UNIT 2

MATERIALS AND THEIR

STRUCTURE

Made by: Bintang Simaremare

2.1 STATES OF MATTER
Solids, Liquids and Gases
What is Matter
Matter is everything you can see
and feel. It is made up of tiny particles

There are 3 well-known States of Matter:

● Solids
● Liquids
● Gases
Properties of matter
Solids Liquids Gases
● Keep the same shape ● Take the shape of the ● Gases do not have a fixed
container they are in. shape.
● Keep the same ● Keep the same volume ● The volume of a gas can
volume change
● Liquids can flow or be ● Can flow like liquids
● Can not be poured/ poured easily.
can not flow
● Cannot be squashed ● Can be squashed/
● Cannot be squashed (compressed) (compressed)
(compressed)
● Take up the same amount ● Gases spread out and
● Always take up the of space. change their shape and
same amount of space. volume to fill up whatever
container they are in.
States of matter

Solids Liquids Gases

Wind

Air inside baloons

2.2 Changes of state
& 2.3 Explaining
changes of state
Changes of state
Boiling liquids
Cooling gases
Freezing liquids
Melting solids
Melting solids

For a solid to melt, the particles must gain/lose energy.

The particles vibrate less/more.
The particles have enough energy to escape the
strong/weak forces holding them in their places.
The particles can now move away from/past each other.
The solid has changed state and become a liquid/gas.
Melting solids - Answer Key

For a solid to melt, the particles must gain energy.

The particles vibrate more.
The particles have enough energy to escape the strong
forces holding them in their places.
The particles can now move past each other.
The solid has changed state and become a liquid.
Freezing liquids

For a liquid to freeze, the particles must gain/lose energy.

The particles vibrate less/more.
The particles no longer have enough energy to escape the
strong/weak forces holding them in their places.
The particles can no longer move away from/past each
other.
The liquid has changed state and become a liquid/solid/gas.
Freezing liquids - Answer Key

For a liquid to freeze, the particles must lose energy.

The particles vibrate less.
The particles no longer have enough energy to escape
the strong forces holding them in their places.
The particles can no longer move past each other.
The liquid has changed state and become a solid.
Question
Mina has been asked to test three materials to see if they are solid, liquid or
gas. She has carried out some simple tests on some of the materials. She has
not yet completed her tests. This is her results table.
Material Does it flow? Can it be Does it stay the same Does the volume stay the same?
compressed? shape?

A Yes Yes

B Yes

C Yes

(a)Is material A a solid, or liquid or a gas? Explain your answer.

......................................................................................................................

(b)Is material B a solid, or liquid or a gas? Explain your answer.

......................................................................................................................
17
(c)Dina knows that material C is not a gas. Explain how she knows this.
Answer Key
Mina has been asked to test three materials to see if they are solid, liquid or gas. She has
carried out some simple tests on some of the materials. She has not yet completed her
tests. This is her results table.
Material Does it flow? Can it be Does it stay the same Does the volume stay the same?
compressed? shape?

A Yes Yes

B Yes

C Yes

(a)Is material A a solid, or liquid or a gas? Explain your answer.

A is Gas because only gas can be compressed or squashed.
(b)Is material B a solid, or liquid or a gas? Explain your answer.
B is Solid because solid shape is stay the same.
(c)Dina knows that material C is not a gas. Explain how she knows this.
C is not a gas because volume of gas can change not stay the same.
18
Question
Gas are easily compressed but solids are not. Why?
……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………

Solids keep their own shape but gases fill up whatever

container they are in. Why?
………………………………………………………………………… 19

…………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………….
 Answer Key
Gas are easily compressed but solids are not. Why?
Gases have large spaces between particles so can be
compressed closer together.
Particles in solids are tightly packed so no space to
squeeze them closer together.

Solids keep their own shape but gases fill up whatever

container they are in. Why? 20
Particles in solids cannot move freely
while particles in gases move freely so can fill the container
Materials needed for
The water cycle
project next week:
Cardboard, UHU
glue, etc
2.4 The water
cycle
Water Cycle
Make a
poster,
poem, song,
diorama or
presentatio
n about
Water cycle
 2.5 Atoms,
element and the
Periodic Table
How can you determine whether
something is an element or not?
They are all listed on the periodic table.

ELEMENT
SONG
1. Pure substance
– Made of only 1 type of
atom.
– Ex: copper wire only has
copper atoms
2. Can’t be separated into
simpler substances by
chemical or physical
means
Element
Element is a Pure substance
consisting of one type of atom.
Arranging the elements

Wheel
elements
Groups and Periods
Compounds
Compound is a pure substance consisting of
two or more different atoms chemically combine.

⚫ Has a chemical formula

⚫ Can only be separated by
chemical means, not physically
Naming Compound
Rules to remember when naming compounds:
⚫ If compound contains metal, then the name of the metal
come first.
⚫ If the compound contains a-non metal, the name of
metal is usually changed. E.g: Sodium (metal) and
chlorine (a non metal) is not sodium chlorine but sodium
chloride.
⚫ When two elements form a compound the name often
ends in “ide”.
⚫ Some compounds contain two different elements, plus a
third element -oxygen. These compounds often have
names ending with “ate”. E.g. a compound of calcium,
carbon, and oxygen is called calcium carbonate.
Mixtures
Mixture is two or more different
substances(element or compound) not chemically
combined or not chemically bonded.
⚫ They can be separated physically
Air is a mixture of gases
In science the word pure is
used to describe something that
only contains a single
substance.
A mixture is not pure. It is
made up of different kinds of
particle that are mixed
together.
For example, air is a mixture of
several different elements and
compounds.
Air contains nitrogen, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, water vapour
and small quantity of some
other gases.
Questions Gas A
Air is a mixture of several different
elements and compounds.
Air contains nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, water vapour and small
quantity of some other gases.
Gas A is………………… and the
composition ………….%
Gas B is ………………… and the
composition ………….%
Gas C is ....................., Gas C Gas B
……………………, ………………………
and the composition ………….%
Answer Key
Air is a mixture of several
different elements and Gas A
compounds.
Air contains nitrogen, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, water vapour
and small quantity of some
other gases.
Gas A is nitrogen and
composition 78 %
Gas B is oxygen and
composition 21 % Gas C Gas B
Gas C is carbon dioxide, argon,
other gases and composition 1%
Some Chemical names of Compound
MgO = Magnesium oxide
SO2 = Sulfur oxide
AlCl3 = Aluminium chloride
CaS = Calcium sulfide
MgCO3 = Magnesium carbonate
CO = Carbon Monoxide
CO2 = Carbon dioxide
Review:
⚫ An element contains just one type of
atom.
⚫ A compound contains two or more
different atoms joined together.
⚫ A mixture contains two or more different
substances that are only physically joined
together, not chemically.
⚫ A mixture can contain both elements and
compounds.
Questions
Draw a straight line to match each material to its correct
description. a mixture containing two different types of metal atoms

Element
a pure substance containing the same type of atom.

Compound
A combination of two or more pure substances
that are not chemically combined.
Mixture
a pure substance containing different types of
atoms bonded together.
Alloy a substance containing atoms that are free to move.
Answer key
Draw a straight line to match each material to its correct
description. a mixture containing two different types of metal atoms

Element
a pure substance containing the same type of atom.

Compound
A combination of two or more pure substances
that are not chemically combined.
Mixture
a pure substance containing different types of atoms
bonded together.
Alloy a substance containing atoms that are free to move.