2023 2nd International Conference for Innovation in Technology (INOCON)

Bangalore, India. Mar 3-5, 2023

Applications of Blockchain Technology in Project

Management – A Systematic Literature Review
2023 2nd International Conference for Innovation in Technology (INOCON) | 979-8-3503-2092-3/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/INOCON57975.2023.10101235

Ruwanthi Perera, Ruwan Wickramarachchi, Chathura Rajapakse

Department of Industrial Management
University of Kelaniya
Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
pererakr_im17054@stu.kln.ac.lk, ruwan@kln.ac.lk, chathura@kln.ac.lk

Abstract— Project implementation failures are often seen due meet project requirements which refer to guiding the project
to sustainable development problems. Developing countries work to deliver the intended outcomes. According to that
suffer in terms of successful development projects due to a lack definition, every project work or phase of project work has a
of transparency, poor information communication management, beginning and an end, where unique means that every project
and many more that lead to poor project management. has some result that is different in some distinct way. Even
Blockchain applications aim to develop ecosystems that satisfy though a project has a temporary nature, successful
the high-security requirements of the users in enterprises such as implementation of a project has been a critical challenge to
finance, supply chain, and insurance which are more complex project managers, organizations, and as well as to countries due
than the project management domain. This research reviewed
to the high complexity of projects in the 21st century. As a
several blockchain-based applications to fill this gap and identify
the potential areas of blockchain systems in the project
result, various industries, such as construction, healthcare,
management field. Therefore, this paper first reviews the state- education, and global software development, face challenges
of-the-art blockchain use cases in project management to when managing large projects.
investigate the current status of blockchain applications in the "A successful project has delivered all aspects of the
domain of project management. Then presents an architecture project plan, within time and budget, while ensuring that
based on the review results to guide researchers and developers sponsors and stakeholders are satisfied with the quality of what
in designing blockchain-based applications which are unique for
has been delivered and that the delivered products or service
the project management domain. The review reveals that
are fit for purpose and sustainable” [2]. Hence, a project is
blockchain technology has a wide range of unique functionalities
and capabilities that contribute management of projects. This
unsuccessful if its budget, schedule, or scope overruns due to
systematic review unveils the directions to new blockchain project implementation-related problems. Hence, managing
research in the domain of project management. projects, businesses, stakeholders, and project teams are vital in
ensuring a project's success.
Keywords—blockchain, project management, applications of Developing countries have faced crucial project
blockchain technology, decentralized applications
implementation issues for years., which has become the main
I. INTRODUCTION barrier to their sustainable development[3]. Reasons for that
have been derived as the cost and time overrun, awarding of
Projects have become more complex daily due to various the contract to the lowest bidder, which belongs to project
factors such as the turbulent environment, diversity of procurement in infrastructure-related projects. In addition to
stakeholders, working with cutting-edge technologies, and that, these developing countries have not considered the
complex requirements, which will ultimately affect the project knowledge of previous projects, which may assist in ongoing
outcome. These complex factors impact successful project and future projects. That can be used by the project managers
initiation, planning, execution, closure, monitoring, and and other involved members to reduce future risks and
controlling. challenges in project implementations. However, blockchain
Therefore, project management is a way to control technology has the possibility to ensure the responsibility of
spending and improve project results in organizations across managing different tasks of project management, which may
sectors and geographical locations. Organizations have lead to mitigating some of the project implementation
discovered that following a project management practice will problems [4]. Standards of human life can be increased by
reduce risks and improve success rates. Therefore, according to reducing the blockchain-based use of blockchain based project
the Economics Intelligent Unit report, adhering to project management [5]. That can result in projects without
management methods is to survive an economic crisis. Hence, information manipulation. According to Shojaei et al.[6]
implementing project management across organizations is a blockchain technology can be used to build a system for
strategic decision that will add value to the organization. project information management. Another study by Gausdal et
al.[4] explained that poor data management will cause to
Project Management Institute [1] defines a project as a increase the project costs by 20%. In addition to that, they
temporary endeavour that creates a unique result, product, or described how innovative technologies like blockchain might
service and defines project management as the application of reduce project costs with its potential.
knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to

