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Cloud Computing Answers

The document discusses various aspects of database security, including authentication, encryption, and monitoring, which are crucial for protecting business data. It also outlines the design goals of Xoar, a cloud security platform, emphasizing security isolation and performance efficiency. Additionally, it highlights security risks faced by cloud users and providers, the architecture of Google File System, the data flow in MapReduce jobs using Hadoop, and system issues in running parallel and distributed programs.

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30 views4 pages

Cloud Computing Answers

The document discusses various aspects of database security, including authentication, encryption, and monitoring, which are crucial for protecting business data. It also outlines the design goals of Xoar, a cloud security platform, emphasizing security isolation and performance efficiency. Additionally, it highlights security risks faced by cloud users and providers, the architecture of Google File System, the data flow in MapReduce jobs using Hadoop, and system issues in running parallel and distributed programs.

Uploaded by

Varun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Discuss the Security of Database Services

Database security involves protecting the database from unauthorized access, misuse, or threats. It

includes several key mechanisms:

- Authentication & Authorization: Ensures that only authorized users can access specific data or

perform certain operations.

- Encryption: Protects data at rest and in transit using cryptographic techniques.

- Auditing & Monitoring: Tracks access patterns and detects abnormal activities to prevent breaches.

- Backup & Recovery: Ensures data can be recovered in case of corruption or attacks like

ransomware.

- Firewall and Intrusion Detection Systems: Prevents malicious access to database systems.

- Data Masking: Hides sensitive data elements in non-production environments.

Database security is essential for preserving confidentiality, integrity, and availability of critical

business data.

2. Summarize the Design Goals of Xoar

Xoar is a research platform designed to provide security and performance in cloud environments. Its

main design goals include:

- Security Isolation: Xoar ensures strong isolation between virtual machines (VMs) to prevent

malicious access.

- Minimized TCB (Trusted Computing Base): Reduces the amount of code that must be trusted,

limiting the attack surface.

- Modular Design: Encourages plug-and-play security modules and components.

- Efficient Performance: Maintains low overhead to deliver performance close to native execution.

- Support for Fine-grained Policies: Enables administrators to enforce security at detailed levels.

- Scalability: Designed to scale efficiently across cloud data centers.

3. Explain the Security Risks Faced by Cloud Users and Cloud Service Providers

Both cloud users and providers face numerous security risks:


For Cloud Users:

- Data Breach: Unauthorized access to sensitive information.

- Account Hijacking: Attacker gains access to cloud account credentials.

- Insecure Interfaces & APIs: Poorly designed interfaces can be exploited.

- Data Loss: Caused by malicious deletion or corruption.

- Insider Threats: Employees with access misusing data.

For Cloud Service Providers:

- Denial of Service (DoS): Disrupts services making them unavailable.

- Hypervisor Attacks: Exploiting vulnerabilities in virtualization layers.

- Shared Technology Issues: Bugs in shared resources like memory or storage.

- Compliance Violations: Failing to meet regulatory requirements.

- Malicious Tenants: Users abusing multi-tenant environments for attacks.

4. Explain the Architecture of Google File Systems

Google File System (GFS) is a scalable distributed file system developed by Google for large

data-intensive applications.

Architecture Components:

- Master Server: Manages metadata like namespace, access control, and file-to-chunk mapping.

- Chunk Servers: Store actual data in fixed-size chunks (usually 64MB). Each chunk is replicated

across multiple servers.

- Clients: Interact with the master to get metadata and communicate directly with chunk servers for

reading/writing data.

Key Features:
- Fault Tolerance: Automatic recovery and replication of data.

- High Throughput: Optimized for large data sets and sequential operations.

- Append-Only Writes: Designed for workloads with frequent appends.

- Scalability: Can scale to thousands of machines and petabytes of data.

5. Data Flow in Running a MapReduce Job Using Hadoop

Data Flow in MapReduce:

1. Input Splits: The input data is split into blocks (default 128MB).

2. Map Phase: Each block is processed by a Map Task that produces intermediate (key, value)

pairs.

3. Shuffle and Sort: Intermediate data is sorted and shuffled by key and sent to the appropriate

Reduce Task.

4. Reduce Phase: Aggregates or computes final results based on intermediate data.

5. Output: Final output is written to HDFS.

Diagram:

HDFS Input Blocks

Map Tasks (Task Trackers)

Intermediate (key, value) pairs

Shuffle & Sort (Master manages this)

|
v

Reduce Tasks (Task Trackers)

HDFS Output Blocks

6. System Issues in Running Parallel/Distributed Programs

Key system issues include:

- Synchronization: Ensuring proper timing and coordination between processes/threads to avoid

race conditions.

- Communication Overhead: Excessive data exchange can reduce performance in distributed

systems.

- Load Balancing: Tasks must be evenly distributed to prevent bottlenecks.

- Fault Tolerance: Systems must handle node failures without losing progress.

- Scalability: Algorithms must efficiently scale with the number of nodes/processors.

- Latency and Bandwidth: Network delays and limits impact distributed performance.

- Resource Sharing: Efficient management of shared memory, storage, and I/O.

- Debugging Complexity: Parallel and distributed programs are harder to test and debug.

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