8.

CALCULUS

FURTHER INTEGRATION
In this Mathematics Extension 1 chapter, you will use integration to find volumes of solids of
revolution.
You will learn how to integrate by substitution and integrate the inverse trigonometric functions.

CHAPTER OUTLINE
8.01 EXT1 Volumes of solids
8.02 EXT1 Integration by substitution
8.03 EXT1 Definite integrals by substitution
8.04 EXT1 Integration of sin2 x and cos2 x
8.05 EXT1 Integrals involving inverse trigonometric
functions
IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL:
• EXT1 find volumes of solids by using integration
• EXT1 understand how to integrate using substitution
• EXT1 apply trigonometric identities to integrate sin2 x and cos2 x
• EXT1 integrate functions that result in inverse trigonometric functions

iStockphoto.com/martinplkang
 TERMINOLOGY
integrand: A function that is to be solid of revolution: A solid formed by rotating
integrated. the area bounded by the graph of a function
about the x-axis or the y-axis.

WS
EXT1 8.01 Volumes of solids
We can find the volume of a solid by rotating an area under a curve about the x-axis or y-axis.
Homework
Volumes of
integration We call the figure a solid of revolution.

WS
Volumes about the x-axis
Homework
Volumes
b
∫a y y
2
V=π dx
WS y = f (x)

Homework
Solids of
revolution

a b x

Proof
Take a disc of the solid with width δx. y

V = πr2h = πy2δx
y
Taking the sum of an infinite number of these discs:
x
V = lim 
δ x →0
∑ π y 2δ x 
b
∫a π y
2
= dx δx

b
∫a y
2
=π dx
δx is ‘delta x’ and means a
2 2 2 small change in x.
The integrand is y so we integrate y or [  f(x)] .

344 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

 EXAMPLE 1

a Find the volume of the solid formed when the line y = 3x - 2 is rotated about the
x-axis from x = 1 to x = 2.
b Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed when the curve x2 + y2 = 9 is Volumes of
solids of

rotated about the x-axis between x = 1 and x = 3. revolution

Solution
y
a Sketch the line y = 3x - 2 and shade the region
6
under the line between x = 1 and x = 2.
The shaded region is rotated about the y = 3x − 2
4
x-axis as shown.
The integrand is y2: 2

y = 3x - 2
−1 1 2 3 x
y2 = (3x - 2)2
−2
b
V=π ∫a y 2 dx
−4
2
∫1 (3x − 2)
2
=π dx
2
 3
= π  (3x − 2) 
 3 × 3 1
 3 3
= π  (3 × 2 − 2) − (3 × 1 − 2) 
 9 9 
 3 3
= π 4 − 1 
9 9
= 7π
So the volume is 7π units3. This is the volume in exact form.

ISBN 9780170413367 8. Further integration 345

 b Sketch and rotate the circle about the x-axis between y
x = 1 and x = 3. (This solid is called a spherical cap.) x2 + y2 = 9

The integrand is y2:

x2 + y2 = 9 1 2 3 x
2 2
y =9-x
b
∫a y
2
V=π dx
3
∫1 (9 − x
2
=π ) dx
3
 3
= π 9 x − x 
 3 1
 33   13  
= π   9 × 3 −  −  9 × 1 −  
 3  3  

 1
= π  27 − 9 − 9 + 
3

 28 
= π 
 3
28π
=
3
28π
So the volume is units3.
3

EXAMPLE 2

a Find the exact area of the region bounded by the function y = ex, the x-axis and the
lines x = 0 and x = 2.
b Find the exact volume of the solid of revolution formed when the curve y = ex is
rotated about the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 2.

Solution
2 x
a Area = ∫0 e dx y
25

= [ e x ]0
2 20
15
= e2 - e0 10 y = ex
5
= e2 - 1
x
So area is e2 - 1 units2 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3

346 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

 b This region is rotated about the x-axis. y
y2  = (e x )2 25
20
= e2x
15
b
V =π ∫a y 2 dx 10 y = ex
5
2 2x
=π ∫0 e dx
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
−5
2
1 
= π  e 2x 

 2 0
1 1 
= π  e2 × 2 − e2 × 0 

2 2 

1 1
= π  e4 − 

2 2
π
= (e4 - 1)

2
π 4
So the volume is (e - 1) units3.
2

INVESTIGATION

SPOT THE ERROR

Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed when the curve y = x2 + 1 is rotated
about the x-axis between x = 0 and x = 2.
Here is Damien’s answer:
y = x2 + 1
y2 = (x2 + 1)2
b
∫a y
2
V=π dx

2
∫0 ( x
2
=π + 1)2 dx
2
 ( 2 + 1)3   124 
= π x = π
 3

0  3 

 2 3 2 3 124 π
= π  (2 + 1) − (0 + 1)  =
 3 3  3
124 π
So the volume is units3.
 3 3
3
= π 5 − 1 
 3 3 What was Damien’s mistake?

ISBN 9780170413367 8. Further integration 347

 The formula for rotations about the y-axis is similar to the formula for the x-axis. The proof
is the same, with the x- and y-values swapped.

Volumes about the y-axis

b
∫a x
2 y
V=π dy
b

x = f ( y)

EXAMPLE 3

a Find the volume of the solid formed when y = x2 - 1 is rotated about the y-axis from
y = -1 to y = 3.
b Find the exact volume of the solid of revolution formed if the function y = ln x is
rotated about the y-axis from y = 1 to y = 4.

Solution

a Sketch the parabola y = x2 - 1 and shade y

the region left of the curve between
y = -1 and y = 3. Rotate this region about 3
the y-axis as shown. The solid is called a
2
paraboloid.
The integrand is x2: 1 y = x2 − 1

y = x2 - 1
x
y + 1 = x2
b −1
∫a x
2
V=π dy
3
=π
∫−1( y + 1) dy

348 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

 3
 2 
= π  y + y

 2  −1
 2   2 
= π  3 + 3 −  ( −1) + ( −1) 


 2   2 

9 1 
= π  + 3 − + 1

2 2 
= 8π

So the volume is 8π units3.

b The integrand is x2:

y = ln x
x = ey
x2 = (e y )2
= e2y
b
∫a x
2
V=π dy

4 2y
=π ∫1 e dy

4
= π  1 e2 y 
 2 
1

1 1 
= π  e2 × 4 − e2 × 1
2 2 

1 1 
= π  e8 − e 2 
2 2 

πe 2 6
= (e - 1)
2
πe 2 6
So the volume is (e - 1) units3.
2

TECHNOLOGY
Volumes of solids
Use graphing software such as GeoGebra or Desmos to sketch and calculate the volumes
of solids for different functions.

