Introduction to Computer & Programming Techniques

Loops

Md. Jahidul Islam

BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology

Nishatnagar, Turag,
Dhaka-1230, Bangladesh

March 29, 2023

 Outlines

1 Loops

2 for Statement

3 Control Statements

4 Nested Loops

5 while Statement

6 do-while Statement

7 goto Statement

8 Programming Problems

9 Summary
2
 Loops

• Often, programs contain blocks of code to be executed more than once.

• A statement whose job is to repeatedly execute the same block of code as long as
the value of a controlling expression is true is called an iteration loop.
• In this lecture, you’ll learn about C’s iteration statements: for , while, and
do−while, which allow us to set up loops.
• As well as break, continue, and goto statements, which can be used to transfer
control from one point of a program to another.

3
 Outlines

1 Loops

2 for Statement

3 Control Statements

4 Nested Loops

5 while Statement

6 do-while Statement

7 goto Statement

8 Programming Problems

9 Summary
4
 for Statement

for statement is one of C’s three loop statements. It is typically used when the
number of iterations is predetermined. The general form of the for statement is:

f o r ( i n i t e x p ; cond exp ; update exp )

{
/∗ a b l o c k o f s t a t e m e n t s ( t h e l o o p body ) t h a t i s r e p e a t e d l y
e x e c u t e d a s l o n g a s c o n d e x p e v a l u a t e s t o t r u e . ∗/
}

The expressions init exp , cond exp, and update exp can be any valid C expressions.

5
 for Statement

In practice, a for statement works like this:

1 The init exp is executed only once, just before the first iteration. Typically,
init exp initializes a variable used in the other for expressions.
2 The cond exp is evaluated. If its value is false , the for loop terminates. If it is
true, the block of statements, called the loop body, is executed.
3 The update exp is executed to initiate the next loop iteration. Typically,
update exp changes the value of a variable used in cond exp.
4 Steps 2 and 3 are repeated until the value of cond exp becomes false .

6
 for Statement

Example
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
int a;
f o r ( a = 0 ; a < 5 ; a++)
{
p r i n t f ( ”%d ” , a ) ;
}
return 0;
}

The output of the aforementioned listing would be 0 1 2 3 4.

As with the if statement, if the loop body consists of a single statement, the braces
can be omitted. 7
 for Statement

Expressions in the for statement can contain more than one statement when we use
the comma (,) operator.

int a , b;
f o r ( a = 1 , b = 2 ; b < 1 0 ; a++, b++)

Here, the first expression assigns values to both a and b, and the last one increases
both of their values.

8
 for Statement

Common Error
As with if statement, a common error is to add accidentally a semicolon (;) at the
end of the for statement.

#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
int i ;
f o r ( i = 2 ; i < 7 ; i +=3) ;
p r i n t f ( ”%d\n” , i ) ;
return 0;
}

Here, the first expression assigns values to both a and b, and the last one increases
both of their values.
9
 for Statement

Omitting Expressions
The three expressions of a for statement are optional. In fact, C allows us to omit any
or all of them.

int a = 0;
f o r ( ; a < 5 ; a++)

for (a = 0; a < 5;)

{
p r i n t f ( ”%d ” , a ) ;
a++;
}

10
 for Statement
Omitting Expressions
If the conditional expression is missing, the compiler treats it as always true, and the
for loop never ends. Such a loop is called infinite loop.

f o r ( a = 0 ; ; a++)

for ( ; ; )

If both the first and third expressions are missing, the for statement is equivalent to a
while statement.

f o r ( ; a < 5 ; ) /∗ i s e q u i v a l e n t t o ∗/
w h i l e ( a < 5)
11
 Practice Problems

Write a program that displays the integers from 10 down to 1.

Write a program that reads the grades of 10 students and displays those within
[5, 10].

What is the output of the following program?

#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
i n t i , j = 10;
f o r ( i = 0 ; j < 1 0 ; i ++)
p r i n t f ( ”One\n” ) ;
return 0;
}
12
 Outlines

1 Loops

2 for Statement

3 Control Statements

4 Nested Loops

5 while Statement

6 do-while Statement

7 goto Statement

8 Programming Problems

9 Summary
13
 break Statement
break statement used to terminate a for , while, or do−while loop and transfer control
to the first statement after the loop.
Example
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
int i ;
f o r ( i = 1 ; i < 1 0 ; i ++)
{
i f ( i == 5 )
break ;
p r i n t f ( ”%d ” , i ) ;
}
p r i n t f ( ”End = %d\n” , i ) ;
return 0;
}
14
 continue Statement
The continue statement can be used within a for , while, or do−while loop. While the
break statement completely terminates a loop, the continue statement terminates the
current loop iteration and continues with the next iteration, skipping the rest of the
statements in the loop body.
Example
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
int i ;
f o r ( i = 1 ; i < 1 0 ; i ++)
{
i f ( i < 5)
continue ;
p r i n t f ( ”%d ” , i ) ;
}
return 0;
} 15
 Outlines

1 Loops

2 for Statement

3 Control Statements

4 Nested Loops

5 while Statement

6 do-while Statement

7 goto Statement

8 Programming Problems

9 Summary
16
 Nested Loops

When an iteration loop is included in the body of another loop, each iteration of the
outer loop triggers the full completion of the nested loop.

