KNOWLEDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SALEM

(An Autonomous Institution)

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai
Kakapalayam (PO), Salem - 637 504.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK

SUBJECT: CS3691 - EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND IOT

CLASS : III CSE
 CS3691 - EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND IOT
UNIT 1- 8-BIT EMBEDDED PROCESSOR
PART – A

1. Define microcontroller? and its applications.

A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific
operation in an embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor,
memory and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip.
Application of Microcontroller
 Light sensing & controlling devices.
 Temperature sensing and controlling devices.
 Fire detection & safety devices.
 Industrial instrumentation devices.
 Process control devices.
2. Define 8051 microcontroller? and its applications.
8051 microcontroller is designed by Intel in 1981. It is an 8-bit microcontroller. It
is built with 40 pins DIP (dual inline package), 4kb of ROM storage and 128 bytes of
RAM storage, 2 16-bit timers.

3. Compare : microprocessor and microcontroller?

S.NO Microprocessor Microcontroller

Microprocessor is the heart of Micro Controller is the heart of an

1.
Computer system. embedded system.

It is only a processor, so memory and Micro Controller has a processor along

2. I/O components need to be connected with internal memory and I/O
externally components.
Memory and I/O has to be connected
Memory and I/O are already present,
3. externally, so the circuit becomes
and the internal circuit is small.
large.

4. Which register has the SMOD bit, and what is its status when the 8051 is
powered up?
The SMOD bit is located in the PCON (Power Control) register in the 8051
microcontroller. This bit is used to double the baud rate of the serial communication when
set to 1.
SMOD Bit Details:
 Register: PCON (Power Control Register)
 Bit Position: SMOD is bit 7 of the PCON register (most significant bit).

1
 Status on Power-Up:

When the 8051 is powered up, the SMOD bit is cleared to 0 by default. This means the
baud rate is not doubled initially, and the serial communication operates at its standard baud
rate until the SMOD bit is manually set by the program.

5. Give the format of the register PSW of 8051 and name each it.

6. Define the operating model 0 of 8051 serial ports.

Mode 0: In this mode, the serial port works like a shift register and the data transmission
works synchronously with a clock frequency of fosc /12. Serial data is received and transmitted
through RXD. 8 bits are transmitted/ received at a time.

7. Which register is used for serial programming in 8051 ? Illustrate it

SBUF register: It is an 8-bit register used for serial communication in the 8051
microcontrollers. For a byte of data to be transferred via the transmitted line, it must be
placed in the SBUF Register.

8. Write a program to find the 2’s complement using 8051? [ NOV / DEC 2020
AND APRIL / MAY 2021]
2000 LHLD 3000H 2A Load HL pair data from 3000h
2001 00
2002 30
2003
2004 MOV A,L 7D Move the low-order result from reg.A TO Reg. L
L 2005 MOV L,A 6F Move the result from reg.L TO Reg.A
2006 MOV A,H 7C Move the higher order from reg.H to reg.A
2007 CMA 2F compliment accumulator
2008 MOV H,A 67 Move the result from reg.A TO Reg.H
2009 INX H 23 Increment HL pair to find 2’s compliment
200A SHLD 3002H Store the result at address 3002H
200B 02
2
 200C 30
200D HLT 76 HALT
OUTPUT:
1. Before execution:
3000H:12H
3001H:05H
2. After execution:
3002H: EEH
3003H: FAH
9. What are the interrupts of 8051? And high light any two functions?

Let's see the five sources of interrupts in 8051 Microcontroller:

 Timer 0 overflow interrupt - TF0.
 External hardware interrupt - INT0.
 Timer 1 overflow interrupt - TF1.
 External hardware interrupt - INT1.
 Serial communication interrupt - RI/TI.

 Timer 0 overflow interrupt - TF0.

