CLASS – X

MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER – 5
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Quadratic Equation
An equation of the form + + = 0 where , , and ≠ 0 is called a
quadratic equation with real coefficients in the variable .
Roots of a quadratic equation
A real number α is called a root of the quadratic equation + + = 0, ≠ 0 if
+ + = 0.
Note: (i) A root of the quadratic equation + + = 0 is a zero of the polynomial
+ + and vice-versa.
(ii) For every quadratic equation, there are two roots.
Algebraic methods of solving a quadratic equation
• Method of Factorisation
• Method of Completing Perfect Square.
Solve + + = , ≠ by Method of Completing Perfect Square.
Ans: We have,
+ + = 0, ≠0
⇒ 4 +4 +4 = 0 (Multiplying both sides by 4 )
⇒ (2 ) +2×2 × + +4 =
⇒ (2 + ) = −4
⇒2 + = ±√ −4
#$±√$ % #&'(
⇒ =
'

Thus, the roots of the quadratic equation + + = 0, ≠ 0 are

#$)√$% #&'( #$#√$ % #&'(
and .
' '

Quadratic Formula: Roots of a quadratic equation + + = 0, ≠ 0 can be

#$±√$ % #&'(
found directly by using the formula = '
. This formula is known as

quadratic formula.
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Discriminant
The quantity of −4 is called the discriminant of the quadratic
equation + + = 0.
Nature of the Roots
In the quadratic equation + + = 0, ≠ 0,
• if −4 > 0, the roots are real & unequal.
(i) if , , ∈ 2 and −4 = a square number, the roots are rational & unequal.
(ii) if , , ∈ 2 and −4 ≠ a square number, the roots are irrational &
unequal.
• if −4 = 0, the roots are real & equal.
• if −4 < 0, the roots are not real & unequal.
Note: The roots of a quadratic equation + + = 0 are real if −4 ≥ 0.

Relation between Roots and Coefficients

The two roots of the equation + + = 0 are
# $)√$ % #&'( #$#√$% #&'(
= '
and 5 = '

(i) + 5 = sum of the roots

# $)√$% #&'( #$#√$% #&'(
= +
' '

#$)√$ % #&'(#$#√$% #$'(

= '
# $
= '
#$
= '
#;<=>?@;@=AB <> C
= ;<=>?@;@=AB <> C % .

(ii) . 5 = Product of the roots

#$)√$ % #&'( #$#√$% #&'(
= ×
' '

(#$)% #(√$% #&'()%

=
&'%
$ % #$% )&'(
= &'%
(
='
;<AFBGAB B=HI
= ;<=>?@;@=AB <> C %

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 Important Deductions
In the Quadratic Equation + + = 0, ≠ 0,
• if = 0, the roots equal in magnitude but opposite in signs.
#$
• if = 0, the roots are 0 and .
'

• if = , the roots are reciprocal of each other.

(
• if + + = 0, the roots are 1 and '.

Formation of Quadratic Equation when the roots are given

Let + + = 0 be the required equation whose roots are and 5.
Now, + + =0

⇒ − J− K + =0

⇒ − ( + 5) + 5 = 0
i. e. − (sum of the roots) + product of the roots = 0

*******

SOLUTIONS
EXERCISE 5.1

1. Solve the following quadratic equations by the method of factorization:

(i) −M +N =
Solution: − 7 + 10 = 0
⇒ − (2 + 5) + 10 = 0
⇒ − 2 − 5 + 10 = 0
⇒ ( − 2) − 5( − 2) = 0
⇒ ( − 2)( − 5) = 0
⇒ either − 2 = 0 or −5 =0
∴ = 2 or =5
Thus, 2 and 5 are the roots of the given quadratic equation.

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(ii) −M −S=
Solution: 2 −7 −9=0
⇒2 − (9 − 2) − 9 = 0
⇒2 −9 +2 −9=0
⇒ (2 − 9) + 1(2 − 9) = 0
⇒ (2 − 9)( + 1) = 0
⇒ either 2 − 9 = 0 or +1=0
U
∴ = or = −1
U
Thus, and −1 are the roots of the given quadratic equation.

(iii) N −M +N =
Solution: 12 −7 +1 =0
⇒ 12 − (4 + 3) + 1 = 0
⇒ 12 −4 −3 +1=0
⇒ 4 (3 − 1) − 1(3 − 1) = 0
⇒ (3 − 1)(4 − 1) = 0
⇒ either 3 − 1 = 0 or 4 − 1 = 0
W W
∴ = X or =&
W W
Thus, X and & are the roots of the given quadratic equation.

(iv) Y −N +S=
Solution: 4 − 12 + 9 = 0
⇒4 − (6 + 6) + 9 = 0
⇒4 −6 −6 +9=0
⇒ 2 (2 − 3) − 3(2 − 3) = 0
⇒ (2 − 3)(2 − 3) = 0
⇒ either 2 − 3 = 0 or 2 − 3 = 0
X X
∴ = or =
X X
Thus, the roots of the given quadratic equation are and .