979-8-3503-2092-3/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE 1

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 However, there are several limitations in the above studies
since they mainly focus on understanding concepts of
blockchain technology and various project management
systems. Blockchain technology can introduce something new
to an organization which can change the ways of doing things
subjectively or objectively [7]. However, the potential areas of
blockchain applications in project management are not well-
known and researched [8]. Hence there is a significant need to
enhance the performance of project management and this study
aims to identify the potential state-of-the-art blockchain
applications in project management. Therefore, the benefits of
adopting blockchain technology into project management and
how those applications will improve project performance
domains will be explored in this research. The main
contribution of this paper is the identification that blockchain-
based project management system could be a viable solution
for the demands of project management which will support one
of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals [9];
building resilient infrastructure, promoting inclusive and
sustainable industrialization and foster innovation of the world.
II. METHODOLOGY
Fig.1.Research Methodology
The approach of this study is a systematic review of
literature that focused on blockchain technology and project III. LITERATURE REVIEW
management to identify the state-of-the-art applications of
A. Project Management and Performance Domains
blockchain technology in project management. The scope of
the literature review was defined at the beginning. After that, Organizations tend to understand the importance of
the process is conducted in three phases namely, literature effective project management to gain operational efficiency
search, selection, and analysis. In literature search, it and competitive advantage[11]. According to Project
determines how the searching process is conducted and the Management Institute [1], project management has project
search terms and databases are selected [8]. For identification, performance domains which are a group of related activities
screening, and article selection process, PRISMA framework that are critical for the effective delivery of project outcomes.
[10] was used as demonstrated in Fig 1. Google Scholar, There are eight project performance domains, stakeholders,
Research gate, Emarald Insight and Science Direct were team, development approach and lifecycle, planning, project
chosen as the search databases as they cover more peer- work, delivery, measurement, and uncertainty. Therefore,
reviewed scientific literature. these performance domains act as an integrated, interactive,
The keywords of the search should be precise and exclude and interdependent system that leads to successful project
contributions that are not relevant to the context [8]. Therefore, delivery and intended outcomes [1].
the search criteria included keywords like "Blockchain",
"Project management", and "Applications of Blockchain 1) Stakeholder performance domain
technology".120 articles were identified initially through the This performance domain addresses activities associated
keyword search and 9 were removed due to duplication. After with the stakeholders, which need to result in outcomes such as
that to assure the relevance to contemporary practices in the a good relationship with the stakeholders throughout the
study area, the articles were filtered based on the year of project, agreement of objectives with the stakeholders, and
publication, and studies which have been published between satisfy the stakeholders who benefit from the project while
2009-2022 were selected. As the next step, titles and abstracts mitigating the negative impact of stakeholders who oppose the
were analyzed which resulted in an exclusion of 18 articles due project.
to the irrelevancy to the context in abstract, duplicated, and
unavailability of full texts. Therefore, 57 articles remained at 2) Team performance domain
the end of the second stage. Then 15 articles were excluded Addressing activities and functions related to the people
due to less contribution to the study area at the third stage. responsible for building the project outcomes belongs to the
Finally, 42 articles were subjected to full-text review at the end team performance domain. It assures a high-performing team,
of the article selection process as shown in Fig 1. shared ownership, and leadership and interpersonal skills
expressed by all the team members.
3) Development approach and lifecycle performance
domain
This performance domain focuses on establishing the
project's development approach and life cycle phases. Different