 The TF0 bit is automatically set to 1 when Timer 0 overflows. Your code can read the
TF0 bit at any time to find out if the timer has overflowed. You can also configure the
Timer 0 interrupt to automatically execute code when the timer overflows.
 TF1: The TF1 stands for 'timer1' flag bit. Whenever calculating the time-delay in
timer1, the TH1 and TL1 reaches to the maximum value that is “FFFF” automatically.
EX: while (TF1==1) Whenever the TF1=1, then clear the flag bit and stop the timer.

10. list the 8051 interrupts with its priority?

Priority to the interrupt can be assigned by using the interrupt priority register (IP)

Priority Interrupt source Intr. bit / flag

1 External Interrupt 0 INT0
2 Timer Interrupt 0 TF0
3 External Interrupt 1 INT1
4 Timer Interrupt 1 TF1
5 Serial interrupt (TI/RI)

3
11. Explain the interrupts of 8051 microcontroller?

INTERRUPT INTERRUPT INTERRUPT EXPLANATION

NUMBER DSECRIPTION
External
hardware These interrupts can be programmed to either edge- triggered
0 &2
interrupt - or level triggered.
INT0 & INT1
The TF0 bit is automatically set to 1 when Timer 0
overflows. Your code can read the TF0 bit at any time to find
Timer 0 overflow
1 out if the timer has overflowed. You can also configure the
interrupt - TF0.
Timer 0 interrupt to automatically execute code when the
timer overflows.
TF1: The TF1 stands for 'timer1' flag bit. Whenever
calculating the time-delay in timer1, the TH1 and TL1
Timer 1 overflow
3 reaches to the maximum value that is “FFFF”
interrupt - TF1.
automatically. EX: while (TF1==1) Whenever the TF1=1,
then clear the flag bit and stop the timer.
Serial When the last bit (stop bit) of a byte is transmitted, the TI
4 communication serial interrupt flag is set, and when the last bit (stop bit) of
interrupt - RI/TI the receiving data byte is received, the RI flag gets set.

12. How does 8051 differentiate between bit and byte addresses in its internal RAM?

The 8051 has a bit-addressable area of 16 bytes from byte addresses 20H to 2FH in
internal RAM as shown in fig b, forming a total of 128 addressable bits (i.e., 16-byte
location × 8 bits). Each bit can be accessed by its bit addresses from 00H to 7FH for the
byte address location 20H to 2FH in RAM.

13. How does 8051 differentiate between bit and byte addresses in its internal RAM?

The 8051 has a bit-addressable area of 16 bytes from byte addresses 20H to 2FH in
internal RAM as shown in fig b, forming a total of 128 addressable bits (i.e., 16-byte
location × 8 bits). Each bit can be accessed by its bit addresses from 00H to 7FH for the
byte address location 20H to 2FH in RAM.

14. Give the format and list the function of the instruction DJNZ for 8051.
An instruction DJNZ reg, label is used to perform a Loop operation. In this
instruction, a register is decremented by 1; if it is not zero, then 8051 jumps to the target
address referred to by the label. The register is loaded with the counter for the number of
repetitions prior to the start of the loop.

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15. Explain the operating mode 0 of 8051 ports.
Mode 0: In this mode, the serial port works like a shift register and the data
transmission works synchronously with a clock frequency of fosc /12. Serial data is received
and transmitted through RXD. 8 bits are transmitted/ received at a time.

16. List features of 8051 microcontroller?

 4KB bytes on-chip program memory (ROM)

 128 bytes on-chip data memory (RAM)
 Four register banks.
 128 user defined software flags.
 8-bit bidirectional data bus.
 16-bit unidirectional address bus.
 32 general purpose registers each of 8-bit.
 16 bit Timers (usually 2, but may have more or less).


17. What is the significance of EA and PSEN pin in 8051 microcontroller?

Pin 29 − This is PSEN pin which stands for Program Store Enable. It is used to
read a signal from the external program memory. Pin 30 − This is EA pin which stands for
External Access input. It is used to enable/disable the external memory interfacing.

18. List the advantages and disadvantages of parallel communication over serial
communication in 8051?
Serial mode offers the advantage of fewer traces on the pc board, and fewer pins
on the devices. Parallel offers the advantage of transferring 8 data bits per I/O clock cycle,
but at the disadvantage of many more pins required on the devices.

