtures
• Surface Lights
– Surface-mounted fixtures are visible and are
usually flush against the ceiling or wall
– entryways, hallways, and bedrooms.
 Fixtures

• Pendant Lights
– Hang down from the ceiling by a cord, cable, or
chain
– Dining rooms and kitchens, home with higher
ceilings.
 Fixtures
• Recessed Lights
– Hidden away, usually in a ceiling cavity,
– Indirect lighting, usually in the form of downlight/
spotlights,
 Fixtures
• Track Lights
– Lot of flexible lighting options
– Multiple bulbs on one track, with multiple circuits
and voltages
– Suspended from the ceiling or surface-mounted
– Variety of finished, colors, and styles
 Fixtures
• Portable Lights
– Plugged into an electrical
outlet by their cord,
– Battery-operated portable
fixtures
– desks and bedside tables
 Fixtures
• Landscape Lighting
Colour
Colour
Colour
 BB
A = Clear high pressure sodium, 2000 K
B = High CRI high pressure sodium, 2200 K
C = Standard GLS incandescent, 2800 K
D = T8 triphosphor fluorescent, 3000 K
E = Ceramic metal halide, 3000 K
F = T8 triphosphor fluorescent, 3500 K
G = T8 triphosphor fluorescent, 4000 K
H = Ceramic metal halide, 4100 K
I = T12 fluorescent for color-evaluation, 5000 K
J = T8 triphosphor fluorescent, 5000 K
K = T8 triphosphor fluorescent, 6200 K
L = CIE D65, 6500 K
M = T12 fluorescent for color-evaluation, 7500 K
CIELAB 1976
Munsell
CRI
Psychological and Physiological Effects of Light

• Emotions (both positive and negative) are

felt more intensely under bright light.
• Excessive light at night, including electronic
media, can create sleeping difficulties and
sleeping disorders
• Students and workers are healthier,
happier, and more productive under natural
light (daylighting).
Circadian Rhythms
Dynamic Lighting
 Lighting Quality and Standards
• Indoor Lighting
Office
 Lighting Design
Phases
 Lighting Design Factors
• Size and space
• Occupant’s age and preference
• Ceiling height and shape
• Color of walls and furniture
• Existing lights and electrical setups
• Points of interest, art work, and highlight areas
• Traffic patterns
• Shadows and reflections
 Lighting Design Factors
• Daylight integrations
• Surface characteristics
• Color appearance
• Lighting controls and distribution
• Source, task, and eye geometry
• Economics and energy efficiency
• Spatial perceptions
• Level of illumination (lux)
• Psychological and physiological factors
• Electrical codes, documentation, and specifications
Lighting Design
Lighting Design
Lighting Design
• Waiting areas
– 100 lux horizontal on floor generally;
– 200 lux over seating areas where casual reading may take
place
• Ramps
– 100 lux at floor level as part of corridor;
– 150 lux at floor level as part of loading dock or similar;
uniformity 0.4; Ra 60 – 80
• Lift lobbies
– 100 lux horizontal on floor generally, but 200 lux in front
of lift doors; Ra 60 – 80
• Staircases
– general buildings: 100 lux horizontal;
– schools: 150 lux;
– railway stations: 50 lux for small and medium stations,
– 100 lux for large stations.
– Ra 40 in escape stairs; Ra 60 in back-of-house and
industrial spaces; Ra 80 in others.
• Escalators
– 100 lux horizontal on treads; uniformity 0.4.
• Toilets
– 100 lux on floor with uniformity 0.4;
– 200 lux on basins and surrounding surface;
– 100 lux horizontal at 0.6 m in toilet cubicles;
– 200 lux horizontal at 0.8 m in toilet cubicles for disabled
people; 200 lux horizontal over baby changing tables.
Office Lighting