(v) √ [ − \[ − √ =
Solution: √2] − 3] − 2√2 = 0
⇒ √2] − (4 − 1)] − 2√2 = 0
⇒ √2] − 4] + ] − 2√2 = 0

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 ⇒ √2y_] − 2√2` + 1_] − 2√2` = 0

⇒ _] − 2√2`_√2y + 1` = 0

⇒ either ] − 2√2 = 0 or √2y + 1 = 0

#W #√
∴ ] = 2√2 or ] = =
√
#√
Thus, 2√2 and are the roots of the given quadratic equation.

(vi) Y√\[ + a[ − √\ =
Solution: 4√3] + 5] − 2√3 = 0
⇒ 4√3] + (8 − 3)] − 2√3 = 0
⇒ 4√3] + 8] − 3] − 2√3 = 0
⇒ 4y_√3] + 2` − √3_√3] + 2` = 0
⇒ _√3] + 2`_4y − √3` = 0

⇒ either √3] + 2 = 0 or 4y − √3 = 0
# # √X √X
∴]= = or ] =
√X X &

# √X √X
Thus, X
and &
are the roots of the given quadratic equation.

2. Solve the following quadratic equations (real roots only) by the method of
completing the perfect square:
(i) +\ −N =
Solution: Comparing the given equation with + + = 0,
we get = 1, = 3 and = −10
So, discriminant = −4 = 3 − 4 × 1 × (−10) = 9 + 40 = 49 > 0
∴ the roots are real.
Now, + 3 − 10 = 0
X X X
⇒ + 2 × + c d − c d − 10 = 0

X X
⇒ c + d = c d + 10

X U
⇒ c + d = & + 10

X &U
⇒c + d = &

X &U
⇒ + = ±e &

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 X f
⇒ =− ±
#X±f
⇒ =
#X)f #X#f
⇒ = or =
& #Wg
⇒ = or =

⇒ = 2 or = −5
Or
We have + 3 − 10 = 0
⇒4 + 12 − 40 = 0 [Multiplying both sides by 4]
⇒ (2 ) + 2(2 )3 + 3 − 3 − 40 = 0
⇒ (2 + 3) = 49 > 0 , so the roots are real.
⇒ 2 + 3 = ±√49
⇒ 2 = −3 ± 7
#X±f
⇒ =
#X)f #X#f
⇒ = or =
& #Wg
⇒ = or =

⇒ = 2 or = −5

(ii) −h + a=
Solution: Comparing the given equation with + + = 0,
we get = 1, = −6 and = 25
So, discriminant = −4 = (−6) − 4 × 1 × 25 = 36 − 100 = −64 < 0
∴ the roots are not real.

Or
We have − 6 + 25 = 0
⇒ − 2 . 3 + 3 − 3 + 25 = 0
⇒ ( − 3) = −16 < 0
But ( − 3) cannot be negative for any real value of .
So the roots are not real.

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(iii) N − NM + h =
Solution: Here, = 12, = −17 and =6
−4 = (−17) − 4 × 12 × 6 = 289 − 288 = 1 > 0
∴ the roots are real.
Now, 12 − 17 + 6 = 0
Wf
⇒4 − + 2 = 0 [Dividing both sides by 3]
X

Wf Wf Wf
⇒ (2 ) − 2(2 ) +c d −c d +2=0
W W W

Wf Wf
⇒ c2 − W d = cW d − 2

Wf iU iU# ii
⇒ c2 − d = −2=
W W&& W&&

Wf W
⇒2 − = ±eW&&
W

Wf W
⇒2 =W ±W
Wf±W
⇒2 = W
Wf±W
⇒ =W ×
Wf)W Wf#W
⇒ = &
or =
&
Wi Wj
⇒ = or =
& &
X
⇒ = & or =X

(iv) Y −N +N=
Solution: Here, = 4, = −12 and =1
−4 = (−12) − 4 × 4 × 1 = 144 − 16 = 128 > 0
∴ the roots are real.
Now, 4 − 12 + 1 = 0
⇒ (2 ) − 2(2 )3 + 3 − 3 + 1 = 0
⇒ (2 − 3) = 8
⇒ 2 − 3 = ±√8
⇒ 2 = 3 ± 2√2
X± √
⇒ =
X) √ X# √
⇒ = or =

Page | 7
 (v) −N + \Y =
Solution: Here, = 1, = −10 and = 34
−4 = (−10) − 4 × 1 × 34 = 100 − 136 = −36 < 0
∴ the roots are not real.
(vi) h + − =
Solution: Here, = 6, = 1 and = −2
−4 = 1 − 4 × 6 × (−2) = 1 + 48 = 49 > 0
∴ the roots are real.
Now, 6 + −2=0
⇒ 36 + 6 − 12 = 0 [Multiplying both sides by 6]
W W W
⇒ (6 ) + 2(6 ) + c d − c d − 12 = 0

W W
⇒ c6 + d = & + 12

W &U
⇒ c6 + d =
&

W &U
⇒ 6 + = ±e &
W f
⇒6 =− ±
#W±f
⇒6 =
#W±f
⇒ = ×j
#W)f #W#f
⇒ = W
or = W
j #i
⇒ = W or =
W
W #
⇒ = or =
X

3. Determine whether the following quadratic equations have real roots and if so, find
the roots by using the quadratic formula:
(i) − h − Nh =
Solution: Here, = 1, = −6 and = −16
So, discriminant = −4
= (−6) − 4 × 1 × (−16)
= 36 + 64
= 100 > 0
∴ the equation has real roots.