19. Define baud rate of 8051?

Baud Rate is defined as the data transmission rate that determines the symbols per
second for serial communication. It is the number of symbols transmitted per second. It is
also known as symbol rate and is denote by s (baud rate in 8051 is 11.0592 MHz).

20. Which port is used as multi-function port?

Pins 10 to 17 form the PORT 3 pins of the 8051 Microcontroller. PORT 3 also
acts as a bidirectional Input / Output PORT with internal pull-ups. Additionally, all the
PORT 3 Pins have special functions multifunctional for the 8051 microcontrollers. The
port 3 signal are (RXD),(TXD),(INTO),(INT1),T0,T1,(RD),(WR).

21. Difference between maskable and non-maskable interrupt?

Maskable interrupt is a hardware Interrupt that can be disabled or ignored by the

instructions of CPU. A non-maskable interrupt is a hardware interrupt that cannot be
disabled or ignored by the instructions of CPU.
5
22. Illustrate CJNE instruction?
The CJNE instruction compares the first two operands and branches to the
specified destination if their values are not equal. If the values are the same, execution
continues with the next instruction.

23. Draw the pin diagram of 8051?

24. What are bit manipulation instructions give two examples?

The bit related operations that will be performed on that data, are as follows −
 Complement bit b2
 Move b5to b4
 OR b0 and complement of b1 and store to C (b7)
 Set b6
 Reset bit b3
Input is AEH
BitPosition b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0

Value 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
Output
BitPosition b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0
Value 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
The output will be 72H

6
 Program
MOV24H,10H;Copy item from 10H to 24H
CPL24.2;Complement bit b2
MOVC,24.5;Copy b5 to C
MOV24.4,C;Move C to b4
MOVC,24.0;Make copy of b0 to C
ORLC,/1;OR C and complement of b1
SETB24.6;Set bit b6
CLR24.3;Reset bit b3
MOV30H,24H; Store the result at 30H
HALT: SJMP HALT

25. What is the different modes in which timer 2 can operate?

The Mode 2 operation is the 8-bit auto reload timer or counter. In the following
diagram, we are using Mode 2 for Timer1. In this case every event for counter operations
or machine cycles for timer operation, the TL1register will be incremented by 1.

26. List the modes of timer in 8051?

In Intel 8051, there are two 16-bit timer registers. These registers are known as
Timer0 andTimer1. The timer registers can be used in two modes. These modes are Timer
mode and the Counter mode.

27. State how baud rate is calculated for serial data transfer in mode 1?
Serial data is received and transmitted through RXD. 8 bits are transmitted/
received at a time. Pin TXD outputs the shift clock pulses of frequency fosc /12, which is
connected to the external circuitry for synchronization. The shift frequency or baud rate
is always 1/12 of the oscillator frequency.

28. How to program 8051 timers?

Load the TMOD value register indicating which timer (Timer 0 or Timer 1) is to
be used and which timer mode ( 0 or 1 ) is selected. 2. Load registers TL and TH with initial
count values 3. Start the timer.

29. Difference between Timer and counter ?draw the diagram of TCON in 8051?
S.No TIMER COUNTER
A timer uses the frequency of the A counter uses an external signal to count
1
internal clock, and generates delay. pulses.
These enable to precisely time
A counter converts the number of input cycles
2 processes, generate signals and
to a binary value using an array of triggers.
count events

7
30. What is the significance if EA pin?
Pin 30 − This is EA pin which stands for External Access input. It is used to
enable/disable the external memory interfacing. Pin 31 − This is ALE pin which stands
for Address Latch Enable. It is used to demultiplex the address-data signal of port.