ISBN 9780170413367 8. Further integration 349

 EXT1 Exercise 8.01 Volumes of solids
1 Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed when the curve y = x2 from
x = 0 to x = 3 is rotated about the x-axis.

2 Find the volume of the solid formed when the line y = x + 1 is rotated about the
x-axis between x = 2 and x = 7.

3 Find the volume of the solid of revolution that is formed when the curve y = x2 + 2 from
x = 0 to x = 2 is rotated about the x-axis.

4 Determine the volume of the solid formed when the curve y = x3 from x = 0 to x = 1 is
rotated about the x-axis.

5 Find the volume, correct to 2 decimal places, of the solid formed when the curve
y = sec πx from x = 0 to x = 0.15 is rotated about the x-axis.

6 Find the exact volume of the solid of revolution formed when the curve y = ex from
x = 0 to x = 3 is rotated about the x-axis.

7 Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed by rotating the line y = 4x - 1 about
the x-axis from x = 2 to x = 4.

8 Find the volume of the hemisphere formed when the curve x2 + y2 = 1 is rotated about
the x-axis between x = 0 and x = 1.

9 Find the volume of the solid formed when the curve y = e-x + 1 is rotated about the
x-axis from x = 1 to x = 2, correct to 1 decimal place.

10 Find, in exact form, the volume of the solid of revolution formed by rotating the
π
curve y = sin 2x about the x-axis from x = 0 to x = .
4
11 Find the volume of the spherical cap formed when the curve x2 + y2 = 4 is rotated about
the y-axis from y = 1 to y = 2.

12 Find the volume of the paraboloid formed when y = x2 is rotated about the y-axis
from y = 0 to y = 3.
1
13 Find the exact volume of the solid formed when the curve y = is rotated about the
x
x-axis from x = 1 to x = 3.

14 Find the volume of the solid formed when y = x2 - 2 is rotated about the y-axis
from y = 1 to y = 4.

15 The line y = x + 2 is rotated about the y-axis from y = -2 to y = 2. Find the volume
of the solid formed.

16 The curve y = e x + 1 is rotated about the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 1. Find the exact
volume of the solid formed.

350 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

 2
17 Find the exact volume of the solid formed when the curve y = is rotated about
the x-axis from x = 1 to x = 5. 2x − 1

18 Find the volume of the solid formed when the curve y = x is rotated about the y-axis
between y = 1 and y = 4.

19 Find the exact volume of the solid formed when the curve y = ln x is rotated about the
y-axis from y = 1 to y = 3.

20 Find the volume of the solid formed when the line x + 3y - 1 = 0 is rotated about the
y-axis from y = 1 to y = 2.

21 Find the volume of the solid formed when the line x + 3y - 1 = 0 is rotated about the
x-axis from x = 0 to x = 8.

22 The curve y = x3 is rotated about the y-axis from y = 0 to y = 1. Find the volume of the
solid formed.

23 a Show that the volume of the solid formed by rotating the curve y = cos x about
π
the x-axis between x = 0 and x = is π units3.
2
b Use the trapezoidal rule with 4 subintervals to find an approximation to the volume
of the solid formed by rotating the curve y = cos x about the x-axis from x = 0
π
to x = .
2
24 a Find the area of the region bounded by the functions y = x2, y = (x - 2)2 and the
x-axis.
b Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed if the area enclosed between
y = x2, y = (x - 2)2 and the x-axis is rotated about the x-axis.

25 a Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = x2 and the line y = x + 2.
b The area bounded by the curve y = x2 and the line y = x + 2 is rotated about the
x-axis. Find the exact volume of the solid formed.
4
26 Show that the volume of a sphere is given by the formula V = πr3 by rotating the
3
semicircle y = r 2 − x 2 about the x-axis.

27 a Find an expression for sin2 x in terms of cos 2x.

b Hence find the exact volume of the solid if the curve y = sin x is rotated about the
π
x-axis from x = 0 to x = .
4
1
28 a Find the exact area under the curve y = between x = 0 and x = 0.5.
1− x2
1
b Find the exact volume of the solid formed when the curve y = is rotated
about the y-axis from y = 1 to y = 2. 1− x2

ISBN 9780170413367 8. Further integration 351

 WS
EXT1 8.02 Integration by substitution
Homeworkby
We can use the method of integration by substitution to find integrals that don’t fit into
Integration
substitution any of the common rules. To give you an example of how it works, the questions in this first
example can also be done using the chain rule.
WS

Homeworkby
EXAMPLE 4
Integration
substitution

a ∫
Find (5x − 1)9 dx using the substitution u = 5x - 1.

b ∫
Find 12x 2 4 x 3 + 1 dx using the substitution u = 4x3 + 1.
Integration by
substitution
Solution

a Let u = 5x - 1 [1]
du
Then =5
dx
du = 5dx [2]
1
∫ (5x − 1) ∫
9
dx = (5x − 1)9 × 5 dx
5
1 9
=
5∫u du substituting u and du from [1] and [2]

1 u10
= × +C
5 10

u10
= +C
50

(5x − 1)10
= +C replacing u with 5x - 1
50

b Let u = 4x3 + 1 [1]

du
Then = 12x2
dx
du = 12x2 dx [2]

∫ 12x ∫
2
4 x 3 + 1 dx = 4 x 3 + 1 × 12x 2 dx
1
= ∫ u2 du substituting u and du from [1] and [2]

352 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

 3
u2
= 3
+C
2

2 u3
= +C
3

2 (4 x 3 + 1)3
= +C replacing u with 4x3 + 1
3

The next example cannot be done using any of the common rules.