US DOE’s EIA, 2003

 Office Lighting
To facilitate quick and accurate work

To contribute to the health and safety of those

doing the work

To create a comfortable visual environment

Office Lighting
 Office Lighting
Space Recommended
maintained
illuminance (lux)
• Open plan office: mainly screen based work 300
• Open plan office: mainly paper based work 500
• Deep plan core area (more than 6 m from window) 500 or 750*
• Cellular office: purely screen based work 300
• Cellular office: mainly paper based work 500
• Graphics workstations 300
• Dealing rooms 300–500
• Executive offices 300–500
 Space Recommended maintained
illuminance
• Meeting rooms 300 - 500
• Training rooms 300 - 500
• Conference rooms 00 - 500
• Board rooms 300 - 500
• Reprographics rooms 300 -300
• Libraries/information centres 300 - 200 - 500
• Archives/document stores 300 - 200
• Break rooms 200 - 300
• Medical rooms 300 - 500)
• Canteens/restaurants 200 – 300 -500
 Office Lighting
Functional Lighting
– General lighting
– General plus localised lighting
– Fully localised lighting
All these systems can be executed as
• Direct lighting
• Indirect lighting
• A combination of direct and indirect lighting
Office Lighting
Office Lighting
 Office Lighting
Ambient Lighting System (enhance the room décor)
– Accent Lighting,
• to emphasize particular object(s) or features
– Effect Lighting,
• to create attractive feature(s)
e.g. Specific light pattern, Dynamic lighting etc.
– Architectural Lighting
• to emphasize interior architecture
 Office Lighting
Training Room
1. white board and
AV screen
2. wall slot at the
buffet
3. two wall slots
length wise
4. downlights near
the AV screen
5. downlights
6. four-sided cove
 Office Lighting
Conference
Room
1. Pendant
luminaires
2. Pinhole
luminaires
with halogen
3. Multilamp
luminaires
with halogen
Office Lighting
Office Lighting
Office Lighting
Office Lighting
Residential Lighting

US DOE’s EIA, 2008

 Residential Exteriors
• Number and types of house entry points
• Number of outdoor settings and paths
connecting those settings
• Anticipated nighttime activity levels and likely
ages of users
• Nighttime outdoor lighting zone for the
project under consideration
• Security needs perceived or rea
• Building Entries
• Entry Walks
• Pool Decks
• Social Areas
• Site Paths, Ramps, Stairs, and Steps
• Landscapes
 Residential Interiors
• Architectural and interiors styles
• Number and ages of occupants
• Primary hours of use
• Life activities
• Sustainability
 Residential Interiors
• Accenting
• Bathroom
• Bedrooms
• Family Rooms
and Living Rooms
• Kitchens
• Accenting
Healthcare Lighting
 Healthcare Lighting
• Wardrooms
– Daytime lighting
• Glare free Indirect lighting along with low-luminance
direct lighting
• General lighting of 50-100 lux with 150–300 lux
controllable local illuminance at the bed head for
reading
• Morning light has positive effects on the sleep and
mood of patients. It may also lead to less pain
medication and even a shorter stay in the hospital
• Electric lighting should be daylight linked
 Healthcare Lighting
• Wardrooms
– Night-time lighting
• Minimal as possible of 1 lux (CR)
– Examination lighting
• Depends on department wise examinations types
• ICUs
(disturbance in attention, awareness and cognition and often accompanied
by hallucinations)
CR
 Healthcare Lighting
• Nursing Homes
– Living rooms (same as Wardrooms)
– Communal living rooms (many of the residents stay during
large parts of the day)
– Provision for Natural Daylight
 Radiometry
• Science of measuring radiant electro
magnetic Radiation
• Radiation- Dissemination of energy from a
source
• Interaction between oscillating electric & magnetic
fields allow energy to propagate as radiation from a
source through transparent media to a receiver
• Light is visually evaluated radiant energy
(IES)
Quantities and Units
for Optical Radiation
 Quantity of Illumination
• The requirement for light increases as we age,
so older workers need more light than young
workers
• The speed and accuracy with which a visual
task is performed are related to the amount of
light provided, and both speed and accuracy
improve as the illuminance increases
• Tasks with low contrast require more light
than tasks with high contrast
Type of Activity Illumination Lux F-C Reference Work
Category plane
Public spaces with dark surroundings A 20-30-50
Simple orientation for short temporary B 50-75-100 5-7.5-10 General lighting
visit throughout
spaces
Working spans where visual tasks are C 100-150-200 10-15-20
only occasionally performed
Performance of visual tasks of high D 200-300-500 20-30-50
contrast or large size
Performance of visual tasks of low E 500-750-1000 50-75-100 Illuminance on
contrast or small size task
Performance of visual tasks of low F 1000-1500- 100-150-
contrast or very small size 2000 200
Performance of visual tasks of low G 2000-3000- 200-300- Illuminance on
contrast or small size over a prolong 5000 500 task obtained by
period of Time a combination
of general and
Performance of prolonged and exacting H 5000-7500- 500-750- local
visual task 10000 1000 (supplementary
Performance of very special visual tasks I 10000-15000- 1000- lighting)
of extremely low contrast and small size 20000 1500-2000
 • Weighting Factors to be Considered in
Selecting Specific Illuminance for Each
Category
a. For Illuminance Categories A through C
Room and Occupant Weighting Factor
Characteristics -1 0 +1
Occupants' ages Under 40 40-55 Over 55
Room surface reflectances Greater than 70 percent 30 to 70 percent Less than 30 percent

