C H A P T E R 10

SONET Topologies

This chapter explains Cisco ONS 15454 SONET topologies. To provision topologies, refer to the Cisco
ONS 15454 Procedure Guide.
Chapter topics include:
• SONET Rings and TCC+/TCC2 Cards, page 10-1
• Bidirectional Line Switched Rings, page 10-2
• Linear ADM Configurations, page 10-13
• Path-Protected Mesh Networks, page 10-14
• Four Node Configurations, page 10-16
• Optical Speed Upgrades, page 10-17

10.1 SONET Rings and TCC+/TCC2 Cards

Table 10-1 shows the SONET rings that can be created on each ONS 15454 node using redundant TCC+
cards.

Table 10-1 ONS 15454 Rings with Redundant TCC+ Cards

Ring Type Maximum Rings per Node

1
BLSRs 2
2-Fiber BLSR 2
4-Fiber BLSR 1
Path Protection Configuration 52
1. Bidirectional Line Switching Ring
2. Total SDCC usage must be equal to or less than 10 SDCCs

Table 10-2 on page 10-2 shows the SONET rings that can be created on each ONS 15454 node using
redundant TCC2 cards.

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10.2 Bidirectional Line Switched Rings

Table 10-2 ONS 15454 Rings with Redundant TCC2 Cards

Ring Type Maximum Rings per Node

BLSRs 2
2-Fiber BLSR 2
4-Fiber BLSR 1
Path Protection Configuration 161
1. Total SDCC usage must be equal to or less than 32 SDCCs.

10.2 Bidirectional Line Switched Rings

ONS 15454 can support two concurrent BLSRs in one of the following configurations:
• Two, two-fiber BLSRs, or
• One two-fiber and one four-fiber BLSR.
Each BLSR can have up to 32 ONS 15454s. Because the working and protect bandwidths must be equal,
you can create only OC-12 (two-fiber only), OC-48, or OC-192 BLSRs. For information about BLSR
protection channels, see the “9.7 BLSR Protection Channel Circuits” section on page 9-20.

Note For best performance, BLSRs should have one LAN connection for every ten nodes in the BLSR.

10.2.1 Two-Fiber BLSRs

In two-fiber BLSRs, each fiber is divided into working and protect bandwidths. For example, in an
OC-48 BLSR (Figure 10-1 on page 10-3), STSs 1 – 24 carry the working traffic, and STSs 25 to 48 are
reserved for protection. Working traffic (STSs 1 – 24) travels in one direction on one fiber and in the
opposite direction on the second fiber. The Cisco Transport Controller (CTC) circuit routing routines
calculate the shortest path for circuits based on many factors, including user requirements, traffic
patterns, and distance. For example, in Figure 10-1, circuits going from Node 0 to Node 1 will typically
travel on Fiber 1, unless that fiber is full, in which case circuits will be routed on Fiber 2 through Node
3 and Node 2. Traffic from Node 0 to Node 2 (or Node 1 to Node 3) can be routed on either fiber,
depending on circuit provisioning requirements and traffic loads.

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10.2 Bidirectional Line Switched Rings

Figure 10-1 Four-Node, Two-Fiber BLSR

STSs 1-24 (working)

STSs 25-48 (protect)

Node 0

STSs 1-24 (working)

STSs 25-48 (protect)

Node 3 OC-48 Ring Node 1

= Fiber 1

61938
Node 2 = Fiber 2

The SONET K1, K2, and K3 bytes carry the information that governs BLSR protection switches. Each
BLSR node monitors the K bytes to determine when to switch the SONET signal to an alternate physical
path. The K bytes communicate failure conditions and actions taken between nodes in the ring.
If a break occurs on one fiber, working traffic targeted for a node beyond the break switches to the protect
bandwidth on the second fiber. The traffic travels in a reverse direction on the protect bandwidth until it
reaches its destination node. At that point, traffic is switched back to the working bandwidth.
Figure 10-2 on page 10-4 shows a traffic pattern sample on a four-node, two-fiber BLSR.

