lecture 5
lecture 5
Research Design
Research design: - is the logical plan used by the researcher to address the
problem statement in the research study.
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Lecture 5 Scientific Research Methods Third Stage
Qualitative research: - which is based on holism, uses ideas that are analyzed
as words to identify the relationship among variables.
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Lecture 5 Scientific Research Methods Third Stage
− Quantitative research design usually is best suited to studies that focus on
determining causes and effects, quality research design, to studies that focus
on discovery or exploration.
— Internal validity: Is the extent to which the effects detected in the study
are a reflection of reality, depends on whether the independent variable
affects the dependent variable in some way.
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Lecture 5 Scientific Research Methods Third Stage
2. Maturation:- processes operating within the subject over time that may
affect the dependent variable.
5. Mortality or attrition:- loss of subjects during the study that may affect
the sample size and thus representativeness of the finding.
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Lecture 5 Scientific Research Methods Third Stage
2. Homogeneity:- the selection for participation in a study of only those
subjects who share an extraneous variables, for example: the selection
only man or only adults over age 65 years.
A. Experimental Design
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Lecture 5 Scientific Research Methods Third Stage
C. Randomization: The researcher must be able to select subjects
randomly from the population, that should be content of the pool:
Interventional Post-
Group Pre-test
program test
Experimental Group O1 X O2
Keys:-
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Lecture 5 Scientific Research Methods Third Stage
Limitation:
the researcher non randomly assigns each subject to one of two control
groups or one of two experimental groups, only one control group or
experimental group are given the pre-test, and both experimental groups
receive a specific intervention, all groups are given a post-test, as table (2)
and the researcher examines the performances of all the groups for the effect
of the post-test on post-test scores and for any other differences among the
groups.
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Lecture 5 Scientific Research Methods Third Stage
Interventional
Group Pre-test Post-test
program
Experimental Group O1 X O2
Keys:-
2. Because the researcher has limited control over variables, which may
require formulating an alternative explanation for the effect detected in the
study
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Lecture 5 Scientific Research Methods Third Stage
3. Pre-Experimental Designs
Pre-experiments are the simplest form of research design. In a pre-experiment
either a single group or multiple groups are observed subsequent to some agent or
treatment presumed to cause change. As shown in table (3)
Interventional
Group Pre-test Post-test
program
Experimental Group O1 X O2
Keys:-
I. Descriptive Design: This type of design will explain the characteristics of the
following:
1. Case study
2. Survey
3. Analytical
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Lecture 5 Scientific Research Methods Third Stage
4. Prospective: the study of the problems that occur in the immediate time.
5. Retrospective: the study of the problems that occur in the past but their influence
continues to the immediate time.
6. Prevalence: the study of the problems that occur in the past and that have limited
time.
7. Incidence: the study of the problems that occur in the immediate time.
Such as Follow up: that study one subject of the problem and for a long period of
time but this time will be dividing to many periods and each period should be
equal in time as others.
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