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 By using quadratic formula, we have
#(#j)±√Wgg
=
×W
j±Wg
⇒ =
j)Wg j#Wg
⇒ = or =
Wj #&
⇒ = or =

⇒ = 8 or = −2
∴ the roots are 8 and −2.

(ii) −h +M =
Solution: Here, = 1, = −6 and =7
So, discriminant = −4
= (−6) − 4 × 1 × 7
= 36 − 28
=8>0
∴ the equation has real roots.
By using quadratic formula, we have
#(#j)±√i
=
×W
j± √
⇒ =
_X±√ `
⇒ =

⇒ = 3 ± √2
⇒ = 3 + √2 or = 3 − √2
∴ The roots are 3 + √2 and 3 − √2.
(iii) Y − +N =
Solution: Here, = 4, = −1 and =1
So, discriminant = −4
= (−1) − 4 × 4 × 1
= 1 − 16
= −15 < 0
∴ the equation has no real roots.

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(iv) − a√\ + Nk =
Solution: Here, = 1, = −5√3 and = 18
So, discriminant = −4

= _−5√3` − 4 × 1 × 18
= 75 − 72
=3>0
∴ the equation has real roots.
By using quadratic formula, we have
#(#l√X)±√X
= ×W
l√X±√X
⇒ =
×W
l√X±√X
⇒ =
l√X)√X l√X#√X
⇒ = or =
j√X &√X
⇒ = or =

⇒ = 3√3 or = 2√3
∴ The roots are 3√3 and 2√3.
(v) Y +N +S=
Solution: Here, = 4, = 12 and =9
So, discriminant = −4
= 12 − 4 × 4 × 9
= 144 − 144
=0
∴ the equation has equal real roots.
By using quadratic formula, we have
#W ±√g
=
×&
#W )g #W #g
⇒ = or =
i
#W #W
⇒ = or =
i i
#X #X
⇒ = or =
#X #X
∴ The roots are and .

Page | 10
 (vi) −\ + =
Solution: Here, = 2, = −3 and =2
So, discriminant = −4
= (−3) − 4 × 2 × 2
= 9 − 16
= −7 < 0
∴ the equation has no real roots.

4. Without solving, examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic
equations:
(i) S −h +N=
Solution: 9 −6 +1=0
Here, = 9, = −6 and = 1
Discriminant = −4
= (−6) − 4 × 9 × 1
=0
∴ the roots are real and equal.

(ii) + + =
Solution: + +2=0
Here, = 1, = 1 and = 2
Discriminant = −4
=1 −4×1×2
= −7 < 0
∴ the roots are not real and unequal.

(iii) a − a+h =
Solution: 25 − 25 + 6 = 0
Here, = 25, = −25 and = 6
Discriminant = −4
= (−25) − 4 × 25 × 6
= 25 > 0 and also a square number
∴ the roots are rational and unequal.

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 (iv) −\ +N=
Solution: −3 +1=0
Here, = 1, = −3 and = 1
Discriminant = −4
= (−3) − 4 × 1 × 1
= 5 > 0 but not a square number
∴ the roots are irrational and unequal.

(v) \ −N +\=
Solution: 3 − 10 + 3 = 0
Here, = 3, = −10 and =3
Discriminant = −4
= (−10) − 4 × 3 × 3
= 100 − 36
= 64 > 0 and also a square number.
∴ the roots are rational and unequal.

(vi) − +N=
Solution: − +1=0
Here, = 1, = −1 and =1
Discriminant = −4
= (−1) − 4 × 1 × 1
=1−4
= −3 < 0
∴ the roots are not real and unequal.

5. Without solving, find the sum & the product of the roots of the following quadratic
equations:
(i) −\ −\=
Solution: −3 −3=0
Here, = 1, = −3 and = −3
$ #X
∴ Sum of the roots = − ' = − =3
W
( #X
And product of the roots = ' = W
= −3

Page | 12
 (ii) a −N + =
Solution: 5 − 10 + 2 = 0
Here, = 5, = −10 and =2
$ #Wg
∴ Sum of the roots = − = − =2
' l
(
And product of the roots = =
' l

(iii) − \√\ + \ =
Solution: 2 − 3√3 + 3 = 0
Here, = 2, = −3√3 and = 3
#$ #(#X√X ) X√X
∴ Sum of the roots = = =
'
( X
and Product of the roots = ' =

(iv) \ − _ + √\` − Y =
Solution: 3 − _2 + √3` − 4 = 0

Here, = 3, = −_2 + √3`and = −4

#$ #{#_ )√X `} )√X
∴ Sum of the roots = '
= X
= X
( #&
And Product of the roots = ' = X

(v) √a −N +a=
Solution: √5 − 10 + 5 = 0
Here, = √5 , = −10 and = 5
#$ #(#Wg ) Wg √l ×√l
∴ Sum of the roots = = = = = 2√5
' √l √l √l
( l √l ×√l
And Product of the roots = ' = = = √5
√l √l

(vi) +a +a=
Solution: +5 +5=0
Here, = 1, = 5 and =5
$ l
∴ Sum of the roots = − ' = − W = −5
( l
And product of the roots = ' = W = 5

6. Form the Quadratic Equation whose roots are

(i) −\, −h
Solution: Here, sum of the roots = −3 + (−6) = −9
and product of the roots = (−3) × (−6) = 18