#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
int i , j ;
f o r ( i = 0 ; i < 2 ; i ++)
{
p r i n t f ( ”One ” ) ;
f o r ( j = 0 ; j < i ; j ++)
p r i n t f ( ”Two ” ) ;
}
return 0;
}

17
 Nested Loops

The break statement always terminates the loop in which it belongs to.

#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
int i , j ;
f o r ( i = 0 ; i < 2 ; i ++)
{
f o r ( j = 0 ; j < 2 ; j ++)
{
i f ( i+j == 1 )
break ;
p r i n t f ( ”Two ” ) ;
}
p r i n t f ( ”One ” ) ;
}
p r i n t f ( ” \ n V a l 1 = %d V a l 2 = %d\n” , i , j ) ;
18
}
 Practice Problems

What is the output of the following program?

#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
int i ;
f o r ( i = 0 ; i < 2 ; i ++)
{
p r i n t f ( ”One ” ) ;
f o r ( i = 0 ; i < 2 ; i ++)
p r i n t f ( ”Two ” ) ;
}
p r i n t f ( ” V a l = %d\n” , i ) ;
return 0;
}

19
 Practice Problems

Write a program that produces the following output.

*
**
***
****
*****

Write a program that reads an integer and displays the prime numbers that are less
than or equal to it.

20
 Outlines

1 Loops

2 for Statement

3 Control Statements

4 Nested Loops

5 while Statement

6 do-while Statement

7 goto Statement

8 Programming Problems

9 Summary
21
 while Statement

The while statement is the simplest way to create iteration loops in C. It is mostly
used when the number of the iterations is unknown.

while ( condition )
{
/∗ b l o c k o f s t a t e m e n t s ( l o o p body ) t h a t i s r e p e a t e d l y e x e c u t e d a s
l o n g a s t h e c o n d i t i o n r e m a i n s t r u e . ∗/
}

while( i != 0) is equivalent to while( i ) and while (! i ) is equivalent to while( i == 0)

Any constant value other than 0 is considered to be always true.

22
 while Statement

The following program uses a while statement to print the integers from 1 to 10.

#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
int i = 1;
w h i l e ( i <= 1 0 )
{
p r i n t f ( ”%d\n” , i ) ;
i ++;
}
return 0;
}

23
 while Statement

The following program uses a while statement to print the integers from 10 down to 1.

#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
i n t i = 10;
w h i l e ( i != 0 )
{
p r i n t f ( ”%d\n” , i ) ;
i −−;
}
return 0;
}

24
 Practice Problems

Write a program that reads an integer continuously and displays them. If the user
enters 0, the insertion of numbers should terminate. Note that the number 0 must not
be displayed.

How many times is the next while loop executed?

#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
i n t a = 256 , b = 4 ;
w h i l e ( a != b )
b = b∗b ;
}

Write a program that reads a float number (i.e., a) and an integer (i.e., b) and displays
the result of ab . 25
 Outlines

1 Loops

2 for Statement

3 Control Statements

4 Nested Loops

5 while Statement

6 do-while Statement

7 goto Statement

8 Programming Problems

9 Summary
26
 do-while Statement

The do−while statement is similar to the while statement except that the value of
condition is checked after each execution of the loop body, not before. Therefore, a
do−while loop is executed at least once.

do
{
/∗ b l o c k o f s t a t e m e n t s ( l o o p body ) t h a t i s e x e c u t e d a t l e a s t o n c e
and t h e n r e p e a t e d a s l o n g a s t h e c o n d i t i o n r e m a i n s t r u e . ∗/
} while ( condition ) ;

A do-while statement should end with a semicolon.

27
 do-while Statement

The following program uses the do−while statement to display the integers from 1 to
10.

#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
int i = 1;
do
{
p r i n t f ( ”%d\n” , i ) ;
i ++;
} w h i l e ( i <= 1 0 ) ;
return 0;
}

28
 Practice Problem

Write a program that reads an integer N > 3 and calculates the result of the
expression R1 = 1/1 − 1/2 + 1/3 − 1/4 + ... 1/N. The program should force the
user to enter an integer greater than 3.