b. For Illuminance Categories D through I

Task and Worker Weighting Factor
-1 0 +1
Workers' ages Under 40 40-55 Over 55
Speed and/or accuracy Not important Important Critical
Reflectance of task Greater than 70 30 to 70 Less than 30 percent
background percent
Example 1
• Determine the recommended illuminance for the lobby area in a large office
building. Employees will enter the lobby and proceed directly to their work
locations. Visitors may pause to consult the directory to determine their
destinations, so visual tasks will occasionally be performed. A receptionist or
guard will also be available to provide directions to visitors, and will
occasionally be required to read a directory. The ceiling will be white
acoustical tile, and walls will be a medium beige.
•Step 1.
•This is a working space where visual tasks are only occasionally performed, and the Illuminance
Category is "C." More detailed listing, confirms that lobbies are considered to be Illuminance Category
"C." The recommended range of illuminance is 10, 15, or 20 footcandles (100, 150, or 200 lux).

Task Illuminance Category

Lobbies C

Reading

Typed Originals D

#2 or Softer Pencil D
#3 Pencil E

Inspection

Simple D
Difficult F
Very Difficult G

Illuminance Categories for some common tasks.

•Step 2.
To determine which of the three illuminances to use, apply weighting factors
For Illuminance Categories A thru C, only two factors are considered: occupants' ages,
and room surface reflectances. The ages of the occupants will vary, but many will be
over 55, so a factor of +1 is applied for "Occupants' Ages."

The room surface reflectances will be in the 30%-70% range, so apply a factor of "0."

Add the factors: +1 +0 = +1.

The sum for the example is +1, so the middle value, 15 fc (150 lux). should be applied.
• Example 2

Determine the recommended illuminance for a sales office in the office building
used in Example 1. Typical tasks consist of reading handwriting in #2 pencil or
ballpoint pen, typed originals, and first or second generation xerography. Workers
ages range from 20 to 65, speed and accuracy are considered important, and
reflectances of the task back grounds are in the 30%-70% range.

• Example 3

A worker, age 62, inspects very small electronic circuit boards for defects in
etching. The boards are used in the on-board guidance computer in a spacecraft.
The board is green, with a reflectance of about 35%.
•Solution:

Step 1.
•These tasks are of high contrast, so the Illuminance Category from is "D." The
recommended range for Category "D" is 20- 30-50 footcandles (200-300-500 lux).

Step 2.
•Apply the weighting factors. Note that Illuminance Categories "D" thru "I" have three
weighting factors, as opposed to the two factors which were applied to the Category "C" task
in the previous example.

The factors are: Factor

Workers' ages (up to 65) +1

Speed/Accuracy (important) 0
•Reflectance of task background 0
•
The sum is +1, so the recommended illuminance is 30 footcandles (300 lux).
•Solution:

Step 1.
•The Illuminance Category is "G," so the recommended illuminance range is 200-300-500
footcandles (2000-3000- 5000 lux).

Step 2.
•Apply the weighting factors
• Factor

Workers' age (over 55) +1

Accuracy (critical) +1
Reflectance of task background (35%) 0

The sum of the weighting factors is +2, so the highest illuminance, 500 footcandles (5000 lux), is
specified.
Physiological Effects of Optical Radiation
Measurements of Optical Radiation
 The Candela
Unit of luminous intensity
“The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that
emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1012 hertz and that has a
radiant intensity in that direction of (1/683) watt per steradian.” (CGPM 1979)

1 cd = 1/683 [W/sr] at 555.016 nm

(1 W = 683 lm) (in std. air)
Luminous efficiency V(λ) (CIE 1924)
SI-base units

meter Photometric quantity

Relative Sensitivity

Relative power
second
kilogram
ampere
candela
Kelvin
mole
(BIPM 1983)