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SectionB_Improved

The document outlines key concepts in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), including the differences between Geographic Coordinate Systems (GCS) and Projected Coordinate Systems (PCS), and details the steps for preprocessing satellite imagery. It also describes overlay operations like Union and Intersect, compares interpolation methods IDW and Kriging, and explains supervised classification in land-use mapping. Additionally, it provides a workflow for computing shortest paths in road networks and discusses using time-series satellite data for updating GIS databases.

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Prabhav Singh
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3 views

SectionB_Improved

The document outlines key concepts in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), including the differences between Geographic Coordinate Systems (GCS) and Projected Coordinate Systems (PCS), and details the steps for preprocessing satellite imagery. It also describes overlay operations like Union and Intersect, compares interpolation methods IDW and Kriging, and explains supervised classification in land-use mapping. Additionally, it provides a workflow for computing shortest paths in road networks and discusses using time-series satellite data for updating GIS databases.

Uploaded by

Prabhav Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section B: 2.

5-Mark Questions & Answers (Attempt any 8 of 9)

1. Explain the difference between a Geographic Coordinate System (GCS) and a


Projected Coordinate System (PCS), giving one example of each.
- GCS uses a 3D reference ellipsoid and angular units (degrees) to locate
positions on Earth (e.g., WGS 84). It maintains global positional accuracy but
distorts area and distance.
- PCS applies a map projection to flatten the ellipsoid into a 2D plane, using
linear units (meters/feet) for accurate local measurements (e.g., UTM Zone 43N).

2. Describe the main steps in preprocessing satellite imagery for GIS analysis.
1. **Georeferencing**: Align raw imagery to ground control points.
2. **Radiometric & Atmospheric Correction**: Adjust pixel values for sensor
noise and atmospheric effects.
3. **Cloud and Shadow Masking**: Identify and mask cloud and shadow pixels.
4. **Resampling and Reprojection**: Standardize pixel size and coordinate system
for analysis-ready data.

3. Define the Union overlay operation and give one practical application.
- **Union** combines two spatial layers, preserving all geometries and
attributes from both inputs, filling NULL for non-overlapping areas.
- *Application:* Integrating zoning maps with soil classification to guide urban
land-use planning.

4. Define the Intersect overlay operation and give one practical application.
- **Intersect** outputs only the overlapping area shared by both input layers,
with combined attribute data.
- *Application:* Identifying residential areas within designated floodplains for
risk assessment.

5. Compare Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Kriging on two key points.
- **IDW**: Deterministic, weights observations purely by inverse distance;
simple but ignores spatial autocorrelation.
- **Kriging**: Geostatistical, models spatial autocorrelation via semivariogram;
provides prediction variance and more reliable estimates.

6. Outline the workflow to compute the shortest-path on a road network between two
points.
1. **Data Preparation**: Load road network as a graph (nodes = intersections,
edges = road segments with weights like travel time).
2. **Algorithm Selection**: Choose Dijkstra’s or A* for shortest-path
computation.
3. **Execution**: Run algorithm to calculate minimal cumulative cost path.
4. **Output Visualization**: Extract and display the sequence of nodes/edges on
a map.

7. What is supervised classification? Describe how it is used in land-use/land-


cover mapping.
- **Supervised Classification**: The analyst selects representative training
samples for each land-cover type. A classification algorithm (e.g., Maximum
Likelihood) assigns each pixel to the class of its closest spectral signature based
on statistical criteria.

8. Sketch and label the three-tier architecture of a Web GIS system, naming one
technology at each tier.
- **Presentation Tier**: Client browser + Leaflet/OpenLayers
- **Logic Tier**: GeoServer (serving OGC services) with middleware (Node.js,
Python Flask)
- **Data Tier**: PostgreSQL/PostGIS spatial database
9. Outline how you would use time-series satellite data to update and validate an
existing GIS database.
1. Acquire multi-date satellite imagery for relevant time points.
2. Preprocess each image (georeference, correct, classify).
3. Perform change detection (e.g., post-classification comparison).
4. Update GIS layers: digitize new features and adjust attribute tables.
5. Validate changes through ground-truth surveys or high-resolution reference
data.

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