EXAMPLE 5

∫
Find x x + 1 dx using the substitution u = x + 1.

Solution

Let u = x + 1 [1]
u-1=x [2]
du
=1
dx
du = dx [3]

∫x ∫
x + 1 dx = ( u − 1) u du substituting [1], [2] and [3]
1

∫
= ( u − 1) × u 2 du
3 1

∫
= ( u 2 − u 2 ) du
5 3
u2 u2
= − +C
5 3
2 2

2 u5 2 u3
= − +C
5 3

2 ( x + 1)5 2 ( x + 1)3
= − +C replacing u with x + 1
5 3

ISBN 9780170413367 8. Further integration 353

 EXT1 Exercise 8.02 Integration by substitution
1 Find each integral using the substitution given.

∫ (3x − 4) ∫
7
a dx , u = 3x - 4 b x + 3 dx , u = x + 3

∫ x( x ∫ ( x + 2)( x
2
c − 9)5 dx , u = x2 - 9 d 2
+ 4 x + 1)4 dx, u = x2 + 4x + 1

2x + 3 3x
∫ ( x 2 + 3x − 1)3 dx, u = x ∫
2
e + 3x - 1 f dx , u = 2x2 - 1
2
2x − 1
x2
∫ ( x 3 + 1)4 dx , u = x
3
g +1

∫
+1
2 Find x 2e x dx using the substitution u = x3 + 1.

∫
3 Find e tan x sec 2 x dx using the substitution u = tan x.

x
4 By using the substitution u = x2 - 4, find ∫ 2
x −4
dx .

5 By using the substitution u = 2x + 7, find x 2x + 7 dx . ∫

x−2
6 Use the substitution u = x + 2 to find ∫ x+2
dx.

7 Use the substitution u = 5 - x to find x 5 − x dx . ∫

x
8 Use the substitution u = 2x - 5 to find ∫ 2x − 5
dx .

9 Use the substitution u = x + 4 to find 5x x + 4 dx . ∫

dy x
10 If the gradient of a curve is given by = 2 and the curve passes through (2, -1),
dx ( x − 1)2
find the equation of the curve by using the substitution u = x2 - 1.

dy
11 If the gradient of a curve is given by = x(3x2 - 1)6 and the point (0, 1) lies on the
dx
curve, find its equation by using the substitution u = 3x2 - 1.
 14 
12 A function has f ′(x) = x2(x3 - 2)4 and passes through the point  1,  . Find its equation.
15 
dy x
13 A curve has = and y-intercept 2. Using the substitution u = x + 1:
dx x +1
a find its domain
b evaluate y when x = 3

354 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

14 A function has f ′(x) = 3 sin x cos4 x and passes through (π, 0). Find its equation by using
the substitution u = cos x.

dy
15 A function has = ex(ex + 1)5 and passes through (0, 0) Find its equation by using the
dx
substitution u = ex + 1.
( ax + b )n + 1
16 a By using the substitution u = ax + b, show that ( ax + b )n dx = ∫ a ( n + 1)
+ C.

1
∫ f ′( x )[ f ( x )] [f(x)]n + 1 + C.
n
b By using the substitution u = f(x), show that dx =
n +1

EXT1 8.03 Definite integrals by substitution WS

You can use integration by substitution to evaluate definite integrals.

Homework
Definite
integrals by
substitution

EXAMPLE 6

2 2
a Find ∫0 x x 3 + 1 dx using the substitution u = x3 + 1.
π
b Find the exact value of ∫ 0
6 cos4 x sin x dx using the substitution u = cos x.

Solution Integration by
substitution

a Let u = x3 + 1 [1]
du
Then = 3x2
dx
du = 3x2 dx [2]
When evaluating definite integrals by substitution,
the values of the integral also need to be
changed to u:
When x = 0: u = 03 + 1 = 1
When x = 2: u = 23 + 1 = 9 [3]
2 2 1 2
∫0 x x 3 + 1 dx =
3 ∫0 x 3 + 1 × 3x 2 dx

1 9
=
3 ∫1 u du substituting [1], [2] and [3]

1
1 9
=
3 ∫1 u 2 du

ISBN 9780170413367 8. Further integration 355

 9
 3
1
= u 
2

3 3 
 2 
1
9
1 3 
= 2 u 
3  3 1

1 3 3
= 2 9 −2 1 
3 3 3 
1 2
=  18 − 
3 3
7
=5
9
b Let u = cos x [1]
du
Then = -sin x
dx
du = -sin x dx [2]
When x = 0: u = cos 0 = 1
π π 3
When x = : u = cos = [3]
6 6 2
π π

∫0
6 cos 4 x sin x dx = − ∫
0
6 cos 4 x × ( − sin x ) dx

3
=− ∫1 2 u4 du substituting [1], [2] and [3]

3
 5 2
= -u 
 5 1
  35 
= -   2  15
 − 
 5 5
 34 × 3 
= - 32 1
 − 
 5 5
 9 3 32 
= - −
 160 160 

32 − 9 3
=
160

356 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

EXT1 Exercise 8.03 Definite integrals by substitution
1 Use the given substitution to find the exact value of each integral.
1 2 x
a
0 ∫
x (3x 2 − 1)5 dx , u = 3x2 - 1 b
1 2
x +3
∫
dx , u = x2 + 3

2 2x + 3 −2
∫0 ( x 2 + 3x − 5)3 dx , u = x ∫−3 (3 + x )
2 7
c + 3x - 5 d dx, u = 3 + x

1 x3 4
e ∫0 (1 + x 4 )5
dx, u = 1 + x4 f ∫0 x x 2 + 2 dx , u = x2 + 2

1 2
g ∫0 x (2x 3 − 3)3 dx , u = 2x3 - 3

2 Use the given substitution to evaluate each integral, correct to 2 decimal places
where necessary.
3 1 dx
a ∫0 x ( x 2 + 1)3 dx , u = x2 + 1 b ∫−3 x +3
,x=u+3

1 x +1 −2
∫0 3( x 2 + 2x − 1)2 dx , u = x ∫−3 x (3 + x )
2 7
c + 2x - 1 d dx, u = x + 3

1 x
e ∫0 (1 + x )3
dx , u = 1 + x

2 x2
3 Use the substitution u = x2 to find the exact value of ∫0 xe dx .
π
4 Use the substitution u = sin x to evaluate ∫
0
6 cos x sin 2 x dx .

