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DBMS Lab File

This document provides a comprehensive step-by-step guide for installing Oracle Database 21c XE on Windows, including system requirements, downloading, installation, and verification. It also covers creating Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) using various CASE tools, writing SQL statements, and understanding PL/SQL procedures, functions, packages, and triggers. Additionally, it includes examples of SQL commands and PL/SQL code for managing data and creating database structures.

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10 views8 pages

DBMS Lab File

This document provides a comprehensive step-by-step guide for installing Oracle Database 21c XE on Windows, including system requirements, downloading, installation, and verification. It also covers creating Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) using various CASE tools, writing SQL statements, and understanding PL/SQL procedures, functions, packages, and triggers. Additionally, it includes examples of SQL commands and PL/SQL code for managing data and creating database structures.

Uploaded by

amitmaurya70688
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

1.

Install oracle/ MYSQL


Step-by-Step Installation Guide for Oracle Database 21c XE on Windows

Step 1: Check System Requirements


Before downloading:
• OS: Windows 10/11 (64-bit)
• RAM: At least 2 GB (4 GB recommended)
• Disk space: At least 10 GB free

Step 2: Download Oracle 21c XE


1. Go to the official Oracle download page:
https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/xe-downloads.html
2. Scroll to Oracle Database 21c Express Edition for Windows and click "Download Windows
x64".
3. You’ll need to sign in or create a free Oracle account to download.

Step 3: Extract the Installer


1. After downloading the .zip file (e.g., oracle-database-xe-21c.zip), right-click it and select
Extract All.
2. Extract to a folder like C:\OracleXE.

Step 4: Run the Installer as Administrator


1. Go into the extracted folder.
2. Right-click on setup.exe → Choose Run as Administrator.

Step 5: Install Oracle XE


1. The installer will launch a wizard. Follow the steps:
o Accept License Agreement.
o Choose destination folder (default is okay).
o Set a password for the SYS and SYSTEM users (write this down!).
2. Click Install.
This may take 10–20 minutes. Be patient.

Step 6: Finish Installation


When done:
• You’ll see a message saying “Oracle Database was installed successfully.”
• Click Close.

Step 7: Verify Installation


1. Press Windows Key, type Services, open it.
2. Look for a service like:
o OracleServiceXE
o OracleXETNSListener
3. Make sure the Status is Running.

Step 8: Login to Oracle using SQL Developer (Optional but Recommended)


Install SQL Developer from:
https://www.oracle.com/tools/downloads/sqldev-downloads.html
After installing SQL Developer:
1. Open it and create a new connection:
o Username: system
o Password: (the one you set during install)
o Connection type: Basic
o Hostname: localhost
o Port: 1521
o Service Name: XE
2. Click Connect. You should now be connected to Oracle Database.

Step 9: (Optional) Set Environment Variables


If you want to use Oracle from command line:
1. Add C:\oracle\product\21c\... to the PATH variable in system environment variables.
2. Restart the command prompt.

2.Create Entity-Relationship
Diagram using case tools.

What are CASE Tools?


CASE = Computer-Aided Software Engineering
They help in designing software systems, including ER diagrams, UML diagrams, and more.
Some popular CASE tools for ERDs:
• dbdiagram.io (Web-based, easy)
• Lucidchart (Web-based, visual)
• Draw.io (diagrams.net) (Free, simple)
• Oracle SQL Developer Data Modeler (Best for Oracle)

Step-by-Step Guide to Create ERD Using dbdiagram.io (Best for Beginners)

Step 1: Go to Website
Visit: https://dbdiagram.io
You can sign in with Google or GitHub to save your work, or use it without signing in.

Step 2: Create a New Diagram


Click on:
• "New Diagram"
• Give it a name like Library System or Student Database

Step 3: Write Table Definitions (Simple Code)


Here’s an example for a Student-College ERD:
Table Student {
student_id int [pk]
name varchar
age int
college_id int [ref: > College.college_id]
}

Table College {
college_id int [pk]
name varchar
location varchar
}
• pk = Primary Key
• ref: > College.college_id = Foreign Key
It auto-generates the diagram as you type.

Step 4: View the ER Diagram


• The diagram will appear on the right.
• You can drag tables, zoom, and view relationships.

Step 5: Export or Share


You can:
• Export as PNG or PDF
• Save your project
• Share link with teammates

Optional: Using Oracle SQL Developer Data Modeler


If you're using Oracle, here's a more professional option:
Steps:
1. Download SQL Developer Data Modeler:
https://www.oracle.com/database/sqldeveloper/technologies/datamodeler.html
2. Install and run it.
3. Go to File > New > Relational Model.
4. Add Entities and Attributes using the GUI.
5. Define Primary/Foreign Keys.
6. Export the ERD as an image or PDF.