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10.2 Bidirectional Line Switched Rings

Figure 10-2 Four-Node, Two-Fiber BLSR Traffic Pattern Sample

Node 0

Node 3 OC-48 Ring Node 1

Traffic flow
Fiber 1

61956
Node 2 Fiber 2

Figure 10-3 on page 10-5 shows how traffic is rerouted following a line break between Node 0 and
Node 1.
• All circuits originating on Node 0 carried traffic to Node 2 on Fiber 2 are switched to the protect
bandwidth of Fiber 1. For example, a circuit carrying traffic on STS-1 on Fiber 2 is switched to
STS-25 on Fiber 1. A circuit carried on STS-2 on Fiber 2 is switched to STS-26 on Fiber 1. Fiber 1
carries the circuit to Node 3 (the original routing destination). Node 3 switches the circuit back to
STS-1 on Fiber 2 where it is routed to Node 2 on STS-1.
• Circuits originating on Node 2 that normally carried traffic to Node 0 on Fiber 1 are switched to the
protect bandwidth of Fiber 2 at Node 3. For example, a circuit carrying traffic on STS-2 on Fiber 1
is switched to STS-26 on Fiber 2. Fiber 2 carries the circuit to Node 0 where the circuit is switched
back to STS-2 on Fiber 1 and then dropped to its destination.

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10.2 Bidirectional Line Switched Rings

Figure 10-3 Four-Node, Two-Fiber BLSR Traffic Pattern Following Line Break

Node 0

Node 3 OC-48 Ring Node 1

Traffic flow
Fiber 1

61957
Node 2 Fiber 2

10.2.2 Four-Fiber BLSRs

Four-fiber BLSRs double the bandwidth of two-fiber BLSRs. Because they allow span switching as well
as ring switching, four-fiber BLSRs increase the reliability and flexibility of traffic protection. Two
fibers are allocated for working traffic and two fibers for protection, as shown in Figure 10-4 on
page 10-6. To implement a four-fiber BLSR, you must install four OC-48, OC-48AS, or OC-192 cards
at each BLSR node.

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10.2 Bidirectional Line Switched Rings

Figure 10-4 Four-Node, Four-Fiber BLSR

Node 0

Span 4 Span 1

Span 5 Span 8

Node 3 OC-48 Ring Node 1

Span 6 Span 7

Span 3 Span 2

= Working fibers

61932
Node 2 = Protect fibers

Four-fiber BLSRs provide span and ring switching:

• Span switching (Figure 10-5 on page 10-7) occurs when a working span fails. Traffic switches to the
protect fibers between the nodes (Node 0 and Node 1 in the Figure 10-5 example) and then returns
to the working fibers. Multiple span switches can occur at the same time.
• Ring switching (Figure 10-6 on page 10-7) occurs when a span switch cannot recover traffic, such
as when both the working and protect fibers fail on the same span. In a ring switch, traffic is routed
to the protect fibers throughout the full ring.

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Figure 10-5 Four-Fiber BLSR Span Switch

Node 0

Span 4 Span 1

Span 5 Span 8

Node 3 OC-48 Ring Node 1

Span 6 Span 7

Span 3 Span 2

= Working fibers

61959
Node 2 = Protect fibers

Figure 10-6 Four-Fiber BLSR Ring Switch

Node 0

Span 4 Span 1

Span 5 Span 8

Node 3 OC-48 Ring Node 1

Span 6 Span 7

Span 3 Span 2

= Working fibers
61960

Node 2 = Protect fibers

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10.2.3 BLSR Bandwidth

BLSR nodes can terminate traffic coming from either side of the ring. Therefore, BLSRs are suited for
distributed node-to-node traffic applications such as interoffice networks and access networks.
BLSRs allow bandwidth to be reused around the ring and can carry more traffic than a network with
traffic flowing through one central hub. BLSRs can also carry more traffic than a path protection
configuration operating at the same OC-N rate. Table 10-3 shows the bidirectional bandwidth capacities
of two-fiber BLSRs. The capacity is the OC-N rate divided by two, multiplied by the number of nodes
in the ring minus the number of pass-through STS-1 circuits. Table 10-4 shows the bidirectional
bandwidth capacities of four-fiber BLSRs.

