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IRON MACROMINERALS

The document provides a comprehensive overview of iron (Fe), detailing its forms, functions, dietary sources, and daily requirements for different demographics. It also discusses the implications of iron deficiency, including various types of anemia, and the consequences of iron excess, such as hemosiderosis and hemochromatosis. Key nutritional information is tailored for Filipinos, emphasizing the importance of iron in respiration and erythropoiesis.

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manalastas.adriannee
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6 views27 pages

IRON MACROMINERALS

The document provides a comprehensive overview of iron (Fe), detailing its forms, functions, dietary sources, and daily requirements for different demographics. It also discusses the implications of iron deficiency, including various types of anemia, and the consequences of iron excess, such as hemosiderosis and hemochromatosis. Key nutritional information is tailored for Filipinos, emphasizing the importance of iron in respiration and erythropoiesis.

Uploaded by

manalastas.adriannee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IRON

(Fe)

BASIC NUTRITION - END 1206


ADRIANNE L. MANALASTAS - ND 1
OVERVIEW
I. INTRODUCTION
- Iron or Ferrum
V. DEFICIENCY
- Forms of Dietary Iron
- Anemia Manifestations
- Distribution in the Body
- Types of Anemia
II. FUNCTION
VII. EXCESS
- Respiration & Erythropoiesis
- Hemosiderosis
III. SOURCES
- Hemochromatosis
- Vitamin A Rich Food Sources
IV. REQUIREMENTS
- RENI per day for Filipinos
I. INTRODUCTION TO
IRON
IRON (Fe)
Represented in the periodic table of elements as Fe,
originating from its Latin word Ferrum.
Classifies as an essential micromineral or a trace mineral
as it is present in an average adult body at an amount of
around 3-5g and consumed around no more than 100mg
per day.

60-75% 25% 5% 5% others

Hemoglobin Liver Myoglobin Tissue Cells Transporter


FORMS OF IRON
FERROUS VS. FERRIC HEME VS. NON HEME
Ferrous is represented by Fe2+ while Heme iron is obtained from animal
Ferric is Fe3+. origin food sources such as meat,
Iron is better absorbed in its ferrous fish, and poultry.
form. Non-Heme iron is obtained from a
Reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ occurs wide variety of food sources from
through the effects of stomach grains, cereals and vegetables.
acids and intestinal ferroreductase
enzymes.
II. UTILIZATION OF IRON
ABSORPTION AND UTILIZATION
1.FOOD SOURCE 2. SMALL INTESTINE 3. BLOODSTREAM

Ingestion of Heme and Non- Ferric Iron Fe3+ is reduced The ferrous iron in the
Heme Iron from food sources. into the absorbable Ferrous intestinal tissue is oxidized
Breakdown of food by Iron Fe2+ form through back into its ferric form by
enzymes and stomach acids Vitamin C Reductase found in Hephaestin before circulating
release the iron from the the intestinal walls. in the bloodstream.
food.

4. TRANSPORT 5. LIVER STORAGE 6. BONE MARROW

Iron is transported to target Iron attaches to transferrin Stored in macrophages as


tissues by attaching to receptors or passes through hemosiderin.
transferrin plasma proteins. ferroportin pathways and is Also found in Erythroblasts or
Majority of iron is delivered to stored as ferritin. immature red blood cells as a
the bone marrow and the Produces hepsidin which component of hemoglobin once
liver. regulates iron absorption. erythropoiesis occurs.
FACTORS AFFECTING IRON UTILIZATION

BODY NEEDS
TANNINS

MALABSORPTION SYNDROMES LIGHT COFFEE

SIZE OF DOSE
PHYTIC AND OXALIC ACIDS
BULK IN THE DIET
ASCORBIC ACID
CITRATES, SUGARS, AND AMINO ACIDS
III. FUNCTIONS OF IRON
RESPIRATION
A metalloprotein constituent of myoglobin and
hemoglobin.
Carrier of Oxygen from the lungs to tissues in
order to supply the oxygen needed of cellular
respiration.
In the lungs where oxygen concentration is high,
oxygen binds to the iron atoms in the center of
the heme group which is a ring like molecule.
Carbon Dioxide, a waste product of respiration,
is also carried out to the lungs where it is
expelled through exhalation as more oxygen is
picked up.
OXYGEN TRANSPORT