PART –B

1. Explain the Block diagram of 8051? or Explain the architecture of 8051?

2. What are the vectored interrupt of 8051?
3. Explain the Data transfer, Arithmetic and branch instructions with examples.
4. Explain the Serial Port Programming with examples. (or). Ilustrate the serial
communication in 8051, with its special function register.
5. Describe the different modes of operation of Timer/Counter in 8051 with its
associated registers (or)Explain the timer modes of 8051 microcontrollers.
(Or) Illustrate the options available with Timer Mode (TMOD) register of 8051.
6. Discuss the ports and its circuits of 8051?
7. List the various instructions available in 8051 microcontroller.
8. For microcontroller discuss the following :
a. How RAM is organized and addressed?
b. How many register banks are present in RAM and how is bank switching
executed?

8
 UNIT 2- EMBEDDED C PROGRAMMING

PART-A

1. What is embedded C programing?

Embedded C is an extension of C language and it is used to develop micro-
controller-based applications. The extensions in the Embedded C language from normal
C Programming Language are the I/O Hardware Addressing, fixed-point arithmetic
operations, accessing address spaces, etc..

2. Define memory device interfacing?

Memory Interface means an interface, or portion thereof, between a logic
integrated circuit and a memory integrated circuit, whereby interface shall mean an
electrical bus or other similar information path between integrated circuits that is
capable of transmitting and/or receiving information between two or more.

3. Define I/O device interfacing

I/O interfaces are the mediums in which data are sent from internal logic to external
sources and from which data are received from external sources. The interface signals can
be unidirectional or bidirectional, single-ended or differential and could follow one of the
different I/O standards.

4. Define Watch dog ?

A watchdog timer (WDT) is a timer that monitors microcontroller (MCU)
programs to see if they are out of control or have stopped operating. It acts as a
“watchdog” watching over MCU operation.
5. List the advantages and limitations of Priority based process scheduling.

S.NO. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Good way to ensure processes with Processes with lower priority
1 higher priorities are handled first may be starved

Good when the resources are Difficult to objectively decide

limited and priorities for each which processes are given
2 process are higher priority
defined beforehand

6. Define context switching in RTOS ?

Context Switching involves storing the context or state of a process so that it
can be reloaded when required and execution can be resumed from the same point as
earlier. This is a feature of a multitasking operating system and allows a single CPU
to be shared by multiple processes.

9
7. List the memory devices used in the design of embedded system?or What are
the memory devices used in the design of embedded system ?

Types of Memory: Volatile Memory, Random Access Memory (RAM) Static

Random Access Memory (SRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), Non-
volatile memory, EEPROM, Flash memory, SD card.
8. How does priority scheduling improve multitask execution ? Following are
the benefits of priority scheduling method:

1. Easy to use.
2. Processes with higher priority execute first which saves time.
3. The importance of each process is precisely defined.
4. A good algorithm for applications with fluctuating time and resource requirements.

10. What is the concept of multitasking ?what does it signify .

Multitasking, the running of multiple programs (sets of instructions) in one
computer at the same time. Multitasking is used to keep all of a computer's resources at
work as much of the time as possible .
signify :
Multitasking is the act of doing more than one thing at the same time. Multitasking
helps you save time and money in some cases, though trying to do more than one
challenging task at a time may also decrease overall productivity.
12.What are the basic types of memory components that are commonly used in
embedded systems?
The main types involved in embedded systems are primary and secondary
memory. The primary memory involves RAM which is a data memory and secondary
memory involves a program memory called ROM. Data memory is classified as SRAM
DRAM and SDRAM.

11.Bring out the difference between multiple process and multiple task?

S.No. Multi-tasking Multiprocessing

The availability of more than one processor
The execution of more than one task
per system, that can execute several set of
1. simultaneously is known as
instructions in parallel is known as
multitasking.
multiprocessing.
2. The number of CPU is one. The number of CPUs is more than one.
In this, one by one job is being In this, more than one process can be
3.
executed at a time. executed at a time.

13. Define Embedded Programming?

An embedded programming language is a programming language that developers use
in embedded systems. In general, the languages offer low-level access to the device
hardware. Developers use several common programming languages for embedded
systems. Some people also call these embedded coding languages.
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14. What is RTOS ?