Table 10-3 Two-Fiber BLSR Capacity

OC Rate Working Bandwidth Protection Bandwidth Ring Capacity

OC-12 STS1-6 STS 7-12 6 x N1 - PT2
OC-48 STS 1-24 STS 25-48 24 x N - PT
OC-192 STS 1-96 STS 97-192 96 x N - PT
1. N equals the number of ONS 15454 nodes configured as BLSR nodes.
2. PT equals the number of STS-1 circuits passed through ONS 15454 nodes in the ring (capacity can vary
depending on the traffic pattern).

Table 10-4 Four-Fiber BLSR Capacity

OC Rate Working Bandwidth Protection Bandwidth Ring Capacity

OC-48 STS 1-48 (Fiber 1) STS 1-48 (Fiber 2) 48 x N - PT
OC-192 STS 1-192 (Fiber 1) STS 1-192 (Fiber 2) 192 x N - PT

Figure 10-7 on page 10-9 shows an example of BLSR bandwidth reuse. The same STS carries three
different traffic sets simultaneously on different spans around the ring: one set from Node 3 to Node 1,
another set from Node 1 to Node 2, and another set from Node 2 to Node 3.

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Figure 10-7 BLSR Bandwidth Reuse

Node 0

STS#1 STS#1

Node 3 Node 1

STS#1 STS#1

Node 2
= Node 3 – Node 1 traffic
= Node 1 – Node 2 traffic

32131
= Node 2 – Node 3 traffic

10.2.4 BLSR Application Sample

Figure 10-8 on page 10-10 shows a two-fiber BLSR implementation sample. A regional long-distance
network connects to other carriers at Node 0. Traffic is delivered to the service provider’s major hubs.
• Carrier 1 delivers six DS-3s over two OC-3 spans to Node 0. Carrier 2 provides twelve DS-3s
directly. Node 0 receives the signals and delivers them around the ring to the appropriate node.
• The ring also brings 14 DS-1s back from each remote site to Node 0. Intermediate nodes serve these
shorter regional connections.
• The ONS 15454 OC-3 card supports a total of four OC-3 ports so that two additional OC-3 spans
can be added at little cost.

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10.2 Bidirectional Line Switched Rings

Figure 10-8 Five-Node BLSR

Carrier 1
2 OC-3s
56 local Carrier 2
DS-1s 12 DS-3s 4 DS-3s 14 DS-1s

Node 0 Node 1

14 DS-1s 2 DS-3s

Node 4 Node 2

8 DS-3s 14 DS-1s

Node 3

= Fiber 1

32138
4 DS-3s 14 DS-1s = Fiber 2

Figure 10-9 on page 10-11 shows the shelf assembly layout for Node 0, which has one free slot.
Figure 10-10 on page 10-11 shows the shelf assembly layout for the remaining sites in the ring. In this
BLSR configuration, an additional eight DS-3s at Node IDs 1 and 3 can be activated. An additional four
DS-3s can be added at Node 4, and ten DS-3s can be added at Node 2. Each site has free slots for future
traffic needs.

