Que. Solve the following.

(2 Marks)
Que 1. List four factors determining selection of HT power cables.
Ans. Factors Determining Selection of HT Power Cables:
1. Current carrying capacity.
2. Voltage regulation.
3. Short circuit rating
4. Cable construction.
5. Cable shield requirement

Que 2. State the purpose of guarding wire used in distribution lines.

Ans. Purpose of guarding wire used in distribution lines:
1. Guarding wire is used to protect the personnel, lines or equipment in the event
of fault. When distribution line conductor snaps (brakes down) during
abnormal weather conditions such as heavy rains, storms and lightning, the live
conductor touches the guard wire, which is earthed.
2. Thus snapping of conductor creates earth fault, causing fuse to blow or
protective relay to operate and disconnect the faulty line from supply.
3. Thus snapped conductor becomes dead and no harm can occur even if
somebody touches such conductor.

Que 3. State the classification of cable on voltage levels.

Ans.
Type of Cable Voltage level (kV)
Low tension (L.T.) Cable 0 – 1 kV
High tension (H.T.) Cable 1 – 11 kV
Super tension (S.T.) Cable 11 – 33 kV
Extra high-tension (E.H.T.) Cable 33 – 66 kV

Que 4. State types of cables used for distribution conductor.

Ans. Distribution lines utilize various types of cables, each design for specific purpose
and voltage levels. Here are the commonly used types of cables for distribution lines.
Que. Solve the following. (4 Marks)
Que 1. List any eight electrical equipment required in HT (11kv) substation.
Ans. Electrical Equipment Required in HT (11kv) Substation:
i) Busbar: - Bus bar is common conductor to which incoming & outgoing lines are
connected. It is generally made from ACSR conductor. Cross section of conductor
depends on current. In Substation, there are three bus-bar:
1) Incoming bus bar (33kV/66kV)
2) Station bus bar (11 kV) 3) Outgoing bus bar (11kV)
ii) Power Transformer: - Its function is to step down the incoming voltage
(Secondary transmission) to outgoing voltage (Primary distribution) without change in
frequency.
iii)Auxiliary Transformer: - Its function is to step down the input voltage (11 kV) to
distribution voltage (3-ph, 4wire, 440V) to give supply to control room, area lighting,
staff quarters etc.
iv) Lighting Arrester: - It is provided for protection of substation, transformer
against lightning stroke. v) Earth switch: - It is used for safety purpose. It is closed
during maintenance to discharge capacitor. vi)Isolator: - Its function is to isolate the
circuit whenever required. e.g at the time of maintenance. vii) Circuit Breaker: - It is
protective device. It open or break the circuit whenever thereis fault & protect the
equipment.
viii) Relay: It senses the fault & gives signal to tripping circuit of C.B to open.
ix) Instrumental Transformer (CT & PT):- C.T & P.T are used for measurement of
electrical quantities and also for protection purpose.
x) Horn Gap Fuse: - It is provided to primary side of transformer for protection
against over current.
xi) Control Room: - It is constructed near to switchyard in which control panel is
installed from which various circuits are controlled by operator.
xii) Control Panel: - Control panel consists of different types of relays to detect
different types of faults.
xiii) PLCC (Power Line Carrier Communication):- It is used for direct
communication between substations to generating station also between two major
substations. For this purpose same transmission line carries communication signal.
xiv) Series Reactor: - To limit the short circuit current.
xv) Shunt Reactor: - It draws lagging KVAR to control voltage of transmission line.
xvi) Series Capacitor: - It supplies reactive power in KVAR
xvii) Shunt Capacitor: - For power factor improvement.
Que 2. Prepare a complete estimation and costing for HT (11kv) overhead line to be
used for industry purpose.
Ans.

Description of Material With Complete Quantit Rate per Amount

Specifications y Item (Rs)
Require
d
1. Steel poles, 11 m long 9 8000 72000/-
2. Cross arms 100 mm x 100 mm x 1.5 m long 9 1500 13500/-
3. Top insulator brackets 9 150 1350/-
4. Earth wire clamps 9 70 630/-
5. 11 kV pin insulators complete with pin 27 500 13500/-
6. 6/1 x 2.59 mm ACSR conductor 3060 m 180 per 70560/-
(392 kg) Kg
7. GI wire 8 SWG 1020 m 270 per 27540/-
(102 Kg
Kg)
8. Binding wire of aluminium for fixing 5.4 Kg 300 1620/-
conductors over insulators @ 200 gms at each
insulator for 27 insulators
9.11 kV lightning arresters complete 1 set 5400 5400/-
10. Earthing sets complete 3 set 3200 9600/-
11. Danger plates 11 kV with clamps 9 no 100 900/-
12. Pole foundation (muffs) 9 no 2200 19800/-
13.Others(Sundries to complete the job such as Lump - 7000
bolts, nuts, washers, thimbles, painting of iron sum
parts, soldering etc)
Total 243400/-
Storage and Transportation Charges 5% 12170/-
Labour Charges 10% 24340/-
Contingencies 1% 2434/-
Total 282344/-
Que 3. Estimate the main material requirement for a 600m, 415/240V, 3 phase line
with 4 wires in vertical configuration. The line emanate from substation to feed a load
of 30kW. Consider span between two poles as 60 meter.
Ans.