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industries have different development approaches like according to their performances [13]. Lack of proper
predictive, adaptive, and hybrid approach. Feasibility, design, communication among the project team stakeholders also
build, test, deploy, and close have been stated as the project life highly impacts project success [14].
cycle phases. Successful execution of this performance domain
results in project life cycle phases and development approaches
that connect project delivery and stakeholder value. C. Blockchain Technology
In 1990, blockchain was first initiated by a group of
4) Planning performance domain researchers, and it originated as a peer-to-peer currency system.
This addresses functions and activities associated with the Nevertheless, it has been occupied in various cases in different
initial ongoing and evolving coordination and organization for industries. Therefore, a blockchain is a chain of secured
delivering project outcomes. Planning project scope, estimating interconnected blocks with storage facilities for all transactions
delivery, schedules, and budget falls under the planning [8]. The advantages of blockchain technology can be
performance domain. Moreover, this domain requires smooth considered as transparency, immutability, openness, and
planning of project teams, communication, physical resources, traceability by joining different computer science disciplines
and procurement activities in execution. like cryptography, data structures, and consensus algorithm.
5) Project work performance domain The blockchain contains two main elements: blocks and
The project work performance domain entails processes transactions. A transaction occurs when a user performs a task
related to managing physical resources, fostering a learning and blocks the record of all those transactions. Apart from that,
environment, balancing competing constraints, maintaining each block carries all the data and hash value of the previous
project team focus, communication, and engagement, and block, which provides security in transactions[8]. As
monitoring new work and changes. mentioned, these blocks contain information about the
6) Delivery performance domain transactions. Because this chain of blocks is distributed over a
Delivery addresses the activities aligned with delivering peer-to-peer network, where every block maintains the latest
project requirements, quality, and scope that the project aimed version of it. Therefore, when a new transaction is initiated, it
to achieve. Hence, it pays attention to whether project is approved and verified by a majority of the nodes in the chain
deliverables are aligned with the project objectives. according to the pre-defined rules. After the validation, the
transaction is included in a block, and that newly created block
7) Measurement performance domain is now part of the ledger[15]. Then multiple copies are created
Project performance needs to be assessed, and necessary in the decentralized network providing security and trust in the
actions must be taken to maintain acceptable performance chain. Accordingly, every addition of a new block reconfirms
levels. Therefore, the measurement performance domain the transaction every time.
evaluates the degree of work done in the delivery domain and
meets the metrics identified in the planning performance D. The uniqueness of Blockchain Technology
domain. Welfare [5] argued that several special characteristics make
blockchain technology unique. Trust, transparency, Openness,
8) Uncertainty performance domain and Immutability have been highlighted as the special
The uncertainty performance domain addresses activities characteristics of blockchain technology.
associated with risk and uncertainty. The uncertainty reflects
threats, and opportunities that a project meets, evaluate, and Trust: Despite the industry, government, societies, and
decide how to handle. Therefore, understanding the broader processes, trust has become a significant issue today. Since it
environment is essential to facing unpredictable situations. needs more time and functions to ensure trust before managing
a contract in any business function, including project
B. Challenges in Project Performance Domains management, blockchain technology assures trust among
A project typically consists of a huge amount of paperwork different parties involved.
which can potentially be subjected to fraud and cost [12]. The Transparency and Openness: The information stored in a
authors suggest that digitised paper records can tackle those blockchain system is transparent and updated automatically.
inefficiencies. Therefore, automated paperwork processing Therefore, the information is available for respected parties
might support challenges in the project work domain of such as customers, organizations, or other stakeholders. As a
managing projects. Apart from that, poor cost estimations, result, a project manager can quickly gain advantages for the
inefficiencies in transactions, and transparency issues in project with more open and transparent processes.
payments have been identified as challenges in construction
Immutability: It is impossible to delete, alter, or edit any
projects. However, the authors have proposed that a
information after inserting it into a blockchain system. That
blockchain-based system can eliminate those issues by
can only be done if all the concerned parties approve it.
validating the transactions securely. Moreover, many project Therefore, there are immutable records available in a
failures occur due to poorly defined project scopes in blockchain system.
planning[8]. Much time is consumed in collecting and
preparing project updates and sending them to various E. Smart Contracts
stakeholders [8]. Another research has discovered issues in The idea of smart contracts emerged in the late 20th century
calculating incentives for employees involved in a project with the aspects of decentralized organisations and distributed