Page | 13
 Then the required equation is given by
− (sum of the roots) + product of the roots = 0
⇒ − (−9) + 18 = 0
∴ + 9 + 18 = 0
N N
(ii) ,
\
W W X) l
Solution: Here, sum of the roots = + = =
X j j
W W W
and product of the roots = × =
X j
l W
∴ the required equation is −j +j =0
jC % #lC)W
i. e. =0
j

i. e. 6 −5 +1=0

(iii) \√ , −Y√
Solution: Here, sum of the roots = 3√2 + _−4√2` = −√2

And product of the roots = _3√2` × _−4√2` = −12 × 2 = −24

∴ the required equation is − _−√2 ` + (−24) = 0

i. e. + √2 − 24 = 0

(iv) \ + √a, \ − √a
Solution: Here, sum of the roots = (3 + √5) + _3 − √5` = 6

And product of the roots = _3 + √5` × _3 − √5` = 3 − √5 = 9 − 5 = 4

∴ the required equation is given by −6 +4 =0

\)√\ \#√\
(v) ,
X)√X X#√X X)√X)X#√X j
Solution: Here, sum of the roots = + = = =3
%
X)√X X#√X X% #√X U#X j X
And product of the roots = c d×c d= = =&=
& &
X
∴ the required equation is −3 + = 0
C % #jC)X
i. e. =0

i. e. 2 −6 +3=0

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 √ √
(vi) \
, \

√ √ √ )√ X√
Solution: Here, sum of the roots = + = = = √2
X X X X

√ √ × &
And product of the roots = X
×
X
= =
U U
&
∴ the required equation is − √2 + = 0
U
UC % #U√ C)&
i. e. =0
X

i. e. 9 − 9√2 + 4 = 0
7. If o pqr s are the roots of the equation + t + u = ,u ≠ then find the values
of the following (in terms of t pqr u)
(i) o s + os
(ii) (o + N)(s + N)
N N
(iii) +
o s

(iv) o\ + s\
o s
(v) s
+ o

(vi) (o + )(s + )
Solution: We have and 5 are the roots of the equation + v + w = 0,
#$
∴ + 5 = −v [⸪ sum of the roots= '
]
(
And 5=w [⸪ product of the roots= ]
'

(i) 5 + 5 = 5( + 5) = w × (−v) = −vw

(ii) ( + 1)(5 + 1) = 5 + +5+1=w−v+1
W W x% )y %
(iii) x%
+ y% =
x% y %

(x)y)% # xy
= (xy)%
[⸪ + = ( + ) −2 ]

(−v) − 2w
=
w
v − 2w
=
w
(iv) X
+ 5 X = ( + 5)X − 3 5( + 5) [⸪ X
+ X
= ( + )X − 3 ( + )]
= (−v)X − 3w × (−v)
= −vX + 3vw

Page | 15
 x% y% x{ )y {
(v) + = [⸪ X
+ X
= ( + )X − 3 ( + )]
y x xy

(x)y){ #Xxy(x)y)
=
xy

(#|){ #X}×(#|)
=
}

#|{ )X|}
=
}

(vi) ( + 2)(5 + 2)
= 5 + 2( +5 )+4
= ( 5) + 2{( + 5) − 2 5} + 4 [⸪ + = ( + ) −2 ]
= w + 2{(−v) − 2w} + 4
= w + 2(v − 2w) + 4
= w + 2v − 4w + 4
= 2v + w − 4w + 4
8. If o pqr s are the roots of the equation − t + u = ,u ≠ then form the
Quadratic Equation whose roots are
(i) \o, \s
o s
(ii) ,

(iii) o − N, s − N
(iv) o , s
o s
(v) ,
s o

(vi) o\ , s\
Solution: Since and 5 are the roots of the equation − v + w = 0, we have
+ 5 = −(−v) = v and 5 = w
(i) We have to form the quadratic equation whose roots are 3 and 35.
Now, sum of the roots= 3 + 35 = 3( + 5) = 3v
Product of the roots = 3 × 35 = 9 5 = 9w
Then the required equation is given by
− (sum of the roots) + product of the roots = 0
i. e. − 3v + 9w = 0
x y
(ii) We have to form the quadratic equation whose roots are and .
x y x)y |
Now, sum of the roots= + = =

Page | 16
 x y xy }
And product of the roots = × = =
& &
| }
∴ the required equation is − + =0
&
&C % # |C)}
i. e. =0
&

i. e. 4 − 2v + w = 0

(iii) We have to form the quadratic equation whose roots are − 1 and 5 − 1.
Now, sum of the roots = ( − 1) + (5 − 1) = +5−2=v−2
And product of the roots = ( − 1) × (5 − 1) = 5 − ( + 5) + 1
=w−v+1
∴ the required equation is − (v − 2) + (w − v + 1) = 0
i. e. + (2 − v) + (w − v + 1) = 0