Main Material requirement:

1) Poles: Pre-stressed Concrete (PSC / PCC) Poles (8 m) = 11 nos.
2) Conductor: ACSR conductor (6/1 x 2.59 mm) is usually used for LT lines. The
length of conductor required = 4 conductors/line x Line length + 5% for sag and
wastage.

4) LT shackle Insulators: These are required 4 nos. per pole.

Total shackle insulators required = 4*11= 44 nos
5) Earth knobs: It is required one per pole for carrying earth wire,
Total earth knob requirement = 11 nos.
6) D-clamps for Shackle insulators: It is required for each shackle insulator.
No. of D-clamps required = 44 nos.
7) Guysets: It is required one for each end pole and two for the pole at cut-points (Cut-
point pole usually marked after five spans). Here since the no. of poles are 11, we can
make only one cut-point at sixth pole. So the no. of guysets required = 1+2+1 = 4 nos.
8) Earthing sets: Every fifth LT pole is to be earthed. The end poles are also earthed.
So the total requirement of earthing sets = 3
9) Aluminium Binding Wire / tape: It is usually assumed as 1kg per km length of line.
So approximately we can assume requirement as 1 kg.

Que 4. State the methods of laying underground cables and write the list of material
required for laying underground cable.
Ans:
Methods of laying underground cables:
i) Direct Laying (Cables buried directly underground)
ii) Draw-in-system
iii) Solid system
List of material required for laying underground cable:
1) Sand
2) Bricks
3) China clay
4) Bitumen compound
5) Conduits, ducts or tubes made of either iron, clay or cement concrete

Que 5. Draw the single line diagram of HT (11kV) substation.

Ans: Single Line Diagram of HT (11kV) Substation:

Que 6. List out the material use for H.T. 11 KV & L.T. 415 V Overhead Line.
Ans. Following are the material use for H.T. 11 KV & L.T. 415 V Overhead Line
 Conductors - Solid/ Stranded/Hollow/Bundled.
 Material of conductor- Copper, Aluminum, all aluminum or ACSR.
 Poles-Tubular steel pole, angle pole, R.C.C. poles
 Insulators
 Bird guards
 Earth wire
 Stay assembly
 G.I. Clamps
 Ant climbing Arrangement
  Earthing set
 Lightening arrestor
 Cross arms

Que 7. Draw the single line diagram of L.T. substation (415 V).
Ans.

Que 8. Draw the neat sketch of 11 kV HT substation and enlist material required in
this substation.
Ans.
Que 9. Explain with suitable example selection procedure of power cables in HT-
distribution line including their termination of cables underground cabling.
Ans.

Methods of Cable Termination: -

Methods of Cable Termination For HT (11KV) Line:
1. Heat Shrink
2. Lug Termination
3. Claw type termination
4. Spade termination
5. Crimping