Write SQL statements Using ORACLE


/MYSQL:
a) Write basic SQL SELECT statements.
b) Restrict and sort data.
c) Display data from multiple tables.
d) Aggregate data using group function.
e) Manipulate data.
f) Create and manage tables
a) Basic SQL SELECT Statements
SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees;

b) Restrict and Sort Data


SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 10
ORDER BY salary DESC;

c) Display Data from Multiple Tables (JOIN)


SELECT e.first_name, e.last_name, d.department_name
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id;

d) Aggregate Data Using Group Functions


SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) AS average_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) > 5000;

e) Manipulate Data (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE)


-- INSERT
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary, department_id)
VALUES (207, 'Amit', 'Kumar', 5500, 10);

-- UPDATE
UPDATE employees
SET salary = salary + 1000
WHERE employee_id = 207;

-- DELETE
DELETE FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 207;

f) Create and Manage Tables


-- CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE departments (
department_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
department_name VARCHAR2(100),
location VARCHAR2(100)
);

-- ALTER TABLE (add a column)


ALTER TABLE departments
ADD manager_id NUMBER;

-- DROP TABLE
DROP TABLE departments;
4.Normalization.[Skipped]
5. Create cursor.
-- Sample table

CREATE TABLE employees (

emp_id NUMBER,

name VARCHAR2(50),

salary NUMBER

);

DECLARE

-- Declare variables to hold each row's data

v_name employees.name%TYPE;

v_salary employees.salary%TYPE;

-- Declare the cursor

CURSOR emp_cursor IS

SELECT name, salary FROM employees;

BEGIN

-- Open the cursor

OPEN emp_cursor;

-- Loop through each row

LOOP

FETCH emp_cursor INTO v_name, v_salary;

EXIT WHEN emp_cursor%NOTFOUND; -- Exit loop if no more rows

-- Display data (in SQL*Plus or anonymous block)

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name: ' || v_name || ', Salary: ' || v_salary);

END LOOP;
-- Close the cursor

CLOSE emp_cursor;

END;

--Output (example):

Name: John, Salary: 5000

Name: Alice, Salary: 6000

...

6.Create procedure and


functions.
What is a Procedure?

A procedure is a named PL/SQL block that performs an action. It does not return a value
directly, but can use OUT parameters.

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE procedure_name (

param1 IN datatype,

param2 OUT datatype

IS

BEGIN

-- Procedure logic here

END;

Example: Procedure to Calculate Bonus

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE calc_bonus (

p_salary IN NUMBER,

p_bonus OUT NUMBER

IS

BEGIN

p_bonus := p_salary * 0.10;


END;

Call the Procedure:

DECLARE

v_bonus NUMBER;

BEGIN

calc_bonus(5000, v_bonus);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Bonus is: ' || v_bonus);

END;

What is a Function?

A function is a named PL/SQL block that returns a single value using the RETURN keyword

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION function_name (

param1 IN datatype

) RETURN datatype

IS

BEGIN

-- Function logic here

RETURN value;

END;

Summary: Procedure vs Function

Feature Procedure Function

Returns Value? No (use OUT params) Yes (RETURN value)

Used in SQL? No Yes (can be)

Syntax CREATE PROCEDURE CREATE FUNCTION

8.Create packages and triggers .


PART 1: Packages in Oracle
What is a Package?
A package is a collection of procedures, functions, variables, and cursors grouped together
in two parts:
1. Package Specification – declares what’s inside (the interface)
2. Package Body – contains the actual code

Example: Package for Employee Bonus


Step 1: Package Specification
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE emp_bonus_pkg IS
PROCEDURE calc_bonus (p_salary IN NUMBER, p_bonus OUT NUMBER);
FUNCTION get_bonus (p_salary IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER;
END emp_bonus_pkg;
Step 2: Package Body
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY emp_bonus_pkg IS

PROCEDURE calc_bonus (p_salary IN NUMBER, p_bonus OUT NUMBER) IS


BEGIN
p_bonus := p_salary * 0.10;
END;

FUNCTION get_bonus (p_salary IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS


BEGIN
RETURN p_salary * 0.10;
END;

END emp_bonus_pkg;
PART 2: Triggers in Oracle
What is a Trigger?
A trigger is a stored PL/SQL block that automatically runs when a specific event occurs (like
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).

Example: Trigger to Log Employee Inserts


Assume you have these two tables:
CREATE TABLE employees (
emp_id NUMBER,
name VARCHAR2(50),
salary NUMBER
);

CREATE TABLE emp_log (


log_id NUMBER GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY,
emp_id NUMBER,
action_type VARCHAR2(10),
action_time TIMESTAMP
);

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