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10.2 Bidirectional Line Switched Rings

Figure 10-9 Shelf Assembly Layout for Node 0 in Figure 10-8

DS1-14

Free Slot
TCC2
XC10G
AIC-I (Optional)
XC10G
TCC2
OC48
OC48
OC3
OC3
DS1-14
DS1N-14
DS1-14
DS1-14

DS3-12
DS3-12

83509
Figure 10-10 Shelf Assembly Layout for Nodes 1 to 4 in Figure 10-8
TCC2
DS1-14
DS1-14

XC10G
Free Slot
Free Slot

AIC-I (Optional)
XC10G
TCC2
Free Slot

OC48

Free Slot
Free Slot
DS3-12
OC48
Free Slot

DS3-12

83506

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10.2 Bidirectional Line Switched Rings

10.2.5 BLSR Fiber Connections

Plan your fiber connections and use the same plan for all BLSR nodes. For example, make the east port
the farthest slot to the right and the west port the farthest slot to the left. Plug fiber connected to an east
port at one node into the west port on an adjacent node. Figure 10-11 shows fiber connections for a
two-fiber BLSR with trunk cards in Slot 5 (west) and Slot 12 (east). See the Cisco ONS 15454 Procedure
Guide for fiber connection procedures.

Note Always plug the transmit (Tx) connector of an OC-N card at one node into the receive (Rx)
connector of an OC-N card at the adjacent node. Cards will display an SF LED when Tx and Rx
connections are mismatched.

For four-fiber BLSRs, use the same east-west connection pattern for the working and protect fibers. Do
not mix working and protect card connections. The BLSR will not function if working and protect cards
are interconnected. Figure 10-12 on page 10-13 shows fiber connections for a four-fiber BLSR. Slot 5
(west) and Slot 12 (east) carry the working traffic. Slot 6 (west) and Slot 13 (east) carry the protect
traffic.

Figure 10-11 Connecting Fiber to a Four-Node, Two-Fiber BLSR

Tx Tx Tx Tx
Rx Rx Rx Rx
West East West East

Slot 5 Slot 12 Slot 5 Slot 12

Node 1 Node 2

Tx Tx Tx Tx
Rx Rx Rx Rx
West East West East

Slot 5 Slot 12 Slot 5 Slot 12

55297

Node 4 Node 3

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10.3 Linear ADM Configurations

Figure 10-12 Connecting Fiber to a Four-Node, Four-Fiber BLSR

Node 1 Node 2

Tx Tx
Rx Rx
West East West East

Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot

5 6 12 13 5 6 12 13

Tx Tx
Rx Rx
West East West East

Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot

5 6 12 13 5 6 12 13

Node 4 Node 3

Working fibers

958
10.2.6 Two-Fiber BLSR to Four-Fiber BLSR Conversion
Two-fiber OC-48 or OC-192 BLSRs can be converted to four-fiber BLSRs. To convert the BLSR, install
two OC-48 or OC-192 cards at each two-fiber BLSR node, then log into CTC and convert each node
from two-fiber to four-fiber. The fibers that were divided into working and protect bandwidths for the
two-fiber BLSR are now fully allocated for working BLSR traffic. See the Cisco ONS 15454 Procedure
Guide for BLSR conversion procedures.

10.3 Linear ADM Configurations

You can configure ONS 15454s as a line of add/drop multiplexers (ADMs) by configuring one set of
OC-N cards as the working path and a second set as the protect path. Unlike rings, linear (point-to-point)
ADMs require that the OC-N cards at each node be in 1+1 protection to ensure that a break to the
working line is automatically routed to the protect line.
Figure 10-13 shows three ONS 15454s in a linear ADM configuration. Working traffic flows from
Slot 5/Node 1 to Slot 5/Node 2, and from Slot 12/Node 2 to Slot 12/Node 3. You create the protect path
by placing Slot 6 in 1+1 protection with Slot 5 at Nodes 1 and 2, and Slot 12 in 1+1 protection with Slot
13 at Nodes 2 and 3.