5 Use the substitution u = x2 + 1 to find the area enclosed between the curve y = x x 2 + 1,
the x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 3, to 1 decimal place.

6 Use the substitution u = x4 - 2 to find the area bounded by the curve y = x3(x4 - 2)4,
the x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 1.

7 Use the substitution u = x2 - 1 to find the area enclosed between the curve
f(x) = 3x(x2 - 1)5, the x-axis and the lines x = 1 and x = 3.

8 Use the substitution u = x3 - 3 to find the volume of the solid of revolution formed
when the curve y = x(x3 - 3)2 is rotated about the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 1.

9 Use the substitution u = 1 + x3 to find the volume of the solid formed when the curve
y = x (1 + x 3 )3 is rotated about the x-axis from x = -1 to x = 1.
3 t
10 Evaluate ∫0 t +1
dt by using the substitution u = t + 1.

11 Find the area enclosed between the curve y = x(x2 - 2)4 and the x-axis by using the
substitution u = x2 - 2.

ISBN 9780170413367 8. Further integration 357

 12 Use the substitution u = x2 - 4 to find the area bounded by the curve y = x(x2 - 4)3
and the x-axis.

13 Use the substitution u = x3 + 2 to find the volume of the solid formed when the
curve y = x(x3 + 2)4 is rotated about the x-axis from x = -1 to x = 1.

14 Use the substitution u = x5 to find the volume of the solid of revolution formed when
π
the curve y = x2 sec (x5) is rotated about the x-axis between x = 0 and x = .
9
Answer correct to 3 significant figures.

15 a By using the trapezoidal rule with 2 subintervals, find the area bounded by the function
x
f(x) = 3 , the x-axis and the lines x = 2 and x = 3 correct to 2 decimal places.
x +1
b Use the substitution u = x3 + 1 to find the exact volume of the solid formed when
this area is rotated about the x-axis.

WS
EXT1 8.04 Integration of sin2 x and cos2 x
We can find the integral of sin2 x and cos2 x by using the trigonometric result
Homework
Integrals of
sin2 x and cos 2x = cos2 x - sin2 x.
cos2 x

WS Integral of cos2 x
1 1
∫ cos
2
Homeworkof
Integration
cos2 x and
x dx = x + sin 2x + C
sin2 x
2 4

Proof
cos 2x = cos2 x - sin2 x
= cos2 x - (1 - cos2 x)
= 2cos2 x - 1
cos 2x + 1 = 2cos2 x
1
(cos 2x + 1) = cos2 x
2
1
∫ cos2 x dx =
2 ∫
(cos 2x + 1) dx

1
=
2 ∫
(cos 2x + 1) dx

1 1 
=  sin 2x + x  + C
2 2 

1 1
= x + sin 2x + C
2 4

358 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

 EXAMPLE 7

π
Find the exact value of ∫
0
8 cos 2 x dx .

Solution
π
π
1 1 8
∫0
8 cos 2 x dx =  x + sin 2x 
2 4 0

1 π 1 π  1 1 
=  × + sin (2 × ) −  × 0 + sin (2 × 0)
2 8 4 8   2 4 

 π 1 π  1 
=  + sin  −  0 + sin 0
 16 4 4  4 

π 1 1
= + ×
16 4 2

π 1 2
= + ×
16 4 2 2

π 2
= +
16 8

π+2 2
=
16

Integral of sin2 x

1 1
∫ sin
2
x dx = x − sin 2x + C
2 4

Proof
1
∫ sin ∫ 2 (1 − cos 2x ) dx
2
cos 2x = cos2 x - sin2 x x dx =
= (1 - sin2 x) - sin2 x 1
= 1 - 2 sin x 2 =
2 ∫
(1 − cos 2x ) dx

2 sin2 x = 1 - cos 2x 1 1 
=  x − sin 2x  + C
1 2 2 
sin2 x = (1 - cos 2x)
2 1 1
= x − sin 2x + C
2 4

ISBN 9780170413367 8. Further integration 359

 EXAMPLE 8

π
Find the exact area under the curve y = sin2 x + 1 between x = 0 and x = .
2

Solution

y = sin2 x + 1 is above the x-axis for all x since sin2 x ≥ 0. So the definite integral will
be positive.
π
π
1 1 2
∫0
2 (sin 2 x + 1) dx =  x − sin 2x + x 
2 4 0
π
3 1 2
=  x − sin 2x 
2 4 0
3 π 1  π  3 1 
=  × − sin  2 ×  −  2 × 0 − 4 sin (2 × 0) 
2 2 4  2  

 3π 1   1 
= − sin π −  0 − sin 0
 4 4   4 
3π
=
4
3π
The area is units2.
4

cos2 nx and sin2 nx identities

1
cos2 nx = (1 + cos 2nx)
2
1
sin2 nx = (1 - cos 2nx)
2

360 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

Proof
cos 2nx = cos2 nx - sin2 nx
= cos2 nx - (1 - cos2 nx)
= cos2 nx - 1 + cos2 nx
= 2 cos2 nx - 1
cos 2nx + 1 = 2 cos2 nx
1
(cos 2nx + 1) = cos2 nx
2
Similarly, we can prove the identity for sin2 nx.

EXAMPLE 9

∫
Find sin 2 9 x dx .