(iv) We have to form the quadratic equation whose roots are and 5 .
Now, sum of the roots= + 5 = ( + 5) − 2 5 = v − 2w
And product of the roots = × 5 = ( 5) = w
∴ the required equation is − (v − 2w) + w = 0
i.e. + (2w − v ) + w = 0

x y
(v) We have to form the quadratic equation whose roots are y and x . .
x y x% )y % (x)y)% # xy |% # }
Now, sum of the roots= + = = =
y x xy xy }
x y
And product of the roots = y × x = 1

|% # }
∴ the required equation is − +1=0
}

}C % #_|% # }`C)}
i. e. =0
}

i. e.. w − (v − 2w) + w = 0
i.e. w + (2w − v ) + w = 0
(vi) We have to form the quadratic equation whose roots are X
and 5 X .
Now, sum of the roots= X
+ 5 X = ( + 5)X − 3 5( + 5) = vX − 3vw
And product of the roots = X
× 5 X = ( 5)X = w X
∴ the required equation is − (vX − 3vw) + w X = 0
i.e. + (3vw − vX ) + w X = 0

Page | 17
9. Find the value of t so that the equation \t −N +t = has equal roots.
Solution: We have, the equation 3v − 12 + v = 0 has equal roots.
∴ Discriminant = 0 i.e. −4 =0
⇒ (−12) − 4 × 3v × v = 0
⇒ 12 × 12 = 12v
⇒ v = 12
⇒ v = ±√12
⇒ v = ±√2 × 3
∴ v = ±2√3

10. One root of + − N= is 3, while + + = has equal roots, find .

Solution: Since 3 is a root of + − 21 = 0,
then, 3 + 3 − 21 = 0 [Putting = 3]
⇒ 3 − 12 = 0
⇒ 3 = 12
∴ =4
We have + + = 0 has equal roots.
∴ Discriminant=0
i.e. −4×1× =0
⇒4 −4 =0 [⸪ = 4]
⇒ 16 = 4
∴ =4

11. If the sum and the product of the roots of a quadratic equation are respectively 4
Na
and , find the equation.
Y
Wl
Solution: We have, sum of the roots = 4 and product of the roots = &
.

The required equation is given by

− (sum of the roots) + product of the roots = 0
15
⇒ −4 + =0
4
i.e. 4 − 16 + 15 = 0

Page | 18
12. If one root of the equation −a +~ = be reciprocal of the other, find the
value of ~.
Solution: We have one root of the equation 2 − 5 + • = 0 is reciprocal of the other.
Then, =
i.e. • = 2
OR
W
Let and be the roots of 2 − 5 + • = 0.
x
W € (
Then, × = [⸪ product of the roots= ]
x '
€
⇒1=

∴•=2

13. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are each less by 2 than those
of −\ +N= .
Solution: Let and 5 be the roots of − 3 + 1 = 0.
#$
Then, + 5 = −(−3) = 3 [⸪ sum of the roots= ]
'
(
and 5=1 [⸪ product of the roots= ']

We have to form the quadratic equation whose roots are − 2 and 5 − 2.

Now, sum of the roots= ( − 2) + (5 − 2)
= ( + 5) − 4
=3−4
= −1
And product of the roots = ( − 2) × (5 − 2)
= 5 − 2( + 5) + 4
=1−2×3+4
=5−6
= −1
Then the required equation is given by
− (sum of the roots) + product of the roots = 0
⇒ − (−1) − 1 = 0
i.e. + +1=0

Page | 19
14. If one root of the equation −t +u= be twice the other,
show that t = Su.
Solution: Let and 2 be the roots of − v + w = 0.
#$
Then, + 2 = −(−v) [⸪ sum of the roots= ]
'

⇒3 =v
v
∴ =
3
(
And ×2 =w [⸪ product of the roots= ']

⇒2 =w
v
⇒ 2( ) = w
3
v
⇒ 2× =w
9
∴ 2v = 9w.
Hence shown.
15. If one root of the equation +t +u= be the square of the other, then show
that t\ + u + u = \tu.
Solution: Let and be the roots of the equation + v + w = 0.
(
Then, × = w i.e. X
=w [⸪ product of the roots= ']
#$
And + = −v [⸪ sum of the roots= '
]

⇒( + )X = (−v)X [cubing both sides]

⇒( )X + X
+3 . ( + ) = −vX
[⸪( + )X = aX + X
+ 3ab(a + )]
X(
⇒( X
) + X
+3 + ) = −vX
⇒ w + w + 3w(−v) = −vX [⸪ + = −v]
⇒ w + w − 3vw = −vX
∴ vX + w + w = 3vw
Hence shown.
N N N
16. If the sum of the roots of the equation + = is zero, prove that the product
) )
N
of the roots is − ( + ).
W W W
Solution: The equation is C)' + C)$ = (
(C)$))(C)') W
⇒ (C)')(C)$)
=(

Page | 20
 C)(')$) W
⇒ =
C % )(')$)C)'$ (

⇒ +( + ) + =2 + ( + )
⇒ +( + −2 ) + − ( + )=0
We have , sum of the roots = 0
#$
Then, −( + −2 )=0 [⸪ sum of the roots= ]
'

⇒− − +2 =0
⇒2 = +
')$
∴ =

Now, Product of the roots = − ( + )

(')$)%
= −
'$#('% ) '$)$ % )
=
'$# '$#('% )$% )
=
1
=− ( + )
2
Hence shown.