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10.4 Path-Protected Mesh Networks

Figure 10-13 Linear (Point-to-Point) ADM Configuration

Slot 5 to Slot 5 Slot 12 to Slot 12

34284
Slot 6 to Slot 6 Slot 13 to Slot 13

Node 1 Node 2 Node 3

Protect Path
Working Path

10.4 Path-Protected Mesh Networks

In addition to single BLSRs, path protection configurations and ADMs, you can extend ONS 15454
traffic protection by creating path-protected mesh networks (PPMNs). PPMNs include multiple ONS
15454 SONET topologies and extend the protection provided by a single path protection configuration
to the meshed architecture of several interconnecting rings. In a PPMN, circuits travel diverse paths
through a network of single or multiple meshed rings. When you create circuits, you can have CTC
automatically route circuits across the PPMN, or you can manually route them. You can also choose
levels of circuit protection. For example, if you choose full protection, CTC creates an alternate route
for the circuit in addition to the main route. The second route follows a unique path through the network
between the source and destination and sets up a second set of cross-connections.
For example, in Figure 10-14 on page 10-15 a circuit is created from Node 3 to Node 9. CTC determines
that the shortest route between the two nodes passes through Node 8 and Node 7, shown by the dotted
line, and automatically creates cross-connections at Nodes, 3, 8, 7, and 9 to provide the primary circuit
path.
If full protection is selected, CTC creates a second unique route between Nodes 3 and 9 which, in this
example, passes through Nodes 2, 1, and 11. Cross-connections are automatically created at Nodes 3, 2,
1, 11, and 9, shown by the dashed line. If a failure occurs on the primary path, traffic switches to the
second circuit path. In this example, Node 9 switches from the traffic coming in from Node 7 to the
traffic coming in from Node 11 and service resumes. The switch occurs within 50 ms.

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10.4 Path-Protected Mesh Networks

Figure 10-14 Path-Protected Mesh Network

Source
Node

Node 3 Node 5
Node 2

Node 4

Node 1

Node 10 Node 8
Node 6

Node 7

c
Protect traffic raffi
king t
Wor
Node 11 Node 9

Destination
= Primary path

32136
Node
= Secondary path

PPMN also allows spans with different SONET speeds to be mixed together in “virtual rings.”
Figure 10-15 on page 10-16 shows Nodes 1, 2, 3, and 4 in a standard OC-48 ring. Nodes 5, 6, 7, and 8
link to the backbone ring through OC-12 fiber. The “virtual ring” formed by Nodes 5, 6, 7, and 8 uses
both OC-48 and OC-12 cards.

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10.5 Four Node Configurations

Figure 10-15 PPMN Virtual Ring

ONS 15454 ONS 15454 ONS 15454 ONS 15454

Node 5 Node 1 Node 4 Node 8

OC-12 OC-48 OC-12

32137
ONS 15454 ONS 15454 ONS 15454 ONS 15454
Node 6 Node 2 Node 3 Node 7

10.5 Four Node Configurations

You can link multiple ONS 15454s using their OC-N cards (that is, create a fiber-optic bus) to
accommodate more access traffic than a single ONS 15454 can support. See the Cisco ONS 15454
Procedure Guide for procedures. For example, to drop more than 112 DS-1s or 96 DS-3s (the maximum
that can be aggregated in a single node), you can link the nodes but not merge multiple nodes into a single
ONS 15454. You can link nodes with OC-12 or OC-48 fiber spans as you would link any other two
network nodes. The nodes can be grouped in one facility to aggregate more local traffic.
Figure 10-16 shows a four-shelf node setup. Each shelf assembly is recognized as a separate node in the
ONS 15454 software interface and traffic is mapped using CTC cross-connect options. In Figure 10-16
on page 10-17, each node uses redundant fiber-optic cards. Node 1 uses redundant OC-N transport and
OC-N bus (connecting) cards for a total of four cards, with eight free slots remaining. Nodes 2 and 3
each use two redundant OC-N bus cards for a total of four cards, with eight free slots remaining. Node
4 uses redundant OC-12 bus cards for a total of two cards, with ten free slots remaining. The four-node
example presented here is one of many ways to set up a multiple-node configuration.