Solution
1
sin2 9x = (1 - cos 18x)
2
1
∫ sin ∫ 2 (1 − cos 18x ) dx
2
9 x dx =

1 1
= (x - sin 18x) + C
2 18

EXT1 Exercise 8.04 Integration of sin2 x and cos2 x

1 Find the integral of:
a cos2 x - 1 b sin2 x + x2 c 3 cos2 x - 5
d 2 sin2 x - cos x e 7 cos2 x + sec2 7x f cos2 x + cos x + 2
2 2 2
g sin 2x - sin x h sec x + sin x i 1 + cos 3x - sin2 x

2 Evaluate, giving exact values:

π
π π
∫ 2 cos 2 x
∫0 (cos ∫ π2 (sin
2 2
a dx b x + 1) dx c x + x ) dx
0
π π

∫ ∫
2 6 sin 2 x
d 3
π (2cos x + 1) dx e dx
0
6

3 Find the exact volume of the solid of revolution formed if the curve y = sin x is rotated
π
about the x-axis between x = 0 and x = .
4

ISBN 9780170413367 8. Further integration 361

 4 Find the exact area bounded by the curve y = cos2 x, the x-axis and the lines
π π
x = and x = .
4 2
5 Find the exact volume of the solid formed if the curve y = cos x + 1 is rotated about
π
the x-axis from x = 0 to x = .
2
6 Find the primitive function of:
a sin2 3x b cos2 7x c cos2 4x d sin2 10x
 x  2x 
e cos2   f sin2 x° g cos2 ax h 3 sin2  
 2  5

7 a Write down an expression for sin 3x in terms of sin x.

π
b Hence find ∫0
6 sin3 x dx.

1
8 a Show that sin 7x cos 3x = [sin (7x + 3x) + sin (7x - 3x)].
2
π
b Hence evaluate ∫ 0
2 sin7 x cos3x dx .

9 Find:

∫ sin x cos x dx ∫ (cos x + sin

2
a b x ) dx

∫ sin ∫ (cos x + sin x )

2
c θ cos2 θ d θ d 2
dx

10 a Find the area enclosed between the curves y = sin x and y = cos x and the
π π
lines x = and x = .
6 4
b This area is rotated about the x-axis. Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed.

WS
EXT1 8.05 Integrals involving inverse
Homework
Integrals
trigonometric functions
and inverse
trigonometric
functions
Integrals involving inverse trigonometric functions
WS dx
∫ 1− x 2
= sin-1 x + C
Homework
Inverse
trigonometric
functions
dx
∫− 1− x 2
= cos-1 x + C

dx
∫ 1 + x 2 = tan
-1
x+C

362 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

 EXAMPLE 10

1 dx
a Evaluate ∫0 1− x2
.

b Find the volume, correct to 2 decimal places, of the solid of revolution formed if the
1
curve y = is rotated about the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 3.
1+ x2

Solution
1 dx
= [ sin −1 x ]0
1
a
∫0 1− x 2

= sin-1 (1) - sin-1 (0)

π
= -0
2
π
=
2
b For volumes about the x-axis, the integrand is y2:

1 1
y= , y2 =
1+ x2 1+ x2
b
∫a y
2
V=π dx

3 1
=π ∫0 1 + x 2 dx
= π [ tan −1 x ]0
3

= π(tan-1 (3) - tan-1 (0)]

= 3.92
So volume is 3.92 units3.

We looked at the derivatives of sin-1  x  , cos-1  x  and tan-1  x  in Chapter 5,

     
a a a
Further differentiation.
d  −1  x   1
sin    =
dx   a a − x2
2

d  −1  x   1
cos    = −
dx   a a − x2
2

d  −1  x   a
tan    = 2
dx   a   a + x2

ISBN 9780170413367 8. Further integration 363

 We integrate by finding the anti-derivatives.

Chain rule for inverse trigonometric functions

dx
∫ = sin-1  x  + C
2 2  
a −x a
dx
∫− = cos-1  x  + C
 
a − x2
2
a

dx 1  x
∫ a 2 + x 2 = a tan
-1
  + C
a

EXAMPLE 11

1
a
1 dx
Evaluate
∫0 2
9 − x2
.

dx
b Find ∫ 4 + 9x 2 .
Solution

1 1 dx dx
a
∫0
1
2
dx
=
1
∫0 2
dx b ∫ 4 + 9x 2 = ∫  4 9x 2 
9 − x2 32 − x 2 9 +
9 9 
1
1
= sin −1  x   2 1 dx


  
3 0
=
9 ∫4
+ x2
9
 
11 1 dx
= −1   0
2
sin   − sin −1  
 3
= ∫
9  2 2
3 2
    + x
3

= sin −1  1  − sin −1 0  
 
2 1 1 x 
=  tan −1 +C
9   2  2 
= π −0   3    
3 
6
1 3  3x  
=π =  tan −1    + C
6 9 2  2 

1  3x 
= tan −1   + C
6  2

364 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

EXT1 Exercise 8.05 Integrals involving inverse trigonometric functions
1 Find the integral of:
1 −2 1
a b c
1− x2 1− x2 1+ x2

1 1 5
d e f
9 + x2 4 − x2 4 + x2
3 1 1
g h i 2
2 1− x2 5 16 − x 2 x +3

2 Find:
dx dt dx
a ∫ 1− 4x 2 b ∫ 9−t 2 c ∫ 1 + 9x 2
dx 3 2
d ∫ 4 − 25x 2
e ∫ 9 + 16 x 2 dx f ∫ 25 − 4 t 2
dt

dx dx −2
g ∫ 1 + 5x 2 h ∫ 4 + 3x 2 i ∫5 25 − 9 x 2
dx

3 Find the exact value of:

1 dx 1 dx 0 dt
a ∫0 1 + x 2 b ∫−1 4−x 2
c ∫−3 t 2 + 9
1 3
4 dx 3 2 3
d ∫0 2
81 − x 2
e ∫1 4 − x2
dx f ∫−
2
3
2 1− x2
dx
2
1 1
dx 3 15 dx
g ∫−
3
1
4 − 9x 2
h ∫0
7 2
1 − 49 x 2
dx i ∫0 5 + x2
3

1
4 Find the area bounded by the curve y = , the x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 2,
to 1 decimal place. 1+ x2
1
5 a Find the area enclosed between the curve y = , the x-axis and the lines x = 0
1 1− x2
and x = .
2
b The corresponding area enclosed between the curve and the y-axis is rotated about
the y-axis. Find the exact volume of the solid formed.

6 a Differentiate ln (sin-1 x).