*******
SOLUTIONS
EXERCISE 5.2

1. The sum of the squares of two consecutive natural numbers is 61. Find the
numbers.
Solution: Let and + 1 be the two consecutive natural numbers.
Then, from the given condition of the problem, we have
+ ( + 1) = 61
⇒ + + 2 + 1 = 61
⇒2 + 2 − 60 = 0
⇒ + − 30 = 0 [Dividing both sides by 2]
⇒ + (6 − 5) − 30 = 0
⇒ + 6 − 5 − 30 = 0
⇒ ( + 6) − 5( + 6) = 0

Page | 21
 ⇒ ( − 5)( + 6) = 0
⇒ either − 5 = 0 or +6=0
∴ = 5 or = −6
Natural number cannot be negative. Therefore = −6 is rejected.
Hence, the required numbers are 5 and 5+1 i.e. 6.
\M
2. The sum of a number and its reciprocal is h
. Find the number.

Solution: Let be the number.

Then, from the given condition of the problem, we have
W Xf
+C=
j
C % )W Xf
⇒ =
C j

⇒6 + 6 = 37
⇒6 − 37 + 6 = 0
⇒6 − (36 + 1) + 6 = 0
⇒6 − 36 − +6=0
⇒ 6 ( − 6) − ( − 6) = 0
⇒ ( − 6)(6 − 1) = 0
⇒ either − 6 = 0 or 6 − 1 = 0
W
⇒ = 6 or = j condition of the problem.

Both the roots satisfy the

W
∴ the required number is either 6 or j.
N
3. The sum of two numbers is 7 and the difference of their reciprocals is N . What are

the two numbers?

Solution: Let and 7 − be the two numbers.
Then, from the given condition of the problem, we have
W W W
− f#C = W
C
f#C#C W
⇒ C(f#C) = W
f# C W
⇒ fC#C% = W

⇒ 84 − 24 = 7 −
⇒ − 31 + 84 = 0
⇒ − (3 + 28) + 84 = 0

Page | 22
 ⇒ − 3 − 28 + 84 = 0
⇒ ( − 3) − 28( − 3) = 0
⇒ ( − 3)( − 28) = 0
⇒ either − 3 = 0 or − 28 = 0
∴ = 3 or = 28
When = 3, the numbers are 3 and 7−3 i.e. 4 and when = 28, the numbers
are 28 and 7− 28 i.e. −21.
Hence, the required numbers are 3 and 4 or 28 and −21.
4. The sum of the squares of two consecutive even positive integers is 244. What are
the two numbers?
Solution: Let and + 2 be the two consecutive even positive integers.
Then, from the given condition of the problem, we have
+ ( + 2) = 244
⇒ + + 4 + 4 = 244
⇒2 + 4 − 240 = 0
⇒ + 2 − 120 = 0 [Dividing both sides by 2]
⇒ + (12 − 10) − 120 = 0
⇒ + 12 − 10 − 120 = 0
⇒ ( + 12) − 10( + 12) = 0
⇒ ( − 10)( + 12) = 0
⇒ either − 10 = 0 or + 12 = 0
⇒ either = 10 or = −12 (Neglected as – 12 is not positive)
∴ The required numbers are 10 and 12.
5. Find two consecutive odd integers if the sum of their squares is 202.
Solution: Let and + 2 be the two consecutive odd integers.
Then, from the given condition of the problem, we have
+ ( + 2) = 202
⇒ + + 4 + 4 = 202
⇒2 + 4 − 198 = 0
⇒ + 2 − 99 = 0 [Dividing both sides by 2]
⇒ + (11 − 9) − 99 = 0
⇒ + 11 − 9 − 99 = 0
⇒ ( + 11) − 9( + 11) = 0

Page | 23
 ⇒ ( − 9)( + 11) = 0
⇒ either − 9 = 0 or + 11 = 0
∴ = 9 or = −11
When = 9, the numbers are 9 and 9+2 i.e. 11 and when = −11 , the
numbers are −11 and −11 +2 i.e. – 9.
Hence, the required numbers are 9 and 11 or−11 and −9.
6. A number consists of two digits. The digit in the unit’s place is the square of the
digit in the ten’s place. If the sum of the digits is 12, find the number.
Solution: Let and respectively be the digits in ten’s and unit’s places.
∴ The required number = + 10
From the given condition of the problem, we have
+ = 12
⇒ + − 12 = 0
⇒ + (4 − 3) − 12 = 0
⇒ + 4 − 3 − 12 = 0
⇒ ( + 4) − 3( + 4) = 0
⇒ ( − 3)( + 4) = 0
⇒ either − 3 = 0 or +4=0
∴ = 3 or = −4 (Neglected as digit of a number cannot be negative)
Hence, the required number is 3 + 10 × 3 i. e. 39.
7. A number consists of two digits. The product of the digits is 20. When 9 is added to
the number, the digits interchange their places. Find the number.
g
Solution: Let and C
respectively be the digits in unit’s and ten’s places.
g gg
∴ The required number = + × 10 = +
C C

Then, from the given condition of the problem, we have

gg g
c + d + 9 = 10 +
C C

⇒ + 200 + 9 = 10 + 20 [Multiplying both sides by ]

⇒9 − 9 − 180 = 0
⇒ − − 20 = 0 [Dividing both sides by 9]
⇒ − (5 − 4) − 20 = 0
⇒ − 5 + 4 − 20 = 0
⇒ ( − 5) + 4( − 5) = 0