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10.6 Optical Speed Upgrades

Figure 10-16 Four-Shelf Node Configuration

Redundant
OC-N Feed

Up to 72 DS-3s, 84 DS-1s

Redundant ONS 15454, Node 1

OC-N Bus

Up to 72 DS-3s, 84 DS-1s

Redundant ONS 15454, Node 2

OC-N Bus

Up to 72 DS-3s, 84 DS-1s

Redundant ONS 15454, Node 3

OC-N Bus

Up to 96 DS-3s, 112 DS-1s

32097
ONS 15454, Node 4

10.6 Optical Speed Upgrades

A span is the optical fiber connection between two ONS 15454 nodes. In a span (optical speed) upgrade,
the transmission rate of a span is upgraded from a lower to a higher OC-N signal but all other span
configuration attributes remain unchanged. With multiple nodes, a span upgrade is a coordinated series
of upgrades on all nodes in the ring or protection group. You can perform in-service span upgrades for
the following ONS 15454 cards:
• Four-port OC-3 to eight-port OC-3
• Single-port OC-12 to four-port OC-12
• Single-port OC-12 to OC-48
• Single-port OC-12 to OC-192
• OC-48 to OC-192
Use the XC10G card, the TCC+ card, Software R3.1 or later, and the 15454-SA-ANSI shelf assembly to
enable the OC48AS and the OC192 cards. The TCC2 card also supports OC48AS and OC192 cards, but
Software R4.0 must be used.
To perform a span upgrade, the higher-rate optical card must replace the lower-rate card in the same slot.
If the upgrade is conducted on spans residing in a BLSR, all spans in the ring must be upgraded. The
protection configuration of the original lower-rate optical card (two-fiber BLSR, four-fiber BLSR, path
protection configuration, and 1+1) is retained for the higher-rate optical card.
When performing span upgrades on a large number of nodes, Cisco recommends that you upgrade all
spans in a ring consecutively and in the same maintenance window. Until all spans are upgraded,
mismatched card types will be present.

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10.6 Optical Speed Upgrades

Cisco recommends using the Span Upgrade Wizard to perform span upgrades. Although you can also
use the manual span upgrade procedures, the manual procedures are mainly provided as error recovery
for the wizard. The Span Upgrade Wizard and the Manual Span Upgrade procedures require at least two
technicians (one at each end of the span) who can communicate with each other during the upgrade.
Upgrading a span is non-service affecting and will cause no more than three switches, each of which is
less than 50 ms in duration.

Note Span upgrades do not upgrade SONET topologies, for example, a 1+1 group to a two-fiber BLSR. See
the Cisco ONS 15454 Procedure Guide for topology upgrade procedures.

10.6.1 Span Upgrade Wizard

The Span Upgrade Wizard automates all steps in the manual span upgrade procedure (BLSR, Path
Protection Configuration, and 1+1). The wizard can upgrade both lines on one side of a four-fiber BLSR
or both lines of a 1+1 group; the wizard upgrades path protection configurations and two-fiber BLSRs
one line at a time. The Span Upgrade Wizard requires that spans have DCCs enabled.
The Span Upgrade Wizard provides no way to back out of an upgrade. In the case of an error, you must
exit the wizard and initiate the manual procedure to either continue with the upgrade or back out of it.
To continue with the manual procedure, examine the standing conditions and alarms to identify the stage
in which the wizard failure occurred.

10.6.2 Manual Span Upgrades

Manual span upgrades are mainly provided as error recovery for the Span Upgrade Wizard, but they can
be used to perform span upgrades. Downgrading can be performed to back out of a span upgrade. The
procedure for downgrading is the same as upgrading except that you choose a lower-rate card type. You
cannot downgrade if circuits exist on the STSs that will be removed (the higher STSs).
Four manual span upgrade options are available:
• Perform a manual span upgrade on a two-fiber BLSR
• Perform a manual span upgrade on a four-fiber BLSR
• Perform a manual span upgrade on a path protection configuration
• Perform a manual span upgrade on a 1+1 protection group

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