1
dx
b Hence find ∫ 3
1
1 − x 2 sin −1 x
correct to 1 decimal place.
4

ISBN 9780170413367 8. Further integration 365

 0.4
7 Use the trapezoidal rule with 4 subintervals to find an approximation to ∫0 sin −1 x dx ,
correct to 1 decimal place.

8 Find the area enclosed between the curve y = cos-1 x, the y-axis and the lines y = 0
π
and y = .
4

x2
9 Find ∫ 1− x 6
dx by using the substitution u = x3.

dy 1  π
10 Find the equation of the curve with = and passing through  3,  .
dx 9 − x2  7

2x 2 + 5 1 1
11 a Show that 2 2
= 2
+ .
(1 + x )(4 + x ) 1 + x 4 + x2

2 2x 2 + 5
b Hence evaluate ∫1 (1 + x 2 )(4 + x 2 )
dx correct to 2 decimal places.

1
12 For the curve y = , find the volume of the solid formed by rotating the curve
1+ x2
1
about the x-axis from x = to x = 1.
3

13 a Differentiate x cos-1 x - 1 − x 2 .
b Find the area bounded by the curve y = cos-1 x, the x-axis and the lines x = 0
1
and x = .
2
d
14 Use (x sin-1 x + 1 − x 2 ) to find the area enclosed between the curve y = sin-1 x, the
dx
x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 1.

366 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

 8. TEST YOURSELF

For Questions 1 to 4, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D.

WS
1 Which formula gives the volume of the solid formed when y = x2 + 3 is rotated about the
Homework
Formula sheet:
y-axis between y = 3 and y = 4? Derivatives
and integrals
4 4
∫3 ( x ∫3 ( x
2 2
A V=π + 3) dx B V=π + 3)2 dx
Qz
4 4
∫3 ( y − 3) dy ∫3 ( y − 3)
2
C V=π D V=π dx Practice quiz

x
2 Which expression is equivalent to ∫ x −1
dx when using the substitution u = x - 1?

u +1 u
A ∫ u
du B ∫ u
du

x 1
C ∫ u
du D ∫ u
du

5
3 Find ∫ 9 + x 2 dx.
5  x
A 5 tan-1 3x + C B tan-1   + C
3  3
 x 5
C 5 tan-1   + C D tan-1 3x + C
 3 3

∫
4 Find sin 2 x dx .

1 1 1 1
A x + sin 2x + C B x − sin 2x + C
2 4 2 4

1 1 1 1
C x + cos 2x + C D x − cos 2x + C
2 4 2 4

5 The line y = 2x - 3 is rotated about the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 3. Find the volume of the
solid of revolution.

6 Find the volume of the solid formed if the curve y = x2 + 1 is rotated about:
a the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 2
b the y-axis from y = 1 to y = 2

7 Find the volume of the solid formed if the area bounded by y = e3x, the x-axis and the
lines x = 1 and x = 2 is rotated about the x-axis.

ISBN 9780170413367 8. Further integration 367

 1
8 a Find the area of the region bounded by the function y = , the x-axis and the
2
1 1 − x
lines x = 0 and x = .
2
b Find the volume of the solid formed if this area is rotated about the x-axis.
Use the trapezoidal rule and give your answer correct to 2 decimal places.

9 a Change the subject of y = (x + 3)2 to x.

b Find the area in the first quadrant bounded by the curve y = (x + 3)2, the y-axis and
the lines y = 9 and y = 16.
c Find the volume of the solid formed if this area is rotated about the y-axis.
1 3
∫0 x ( x
4
10 Evaluate − 3)4 dx by using the substitution u = x4 - 3.

11 a Find the area bounded by the curve y = ex, the x-axis and the lines x = 1 and x = 2.
b This area is rotated about the x-axis. Find the volume of the solid of revolution
formed.

12 Evaluate:
π π

∫ 3 2sin 2 x
∫
2
a dx b 3
π cos x dx
0
4

13 Find the volume of the solid formed if the curve y = x3 is rotated about the y-axis
from y = 0 to y = 1.

∫
14 Find 3x x + 1 by using the substitution u = x + 1.

15 Find the volume of the solid formed if the curve y = sec x is rotated about the x-axis
π
from x = 0 to x = .
6
16 a Find the exact area bounded by the curve y = sin x, the x-axis and the lines
π π
x = and x = .
6 4
b This area is rotated about the x-axis. Find the volume of the solid formed.

17 The curve y = 2x is rotated about the x-axis between x = 1 and x = 2. Use the trapezoidal
rule with 2 subintervals to find an approximation of the volume of the solid formed,
correct to 3 significant figures.
1
18 Find the exact volume of the solid formed by rotating the curve y = about the x-axis
x
between x = 1 and x = 3.

19 a Find the exact area enclosed between the curve y = x x 2 − 1, the x-axis and the lines
x = 1 and x = 2.
b Find the volume of the solid formed if this area is rotated about the x-axis.

368 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

20 For the shaded region shown, find: y
a the area
b the volume when this area x2 = 4ay
is rotated about the y-axis.
(0, a)

∫
21 Find xe x dx , using the substitution u = x2.
2

∫
+1
22 Use the substitution u = 3x2 + 1 to find xe3x dx .

2 2 x3 − 2
23 Use the substitution u = x3 - 2 to evaluate ∫0 x e dx .

∫
24 Evaluate sin x cos2 x dx using the substitution u = cos x.

25 a Find the exact area bounded by the curve y = cos x, the x-axis and the
π π
lines x = and x = .
6 4
b This area is rotated about the x-axis. Find the exact volume of the solid of
revolution formed.

ISBN 9780170413367 8. Further integration 369

 8. CHALLENGE EXERCISE

1 Use the trapezoidal rule with 2 trapezia to find the volume of the solid formed when the
curve y = ex is rotated about the y-axis from y = 3 to y = 5, correct to 2 significant figures.

∫
2 Use the substitution u = cos x to find sin3 x dx.

x
3 By using the substitution u = x2, find ∫ 1 + x 4 dx.
x
4 Find ∫ 1 − 9x 4
dx using the substitution u = 3x2.