Page | 24
 ⇒ ( − 5)( + 4) = 0
⇒ either − 5 = 0 or +4=0
∴ = 5 or = −4 (Neglected as digit of a number cannot be negative)
gg
Hence, the required number is 5 + i. e. 45.
l

8. The lengths of the sides (in cm) of a right triangle are , + N and + . Find the
lengths of the sides of the triangle. What is its area?
Solution: Applying Pythagoras Theorem on the right triangle, we have
+ ( + 1) = ( + 2)
⇒ + +2 +1= +4 +4
⇒ −2 −3=0
⇒ − (3 − 1) − 3 = 0
⇒ −3 + −3=0
⇒ ( − 3) + ( − 3) = 0
⇒ ( − 3)( − 1) = 0
⇒ either − 3 = 0 or +1=0
∴ = 3 or = −1 (Neglected as length of aside cannot be negative)
Hence, the required lengths of the sides of the triangle are 3 cm, 4cm and 5 cm.
W
And area of the triangle = × base × altitude
W
= × 3 × 4 sq. cm. = 6 sq. cm.

9. The sides containing the right angle of a right triangle differ in length by 7 cm. If
the hypotenuse is 13cm long, determine the lengths of the two sides of the triangle.
Solution: Let and + 7 (in cm) be the lengths of the sides containing the right angle of the
right triangle.
Applying Pythagoras Theorem on the right triangle, we have
+ ( + 7) = 13
⇒ + + 14 + 49 = 169
⇒2 + 14 − 120 = 0
⇒ + 7 − 60 = 0 [Dividing both sides by 2]
⇒ + (12 − 5) − 60 = 0
⇒ + 12 − 5 − 60 = 0
⇒ ( + 12) − 5( + 12) = 0
⇒ ( − 5)( + 12) = 0

Page | 25
 ⇒ either − 5 = 0 or + 12 = 0
∴ = 5 or = −12 (Neglected as length of aside cannot be negative)
Hence, the lengths of the two sides of the triangle are 5 cm and 12 cm.
10. The sides containing the sides of a right triangle are and \ + N (measured in
cm) long. If the area of the triangle is 100 sq.cm. find the lengths of the sides
containing the right angle of the right triangle.
Solution: Here, the lengths of the sides containing the sides of a right triangle are and
3 + 1 (measured in cm).
From the given condition of the problem, we have
W W
(3 + 1) = 100 [⸪Area of a triangle= × base × altitude]

⇒3 + = 200
⇒3 + − 200 = 0
⇒3 + (25 − 24) − 200 = 0
⇒3 + 25 − 24 − 200 = 0
⇒ (3 + 25) − 8(3 + 25) = 0
⇒ ( − 8)(3 + 25) = 0
⇒ either − 8 = 0 or 3 + 25 = 0
l
∴ = 8 or =− (Neglected as length of aside cannot be negative)
X

Hence, the lengths of the sides containing the right angle of the right triangle are
8cm and (3 × 8 + 1)cm i.e. 25cm.
11. The difference between the lengths of the two diagonals of a rhombus is 2cm. If
the area of the rhombus is 24 sq. cm, find the lengths of the sides of the rhombus.
Solution: Let and + 2 (in cm) be the lengths of the two diagonals of the rhombus.
Then, from the given condition of the problem, we have
W W
( + 2) = 24 [⸪area of the rhombus = ×product of the diagonals]

⇒ + 2 = 48
⇒ + 2 − 48 = 0
⇒ + (8 − 6) − 48 = 0
⇒ + 8 − 6 − 48 = 0
⇒ ( + 8) − 6( + 8) = 0
⇒ ( − 6)( + 8) = 0
⇒ either − 6 = 0 or +8=0

Page | 26
 ∴ = 6 or = −8 (Neglected as length cannot be negative)
So, the lengths of the two diagonals of the rhombus are 6 cm and (6+2) cm
i.e. 8 cm.
We know that the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angle.
Then, the required length of each side of the rhombus

W W
=ec × 6d + c × 8d cm

= √9 + 16cm
= √25 cm
= 5cm
12. The length of a rectangular plot is 4 m more than its breadth. If the area of the
plot is 320 sq.m, find the length and breadth of the plot.
Solution: Let and + 4 (in m) respectively be the breadth and length of the rectangular
plot.
Then, from the given condition of the problem, we have
( + 4) = 320
⇒ + 4 − 320 = 0
⇒ + (20 − 16) − 320 = 0
⇒ + 20 − 16 − 320 = 0
⇒ ( + 20) − 16( + 20) = 0
⇒ ( − 16)( + 20) = 0
⇒ either − 16 = 0 or + 20 = 0
⇒ = 16 or = −20 (Neglected as breadth cannot be negative)
∴ The required length and breadth of the rectangular plot are (16+4) m i.e. 20 m
and 16 m respectively.
13. A rectangular looking glass 18 cm by 12 cm has a wooden frame of uniform width.
If the area of the frame is equal to that of the looking glass, find the dimensions of
the framed glass.
Solution: Let (in cm.) be the uniformed width of the wooden frame.
Then, for the framed glass,
Length = 18 + 2
Breadth = 12 + 2
Now, from the given condition of the problem, we have