29
 Outlines

1 Loops

2 for Statement

3 Control Statements

4 Nested Loops

5 while Statement

6 do-while Statement

7 goto Statement

8 Programming Problems

9 Summary
30
 goto Statement

• The goto statement is used to transfer control to another statement within the
same function, provided that this statement has a label.
• Its syntax is -
goto location ;
• When the goto is executed, the program transfers control to the statement that
follows the location label.
• The label’s name must be unique in the function where the goto statement is
used.

31
 goto Statement
• The label is placed at the beginning of the target statement and its name must be
followed by a colon (:).

#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
i n t i , num ;
START :
f o r ( i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i ++)
{
p r i n t f ( ” E n t e r number : ” ) ;
s c a n f ( ”%d” , &num ) ;
i f ( num == −1)
g o t o START ;
}
return 0;
}
32
 goto Statement

• Usually, it is better to avoid the use of goto because the transition of the
program’s execution from one point to another and then to another and so on
leads to obscure, hard-to-read and complex code that is hard to maintain.
• However, there are cases where goto statement can be helpful, such as when
exiting from nested for or switch statements, as in this example:

f o r ( i = 0 ; i < 1 0 ; i ++)
f o r ( j = 0 ; j < 2 0 ; j ++)
f o r ( k = 0 ; k < 3 0 ; k++)
{
i f ( condition )
g o t o NEXT ;
}
NEXT :
...
33
 Outlines

1 Loops

2 for Statement

3 Control Statements

4 Nested Loops

5 while Statement

6 do-while Statement

7 goto Statement

8 Programming Problems

9 Summary
34
 Home Works

What is the output of the following program?

#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
int i , j = 5;
f o r ( i = 0 ; i+j == 5 ; j ++)
{
p r i n t f ( ”One\n” ) ;
i = 4;
j = 1;
}
p r i n t f ( ” V a l 1 = %d V a l 2 = %d\n” , i , j ) ;
return 0;
}

35
 Home Works

What is the output of the following program?

#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
int i ;
f o r ( i = 3 ; i && i −1; i −−)
p r i n t f ( ”%d\n” , i ) ;
return 0;
}

36
 Home Works

What is the output of the following program?

#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
int i ;
f o r ( i = 0 ; i ? 0 : i +1; i ++)
p r i n t f ( ”%d\n” , i ) ;
return 0;
}

37
 Home Works

What is the output of the following program?

#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
int i ;
f o r ( i = 0 ; i < 3 ; p r i n t f ( ”%d ” , ++i ) )
; /∗ Empty b l o c k o f s t a t e m e n t s . ∗/
return 0;
}

38
 Home Works

What is the output of the following program?

#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
int i ;
f o r ( i = 0 ; p r i n t f ( ”%d” , i ++) < 2 ; )
;
p r i n t f ( ” \ nEnd = %d\n” , i ) ;
return 0;
}

39
 Home Works

Write a program that displays the sum of all numbers from 1 to 200.

Write a program that displays the product of all odd numbers from 1 to 20.

Write a program that reads an integer and displays its multiplication table.

Write a program that reads an integer and displays a message to indicate whether it is
prime or not.

Write a program that reads an integer and displays the number of its digits and their
sum.

Write a program that reads a positive integer and displays the maximum positive
integer n for which the sum 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2 is less than the given number. 40
 Home Works
What is the output of the following program?
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( )
{
i n t i = −2;
w h i l e ( i −6)
{
p r i n t f ( ”One ” ) ;
i ++;
w h i l e ( ! ( i +1) )
{
p r i n t f ( ”Two ” ) ;
i −−;
}
i += 2 ;
}
}
41
 Home Works

Write a program that produces the following output.

*****
****
***
**
*

Write a program that produces the following output.

*
* *
* **
* ***
* **
* *
* 42
 Home Works

Write a program that reads two integers (i.e., M, N) and produces an M×N grid.
Each grid cell should be 3×2 characters wide. As an example, a 3×5 grid follows:
+−−+−−+−−+−−+−−+
| | | | | |
+−−+−−+−−+−−+−−+
| | | | | |
+−−+−−+−−+−−+−−+
| | | | | |
+−−+−−+−−+−−+−−+

The three horizontal characters of each cell should be + − − and the two verticals +|

43
 Home Works

Write a program that reads an integer (i.e., N) and displays the result of:

1 1 1 1
+ + + ... +
1∗3 3∗5 5∗7 (N − 2) ∗ N

The program should force the user to enter an odd integer greater or equal to 3.

44
 Outlines

1 Loops

2 for Statement

3 Control Statements

4 Nested Loops

5 while Statement

6 do-while Statement

7 goto Statement

8 Programming Problems

9 Summary
45
 Summary

• for Statement
• break Statement
• continue Statement
• Nested Loops
• while Statement
• do−while Statement
• goto Statement

46
Thank You!