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consensus models[16]. Smart contracts executed on a blockchain can be a groundbreaking project management
predefined distributed platform were written as computer technology with applications like Building Information
codes. Therefore, the contract completes in trustless Modelling and smart contracts.
environments without any intermediaries to confirm whether
the code is executed accurately on behalf of the parties who are Turk and Klinc [25] proposed an information management
engaged in the transaction[17]. That ensures the trust between system for the construction industry with the use of Building
both parties that the contract will execute as agreed when the Information Modelling and blockchain technology. Their
logical conditions are met as no one party can change the proposed solution is designed based on the characteristics of
contract alone. Therefore, it affects the transparency, security, smart contracts functionality to manage projects in the
and audibility of the contract [18]. construction industry. On the other hand, Mason and Escott
[26] researched the applicability of blockchain technology in
F. Blockchain applications in Business Management the construction industry in relation to smart contracts in
The applications of blockchain have now gone far beyond executing construction contracts.
the financial sector and into various other industries. Previous H. Benefits of Blockchain in Project Management
research has been done on applications of blockchain
technology in the construction industry, operations and supply Khatib et al. [22] analyzed six blockchain-based use cases
chain management, energy, manufacturing, the public sector, with various project management aspects. They concluded that
and government industries. Hargaden et al. [12] highlighted the transparency, automation of the processes, improved
adoption of blockchain technology in the construction industry. stakeholder management, cost management, and lessons
Applying blockchain technologies in Purchase management, learned are some benefits of adopting blockchain technology
finance management, contract management, asset and into project management. The author concluded as blockchain
inventory management, and subcontractor management of the will not replace traditional project management yet will
construction industry was identified in another research [19]. empower project managers with technology to increase
Furthermore, blockchain applications in power systems, geo- efficiency and project success by adopting blockchain
energy, maritime shipping, agri-food traceability, healthcare, technology [22].
and electronic voting have been identified [20]. Blockchain-based systems also support project managers to
Another potential area for blockchain technology has been easily measure, monitor, and control project progress, as
identified as supply chain management. Blockchain can impact blockchain eliminates any bureaucratic environment in project
supply chain processes including product management, management [27][28]. Since blockchain records all
financial transactions between different parties, product transactions every time, project managers can expect a quick
delivery, and procurement. Hence, the supply chain can be turnaround when someone performs a blockchain transaction,
improved by capturing information in ledgers with the use of which is exactly what project management requires [29].
blockchain applications [21]. According to Budeli [29], blockchain can support project
managers in accurately managing task dependencies, defining
G. Blockchain in Project Management team members' roles and responsibilities, transferring data
Blockchain technology is spreading everywhere, changing securely, and preventing time overruns, considerably reducing
traditional businesses by providing more secure, transparent, costs. Therefore, that suggests blockchain technology in project
and efficient solutions as a new wave of information management will lead to completing the projects without
technology [22]. Therefore, evaluating this technology is exceeding budget limitations.
significant to understand how it could improve project IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
management challenges and enhance the possibility of meeting
project goals and objectives for project success [22]. 20 blockchain use cases were identified based on the
analysis of literature and they were classified in to project
In recent years, blockchain technology has appeared in management blockchain application domain categories. A
project management, and different applications have been approach given by Casino et al.[29] was utilized to create an
identified to apply the technology [23]. Amoah et al. [24] application-oriented classification.
reviewed various blockchain applications in project
management. The authors stated that blockchain-based smart The primary categories and sub categories for broad
contracts and Building Information Modelling are two blockchain applications were identified by Casino et al.[29] to
applications of the technology that can be applied to project recognize the groups and subgroups for the project
management in the construction industry which can facilitate management blockchain application domains. Financial,
an immutable data record. Additionally, the authors proposed integrity verification, governance, internet of things, healthcare
that blockchain-based approaches in managing digital records, management, privacy and security, commercial and industrial
coordinating tasks of stakeholders, and reinforcing acceptable applications, education, data management, and other
performances can benefit project management offices to applications were among the broad categories. These project
validate project scope, budget, and schedules more efficiently management-specific major categories and subcategories for
and effectively. Furthermore, the authors indicated that blockchain applications are identified in this study.
blockchain technology could be applied to track project Based on the study of the reviewed literature, three main
deliverables, resources, and transactions in the project types were identified, and they were information management,
management information systems while managing project payments, and contract management as shown in the Table 1.
assets with transparency to all the stakeholders. Therefore,