1) Heat shrink: Heat shrink cable terminations can be used for LV-MV-HV power
cables present indoors and outdoors. Indoors, these cable terminations connect to
substation switchgear, transformers and insulated cable boxes. Outdoors, they are used
in overhead and underground distribution lines.
 High-quality heat shrink cable terminations have excellent strength
 They are highly resistant to chemicals, solvents, and extreme
temperatures
  Highly quality cable terminations do not crack, melt or get displaced
when applied
 properly
 The flexibility of heat shrink cable terminations allow them to be used in
cases where cables have to be bundled together.
2) Lug Termination:
 Strip conductor to insertion depth
 Conductor ends must be cleaned before termination
 Insert conductor fully into cable lug or ferrule
 Using the appropriate crimping tool crimp lug onto conductor.
Lug is used to terminate stranded conductors only. It is made of tinned copper
tubing pressed into different shapes and sizes, and is crimped onto the conductor.
Hand crimping tools usually accommodate several lug sizes in a fixed head, which is
obtainable with indent, oval, hexagon crimp type dies. For larger lugs, hydraulic
crimping machines with capacities from 5 tons upwards are used.
3) Claw type termination:
Prysmian Claw Cleats (Aluminium Cable Clamps) are two piece, single fixing
LUL approved cable cleats providing cable support and protection against all weather
conditions in industrial or outdoor areas with operating temperatures -60°C to
+105°C. Prysmian claw cable cleats with single bolt fixing are suitable for supporting
cables with 10mm to 51mm outer sheath diameter forming part of the Prysmian
BICON range of single way cable cleats. Epoxy coated claw cleats are available for
heavy industrial and hazardous area locations where higher levels of corrosion
protection is required.
 Cable cleats suitable for cleating cables with diameters 10 to 51mm
 Claw cleats are manufactured from aluminium alloy
 Can be stacked to a maximum of three on a single fixing
 Can be used for all types of cable routes
 Plain finish for normal industrial areas or outdoor unpolluted areas
 Epoxy coated versions available for harsher environments
 Packing pieces to be used where required
4) Spade termination: Spade lug terminals are used to dress and terminate a
conductor to a termination point or post with a mechanically secure, "partially
captured" connection. The "partially captured" feature allows the terminal to be
removed from a termination post without completely removing the compression nut
(as is required with ring lugs). This security feature may be beneficial in moderate
vibration environments where there is a requirement for the termination to be
disconnected.
5) Crimping: Crimping is a totally different wire termination method. This was used
to replace soldering techniques. In this method, the connection is made using a
crimping tool. The insulation of the conductor is manually un-stripped and it is
connected with the contact of the cable assembly. Though the physical exertion is very
high in this type of termination, it also offers very reliable connectivity.
Que. Solve the following. (6 Marks)
Que 1. State the different methods of cable termination for HT (11KV) line. Explain
any one method in details.
Ans. Methods of Cable Termination For HT (11KV) Line:
1. Heat Shrink
2. Lug Termination
3. Claw type termination
4. Spade termination
5. Crimping

1) Heat shrink: Heat shrink cable terminations can be used for LV-MV-HV power
cables present indoors and outdoors. Indoors, these cable terminations connect to
substation switchgear, transformers and insulated cable boxes. Outdoors, they are used
in overhead and underground distribution lines.
 High-quality heat shrink cable terminations have excellent strength
 They are highly resistant to chemicals, solvents, and extreme
temperatures
 Highly quality cable terminations do not crack, melt or get displaced
when applied
 properly
 The flexibility of heat shrink cable terminations allow them to be used in
cases where cables have to be bundled together.
2) Lug Termination:
 Strip conductor to insertion depth
 Conductor ends must be cleaned before termination
 Insert conductor fully into cable lug or ferrule
 Using the appropriate crimping tool crimp lug onto conductor.
Lug is used to terminate stranded conductors only. It is made of tinned copper tubing
pressed into different shapes and sizes, and is crimped onto the conductor. Hand
crimping tools usually accommodate several lug sizes in a fixed head, which is
obtainable with indent, oval, hexagon crimp type dies. For larger lugs, hydraulic
crimping machines with capacities from 5 tons upwards are used.
3) Claw type termination: Prysmian Claw Cleats (Aluminium Cable Clamps) are
two piece, single fixing LUL approved cable cleats providing cable support and
protection against all weather conditions in industrial or outdoor areas with operating
temperatures -60°C to +105°C. Prysmian claw cable cleats with single bolt fixing are
suitable for supporting cables with 10mm to 51mm outer sheath diameter forming part
of the Prysmian BICON range of single way cable cleats. Epoxy coated claw cleats
are available for heavy industrial and hazardous area locations where higher levels of
corrosion protection is required.
 Cable cleats suitable for cleating cables with diameters 10 to 51mm
 Claw cleats are manufactured from aluminium alloy
 Can be stacked to a maximum of three on a single fixing
  Can be used for all types of cable routes
 Plain finish for normal industrial areas or outdoor unpolluted areas
 Epoxy coated versions available for harsher environments
 Packing pieces to be used where required
4) Spade termination: Spade lug terminals are used to dress and terminate a
conductor to a termination point or post with a mechanically secure, "partially
captured" connection. The "partially captured" feature allows the terminal to be
removed from a termination post without completely removing the compression nut
(as is required with ring lugs). This security feature may be beneficial in moderate
vibration environments where there is a requirement for the termination to be
disconnected.
5) Crimping: Crimping is a totally different wire termination method. This was used
to replace soldering techniques. In this method, the connection is made using a
crimping tool. The insulation of the conductor is manually un-stripped and it is
connected with the contact of the cable assembly. Though the physical exertion is very
high in this type of termination, it also offers very reliable connectivity.

Que 2. Estimate the main material required for a 2km overhead line to extend from
existing line. Assume a span of 50m.
Ans:
Que 3. Explain earting provision using suitable sketch for HT/LT distribution lines
installation.
Ans.