Page | 27
 (18 + 2 )(12 + 2 ) = 2 × 18 × 12
⇒ 2 ( + 9) × 2( + 6) = 2 × 18 × 12
⇒ ( + 9)( + 6) = 108
⇒ + 15 + 54 = 108
⇒ + 15 − 54 = 0
⇒ + (18 − 3) − 54 = 0
⇒ + 18 − 3 − 54 = 0
⇒ ( + 18) − 3( + 18) = 0
⇒ ( − 3)( + 18) = 0
⇒ either − 3 = 0 or + 18 = 0
∴ = 3 or = −18 (Neglected as width cannot be negative)
Hence, for the framed glass,
Length = (18 + 2 × 3)cm = 24cm
Breadth = (12 + 2 × 3)cm = 18cm
14. A sum of Rs. 200 lent out at compound interest compounded annually amounts to
Rs. 220.50 in two years. What is the rate of interest?
Solution: Let % per annum be the rate of interest.
Then, from the given condition of the problem, we have
C …
200(1 + ) = 220.50 [⸪„(1 + ) = †]
Wgg Wgg
C g.lg
⇒ (1 + Wgg) = gg
C C%
⇒ 1 + Wgg + Wgggg = 1.1025
Wgggg) ggC)C %
⇒ = 1.1025
Wgggg

⇒ 10000 + 200 + = 11025

⇒ + 200 − 1025 = 0
⇒ + (205 − 5) − 1025 = 0
⇒ + 205 − 5 − 1025 = 0
⇒ ( + 205) − 5( + 205) = 0
⇒ ( − 5)( + 205) = 0
⇒ either − 5 = 0 or + 205 = 0
∴ = 5 ‡ˆ = −205 (Neglected as rate of interest cannot be negative)
Hence, the required rate of interest is 5% per annum.

Page | 28
15. A journey of 224km. from Imphal to Jiribam takes 2 hours less by a car than by a
a
passenger bus. If the average speed of the bus is 12 km/hr less than that of the car,
find the average speed of the bus and that of the car.
Solution: Let and − 12 (in km/hr) respectively be the average speeds of the car and the
bus.
&
Then, time taken by the bus in the journey = hours.
C#W
&
And time taken by the car in the journey = C
hours.

From the given condition of the problem, we have

& &
− = 2l
C#W C
&(C#C)W ) W
⇒ =
C(C#W ) l
&×W W
⇒ C % #W C
=
l
& W
⇒ =
C % #W C l

⇒ − 12 = 1120
⇒ − 12 − 1120 = 0
⇒ − (40 − 28) − 1120 = 0
⇒ − 40 + 28 − 1120 = 0
⇒ ( − 40) + 28( − 40) = 0
⇒ ( − 40)( + 28) = 0
⇒ either − 40 = 0 or + 28 = 0
∴ = 40 or = −28 (Neglected as speed cannot be negative)
Hence, the speed of the car is 40 km/hr and that of the bus is (40−12) km/hr
i.e. 28km/hr.
16. A motor boat whose speed is 18 km/hr in still water takes 1 hour more to go 24 km
upstream than to return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed of the
stream.
Solution: Let (in km/hr) be the speed of the stream.
Then, speed of the boat in upstream = (18 − ) km/hr
And speed of the boat in downstream = (18 + ) km/hr
&
∴ time taken to go 24 km upstream = Wi#C hours
&
And time taken to go 24 km downstream Wi)C hours

Now, from the given condition of the problem, we have

& &
− Wi)C = 1
Wi#C

Page | 29
 &(Wi)C#Wi)C)
⇒ (Wi#C)(Wi)C)
=1
&× C
⇒X &#C %
=1

⇒ 48 = 324 −
⇒ + 48 − 324 = 0
⇒ + (54 − 6) − 324 = 0
⇒ + 54 − 6 − 324 = 0
⇒ ( + 54) − 6( + 54) = 0
⇒ ( − 6)( + 54) = 0
⇒ either − 6 = 0 or + 54 = 0
∴ = 6 or = −54 (Neglected as speed cannot be negative)
Hence, the required speed of the stream is 6 km/hr.
17. The speed of a boat in still water is 8 km/hr. It can go 15 km upstream and 22 km
downstream in 5 hours. Find the speed of the stream.
Solution: Let (in km/hr) be the speed of the stream.
Then, speed of the boat in upstream = (8 − ) km/hr
And speed of the boat in downstream = (8 + ) km/hr
Wl
∴ time taken to go 15 km upstream = i#C hours

And time taken to go 22 km downstream i)C hours

Now, from the given condition of the problem, we have

Wl
+ =5
i#C i)C
Wl(i)C)) (i#C)
⇒ (i#C)(i)C)
=5
W g)WlC)Wfj# C
⇒ j&#C %
=5

⇒ 296 − 7 = 320 − 5
⇒5 − 7 − 24 = 0
⇒5 − (15 − 8) − 24 = 0
⇒5 − 15 + 8 − 24 = 0
⇒ 5 ( − 3) + 8( − 3) = 0
⇒ ( − 3)(5 + 8) = 0
⇒ either − 3 = 0 ‡ˆ 5 + 8 = 0
i
∴ = 3 or = − l (Neglected as speed cannot be negative)

Hence, the speed of the stream is 3 km/hr.

Page | 30
*******