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 TABLE I. CLASSIFICATION OF BLOCKCHAIN APPLICATIONS
Category Subcategory Applications of Blockchain Technology
Information Supply chain A data storage model [30], an information management scheme [31] a pilot system [32], a
Management management blockchain and IoT framework [33],an anti-counterfeiting platform [34], a conceptual framework
[35], and a framework for precast construction [36]
Information Asset life cycle A single shared-access BIM model [37], a blockchain-based BIM model [34], a blockchain and
Management management IoT-based smart product-service [38], and a framework for power communication assets [39]
Information Progress A platform that manages information of research and development projects [28]
Management Management
Information Quality A system for managing quality information [21], and a quality traceability framework [39]
Management Management
Payments Financial A case study of robotics process automation [40], A framework for automated project bank
transactions accounts [41], and a case study involving procurement of an equipment [42]
Security of
Payments
Contract Progress of Design of an automated payment system [43], An app for security of payment of construction
Management and payments contracts [44], and a model that enables selective-transparency in payment records [45]
Payments

management system. After that stakeholders can interact with

V. BLOCKCHAIN BASED PROJECT MANAGEMENT the system to validate their authentication and the users can
ARCHITECTURE proceed in the system only if they are recognized as legitimate
Project information management, payments and contract users. Thus, it can be used as a departure point for designing
management are crucial activities in project management and developing practical blockchain based project management
according to the analysis in the study. For instance, effective platforms to employ smart contracts in project contract
coordination and communication of activities in project management, payments, and information management.
management are critical success factors in the construction
industry[19]. Hence, blockchain transforms manual paperwork VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS
and centralized systems into a decentralized form of This paper provides a systematic literature review that
information management that supports decision making with identifies the benefits of adopting blockchain technology into
validated traceable data. project management, existing applications of blockchain in
project performance domains, and potential areas of blockchain
A smart contract facilitates tracing project tasks, payments, technology in project management. Based on the findings the
and allocated resources of a project. Therefore, reducing the paper presents an architecture for blockchain-based project
uncertainties of payments and resource allocation will weaken management.
the risk of project failures. Smart contracts ensure the trust of
people in traceable applications. Therefore, the proposed The unique characteristics of blockchain and the novel
architecture addresses subcategories like financial transactions, functionalities enable a significant potential for preventing
security of payments and progress of payments with the fraud in project information management, payments, and
functionalities of a smart contract. contracts, enhancing trust, and reducing disputes in projects.
However, the advantages of a particular blockchain-based
Once the project activates, work breakdown structures are system will depend on the technical decisions and features. The
entered into the system, a smart contract can be issued. Fig 2 proposed architecture can guide researchers and developers
illustrates the architecture for a blockchain-based project who implement blockchain systems for project management in
a specific domain.
According to the review results, it is revealed that
blockchain applications in project management are still in their
very early stages. Many types of research focus on conceptual
ideas, and frameworks, whereas very few have implemented
blockchain-based systems as solutions for challenges in the
project management domain. Hence, there is a gap in research
that pay attention towards developing blockchain systems in
project management. Integrating blockchain with artificial
intelligence is a potential area for future research that can
enhance the decision-making process of project management
with more trust and transparency.
Though blockchain applications in project management are
at very early stages, review results reveal that there are various
domains in project management which can be adopted by
blockchain-based systems. Hence, blockchain technology
Fig.2.Blockchain-based Project Management Architecture provides a novel and interesting research area with the

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