5 Find the volume of the solid formed if the curve y = sec-1 x is rotated about:
a the x-axis from x = 1 to x = 1.5, using the trapezoidal rule with 5 subintervals
(answer correct to 2 decimal places).
π
b the y-axis from y = 0 to y =
4
6 a Find the area of the region enclosed between the curves y = x3 and y = x2.
b Find the volume of the solid formed if this area is rotated about the x-axis.

7 Find the volume of the solid formed when the curve y = (x + 5)2 is rotated about the
y-axis from y = 1 to y = 4.
1
8 Use the substitution u = x3 + 3x - 2 to evaluate ∫0 ( x
2
+ 1) 3 ( x 3 + 3x − 2)5 dx .
1
9 a Prove that sin2 nx = (1 - cos 2nx).
2
π
b Find the exact value of ∫0
24 sin 2 4 x dx.

370 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

 Practice set 2
In Questions 1 to 7, select the correct answer A, B, C or D.

1 The area of a rectangle with sides x and y is 45. Its perimeter P is given by:
45
A P = x + 45x2 B P=x+
x
90 45
C P = 2x + D P = 2x +
x x
dx
2 EXT1 Find
∫ 9 − x2
.

1  x  x
A sin−1   + C B sin−1   + C
9  9  9

1  x  x
C sin−1   + C D sin−1   + C
3  3  3

3 The area enclosed between the curve y = x3 − 1, the y-axis and the lines y = 1 and y = 2
is given by:
2 2
∫1 ( x ∫1 ( y + 1) dy
3
A − 1) dy B

2 2
C ∫1 ( 3 y + 1) dy D ∫1 ( 3 y + 1) dy
∫
4 Find 4 x 2 (5x 3 + 4)7 dx .

4(5x 3 + 4)8 (5x 3 + 4)8

A +C B +C
15 30
(5x 3 + 4)8 (5x 3 + 4)8
C +C D +C
2 120

5 For the curve shown, which inequalities are correct? y

dy d2 y dy d2 y
A > 0, 2 > 0 B > 0, 2 < 0
dx dx dx dx
dy d2 y dy d2 y
C < 0, 2 > 0 D < 0, 2 < 0 x
dx dx dx dx

ISBN 9780170413367 Practice set 2 371

 6 A cone with base radius r and height h has a volume of 300 cm3.
Its slant height, l, is given by:

πh3 + 900 h 2 + 900

A l= B l=
πh πh

h 2 + 810000 h3 + 900
C l= D l=
πh πh
7 The rate at which a waterfall is flowing over a cliff is given by R = 4t + 3t2 m3 s−1.
Find the amount of water flowing after a minute if the amount of water is 10 970 m3
after 20 seconds.
A 223 220 m3 B 8800 m3
3
C 225 370 m D 226 250 m3
1
8 EXT1 Find the volume of the solid formed when the curve y = from
x = 0 to x = 3 is rotated about the x-axis. 9 + x2

1 dx
9 EXT1 Evaluate
∫0 4 − x2
.

5 dx
10 EXT1 Evaluate
∫2 x 2 + 3 correct to 2 decimal places.

11 EXT1 Find the exact volume of the solid of revolution formed if y = x2 + 2 is rotated
about:
a the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 2 b the y-axis from y = 2 to y = 3

12 Find all values of x for which the curve y = (2x − 1)2 is decreasing.

∫
13 Find (3x 2 − 2x + 1) dx .

14 Find the maximum value of the curve y = x2 + 3x − 4 in the domain [−1, 4].

15 For the graph of y = 8 sin 3x + 5, find:

a the amplitude b the period c the centre

dx
16 EXT1 Find
∫ 1+ 4x2 .
1
∫0 sin
−1
17 EXT1 Find x dx by using the trapezoidal rule with 4 subintervals.

372 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

 EXT1 18 a   Sketch the graph of y = sin−1 2x.
b   Find the area bounded by the curve y = sin−1 2x, the y-axis, and the lines
π
y = 0 and y = .
2
19 The area of a rectangle is 4 m2. Find its minimum perimeter.

d2 y
20 If y = sin 7x, show that = −49y.
dx 2
21 Find the anti-derivative of 3x8 + 4x.

22 Sketch the curve y = x3 − 3x2 − 9x + 2, showing all stationary points and points of
inflection.

23 Find the area enclosed between the curve y = x2 − 1 and the x-axis.

→  −2 →  −1 
24 EXT1 Given vectors OA =   and OB =   , find:
3  −4 
→ → → → →
a −OA b OA + OB c OB − OA
→ → → →
d 5OA − 6 OB e the magnitude and direction of OA − OB .

3x
25 Find ∫ 2x 2 − 5 dx.
26 If f (x) = x3 − 2x2 + 5x − 9, find f  ′ (3) and f ″(−2).

27 EXT1 Differentiate ln (cos−1 x).

28 EXT1 Find the derivative of tan−1 (e3x + 1).

3
∫1 (6 x
2
29 Evaluate + 4 x ) dx .

30 Find the domain over which the curve y = 3x3 + 7x2 − 3x − 1 is concave upwards.
2
31 Evaluate ∫1 x 3x 2 − 3 dx .

∫
32 Find sec 2 x (tan x + 1)3 dx .

4
33 EXT1 Find
∫ 4 + 9 x 2 dx .
34 EXT1 Differentiate each function.
−1
a sin x + ln x b (tan−1 x)4 c 2 cos−1 3x

ISBN 9780170413367 Practice set 2 373

 35 a If f (x) = 2x4 − x3 − 7x + 9, find f (1), f ′(1) and f ″(1).
b What is the geometrical significance of these results? Illustrate by a sketch of
y = f (x) at x = 1.

36 A piece of wire of length 4 m is cut into 2 parts. One part is bent to form a rectangle
with sides x and 3x, and the other part is bent to form a square with sides y.
a Prove that the total area of the rectangle and square is given by A = 7x2 − 4x + 1.
b Find the dimensions of the rectangle and square when the area has the least
value.