RESPIRATION
Diagram of blood transfer from
alveoli to capillaries.
98% of transferred oxygen binds
to erythrocytes which is
facilitated by the iron found in
hemoglobin, while 2% dissolves in
plasma.
ERYTHROPOIESIS
Hemoglobin in the blood contain a heme group
where Iron is responsible for binding with oxygen and
giving blood its distinct red color.
Blood has a lifespan of 120 days. Iron from old blood
is recycled by and stored in the spleen as
hemosiderin and in the liver as ferritin.
Some are returned to the bone marrow for the
synthesis of new blood cells where hematopoetic
stem cells are differentiated into immature blood
cells called erythroblasts. They undergo maturation
that transforms it into erythrocytes.
Erythropoietin is a hormone produced in the kidneys
that regulate the blood cell production process.
ERYTHROPOIESIS
RBC FORMATION
IV. IRON RICH FOOD
SOURCES
SOURCES
CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO
HEME AND NON HEME HEME SOURCES
SOURCES WHICH ARE OTHER
DERIVED FROM ANIMALS SOURCES
AND PLANTS RESPECTIVELY.
FILIPINO DIETS SOURCE
IRON MOSTLY FROM NON-
HEME SOURCES
LIVER IS THE MOST IRON- NON-HEME SOURCES
DENSE FOOD SOURCE AS IT
IS WHERE IT IS STORED IN
THE BODY.
ADDITIONALLY, IRON FROM
COOKWARE MAY ALSO BE
ABSORBED BY THE BODY.
IV. IRON
REQUIREMENTS
RENI PER DAY FOR FILIPINOS

Pregnant women are


Women (16-64yr) Infants (6-
recommended to take
- 27mg 11mos) - 10mg
iron supplements in
order to compensate for
Women (65yr Children (1-9
above) - 10mg yr) - 8-11mg
providing iron to the
Men (19yr and growing fetus and its
above) - 12mg placenta.
Pregnant Women Boys (10-18yr)
- 27-38mg - 13-20mg Women require more
iron intake than men
Lactating Women Girls (10-15yr) due to menstruation
- 27-30mg - 19-21mg where around 2mg of
iron is lost per day
V. IRON DEFICIENCY
MANIFESTATIONS OF ANEMIA
Caused by :
Decreased size of blood cells
Decreased number of blood cells
Decreased quantity of hemoglobin in the
blood cells

Symptoms :
Pallor
Fatigue
Dizziness
Insomnia
Lack of Appetite
NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA

Deficiency caused by the lack of


iron in the diet.
Can be caused by a limited
variety of food consumed or
poor quality sources.
Cooking methods also affect the
nutritional value of the final
product to be consumed.
HEMMORHAGIC ANEMIA
Can occur during pregnancy wherein
the mother does not have enough
iron due to providing for their own
child.
Parasitism also depletes iron by
feeding in the host’s blood commonly
caused by intestinal worms.
Blood donation also depletes large
amounts of blood. This is why
donation drives have requirements
as to not have any negative side
effects.
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

The deficiency of Vitamin B12 or


Cobalamin contributes to the cause
of anemia.
This vitamin also contributes in the
formation of red blood cells.
MALABSORPTION ANEMIA
Presence of inhibitors such as
tannins and coffee in the
gastrointestinal tract prevents
optimal absorption of iron.
There are also infections and
disorders that inhibit absorption
Vitamin C deficiency also affects the
absorption rate of iron as it is part of
an essential enzyme that converts
iron into its absorbable form.
VI. IRON TOXICITY
HEMOSIDEROSIS

Acute Iron toxicity is caused by


overconsumption of iron
supplements wherein excess iron
is accumulated in body tissues
Overconsumption of vitamin c
may also cause an
overabsorption
Genetic mutations that cause
hemosiderin to not function
properly cause an excess of iron
in the system.
HEMOCHROMATOSIS

Can be acquired genetically


An overabsorption of iron occurs
and is stored in tissues that
usually do not store iron
This can lead to liver cirrhosis,
diabetes mellitus, and skin
discoloration
Excessive alcohol consumption
increases risk of
hemochromatosis.
THANK YOU!

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