37 Given the function f (x) = x2, find the equation of the transformed function if y = f (x)
is translated 5 units up, 4 units to the left, stretched horizontally by a factor of 2 and
stretched vertically by a factor of 3.

38 The gradient function of a curve is given by f ′(x) = 4x − 3. If f (2) = −3, find f (−1).

d
∫ (sin
−1
39 EXT1 Find x − sin x ) dx by first finding (x sin−1 x + 1 − x 2 ).
dx
40 EXT1 Find the exact volume of the solid of revolution formed when the curve
π π
y = sec x is rotated about the x-axis from x = to x = .
4 3
3
41 Evaluate ∫0 (2x + 1) dx.
1
42 The following table gives values for f (x) = .
x2

x 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1
f (x) 1
4 9 16 25

5 dx
Use the table together with the trapezoidal rule to evaluate ∫1 x 2 correct to
3 decimal places.

43 a Find the stationary point on the curve y = (x − 2)3 and determine its nature.
b Hence sketch the curve.
π
∫0 (cos
2
44 EXT1 Evaluate x + sec 2 x ) dx .

1
3
45 EXT1 Evaluate
∫0
4
1+ x2
dx correct to 2 decimal places.

374 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

 46 Two families travelling on holidays drive along roads that intersect at right angles.
One family is initially 230 km from the intersection and drives towards the
intersection at an average of 65 km h−1. The other family is initially 125 km from
the intersection and travels towards it at an average of 80 km h−1.
a Show that their distance apart after t hours is given by
d2 = 10 625t2 − 49 900t + 68 525.
b Hence find how long it will take them to reach their minimum distance apart.
c Find their minimum distance apart.

47 For the sequence 100, −50, 25, … find:

a   the 10th term b   the sum of the first 10 terms c   the limiting sum

EXT1 48 a   Find the area in the first quadrant enclosed between the curve y = x2 − 1
and the y-axis between y = 1 and y = 2, correct to 3 significant figures.
b   This area is rotated about the y-axis. Find the exact volume of the solid
formed.
x
49 EXT1 Differentiate .
cos−1 x
50 A rectangle is cut from a circular disc of radius 15 cm. Find the area of the largest
rectangle that can be produced.

∫
51 Find (3x + 5)7 dx .

3 dx
52 Evaluate ∫1 x
correct to 3 decimal places.

53 EXT1 Findthe equation of the tangent to the curve y = tan−1 x at the point
1
where x = .
3
54 Find the stationary points on the curve f (x) = x4 − 2x2 + 3 and distinguish between
them.
2
55 Evaluate ∫1 5x − 1 dx as a fraction.

56 Find the area enclosed between the curve y = (x − 1)2 and the line y = 4.

57 If a function has a stationary point at (−1, 2) and f ″(x) = 2x − 4, find f (2).

58 Find the area enclosed between the curves y = x2 and y = −x2 + 2x + 4.

59 Differentiate x3 + e2x.

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 60 Water is flowing out of a pool at the rate given by R = −20 litres per minute.
If the volume of water in the pool is initially 8000 L, find:
a the volume after 5 minutes
b how long it will take to empty the pool.
3 x 2 +1
61 Find the exact value of ∫0 3xe dx .

62 The velocity of a particle is given by v = 12t2 + 4t + 80 m s−1. If the particle is

initially 3 m to the right of the origin, find its displacement after 5 s.

63 The graph of y = f (x) has a stationary point at (3, 2). If f ″(x) = 6x − 8, find the
equation of f (x).

64 Find the derivative of ln (4x + 3)3.

65 EXT1 Integrate 3x2 x 3 − 5 by using the substitution u = x3 − 5.

2
−3
66 EXT1 Find the integral of 2x e x by using the substitution u = x2 − 3.
2x + 1
67 Find ∫ 3x 2 + 3x − 2 dx.
68 Differentiate:
x
a    2x b   log3 x.
e
69 Find the equation of the tangent to y = ex + 1 at the point where x = −1.

70 Find the stationary point on the curve y = xe2x and determine its nature.
3
71 EXT1 Use the substitution u = x2 − 3 to find the exact value of ∫2 4 x x 2 − 3 dx.

72 Find the equation of y = f (x) passing through (π, 1) and with f ′(x) = −6 sin 3x.
π
73 Find ∫0
2 sin 2x dx .

74 Differentiate:
a   ln (sin x) b   tan (e5x + 1)
π
75 Find an approximation to ∫
0
4 tan x dx correct to 3 decimal places by using a triangle.

76 Find the area under the curve y = 4 − x2 by using:

a 4 inner rectangles b 4 outer rectangles

77 EXT1 Find the volume of the solid formed when the curve y = cos x is rotated about
π
the x-axis from x = 0 to x = .
3

376 MATHS IN FOCUS 12. Mathematics Extension 1 ISBN 9780170413367

 78 Differentiate each function.
 π
a ex sin x b tan3 x c 2 cos  3x − 
 2
π
79 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = tan 3x at the point where x = .
4
80 Differentiate:
a   sin3 (ex) b   tan (ln x + 1)

81 Find the exact area bounded by the curve y = ln (x + 4), the y-axis and the lines
y = 0 and y = 1.

82 Find the anti-derivative of each function.

1
a e3x b sec2 π x c
2x
 x
d cos   e sin 8x
 5

83 EXT1 Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed when the curve y = sin x from
x = 0 to x = π is rotated about the x-axis.

3x 2 − 2x + 5
84 Find ∫ x2
dx .

∫
85 Find ( e5 x − sin π x ) dx.

86 Find the exact area enclosed between the curve y = ex, the x-axis, the y-axis and the
line x = 2.
π x 
87 Evaluate ∫ π3 cos  2 + π dx.
88 function has f ′(x) = x2 sec2 (x3) and f (0) = 0.
EXT1 A
Use the substitution u = x3 to evaluate f (1).

π  π
EXT1 89 a Use the substitution u = x2 −
2 ∫
to find x sin  x 2 −
  dx .
2
dy  π
b If a curve has = x sin  x 2 −  and the curve passes through (0, 0), find
dx  2
1
the smallest value of x in the domain [0, 2π] for which y = .
2

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