An RTOS will often be used when there are more interrupt sources, more functions,
and more standard communications interfaces that need to be supported. If the application
is <64KB in size, an RTOS is not necessary. Conversely if, the applications is 1 MB, an
RTOS will likely be used.

15. Define multitasking.

Multitasking is the process of scheduling and switching the CPU between several tasks. A
single CPU switches its attention between several sequential tasks. It maximizes the utilization of
the CPU and also provides modular construction of application.

16. What are the application of RTOS?

A Real time operating system is a multitasking operating system for response time controlled
and event controlled process which has real time programming.

17. When RTOS necessary and when it is not necessary in the Embedded system?
An RTOS is necessary when scheduling of Multiple processors. An RTOS is must to monitor
the processors that are response controlled and event controlled processors.

18. What is Variable Scope?

Variables in C programming language, which Arduino uses, have a property called
scope. A scope is a region of the program and there are three places where variables can
be declared.
19. What are Arduino – Operators?
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical
functions. C language is rich in the following types of operators −
• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison Operators
• Boolean Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Compound Operators

20. Define Sketch.

A sketch is the name that Arduino uses for a program. It's the unit of code that is
uploaded to and run on an Arduino board.

11
 PART-B

1. Explain about I/O Devices,Timers and Counters, Watchdog Timers.

2. Explain in detail about earliest deadline first scheduling?
3. Compare RMS and EDF?
4. Explain the context switching mechanism for moving the CPU from one executing process to
another with an example?
5. Briefly explain the Multiple Tasks and Processes?
6. Explain the Priority Based Scheduling Policies?
7. Describe the Programming Embedded Systems in C.
8. Briefly explain the Multiple Tasks and Processes?
9. Explain the Priority Based Scheduling Policies?
10. Describe the Programming Embedded Systems in C?

12
 UNIT III - IOT AND ARDUINO PROGRAMMING

PART A
1. Draw the logic design of IOT and describe its components?

A logical design for an IoT system is the actual design of how its components (computers,
sensors, and actuators) should be arranged to complete a particular function. It doesn't go into the
depth of describing how each component will be built with low-level programming specifics.

2. What is Raspberry PI ?
Raspberry Pi is a low-cost, credit card-sized computer that connects to a computer monitor or
TV using HDMI, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It can run a host of operating systems,
such as Raspbian, Android, Windows 10, IoT Core,etc.

3. What are the different raspberry pi model types ?

The Raspberry Pi models are of two types Model A (introduced later as a hardware-reduced
model) Model B (introduced first and is the full hardware model).

4. What is Python?

Python is an object-oriented, high-level programming language with integrated dynamic

semantics primarily for web and app development.

5. List the benefits of Python.

Python can be used to develop prototypes.
 Python allows for a more productive coding environment than massive languages like
C# and Java.
 Python powers Django, a complete and open source web application frame wat

 Most automation, data mining, and big data platforms rely on Python. Python supports
modules and packages, which encourages program modulation and code reuse.

13
6. What is GND in GPIO ?

GND means ground pins. Ground GPIO pins are physical numbers 6, 9, 14, 20, 25, 30, 34
and 39.Define Raspberry PI hardware. Ans.: Raspberry Pi hardware includes ARM processor, GPU,
RAM and USB port

7. What is Raspbian OS?

Raspbian is a free operating system based on Debian optimized for the Raspberry Pi
hardware. An operating system is the set of basic programs and utilities that make your Raspberry
Pi run • As Raspbian is a Linux operating system it has good security features, has excellent
networking capabilities. Raspbian is highly optimized for the Raspberry Pi line's low-performance
ARM CPUs.

8. What are the 4 protocols of IoT?

Most common protocols MQP. Short for Advanced Message Queuing Protocol, AMQP is
an open standard protocol used for more message-oriented middleware.

Bluetooth and BLE. Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology that uses short-
wavelength, ultrahigh-frequency radio waves.
1. Cellular.
2. CoAP.
3. DDS.
4. LoRa and LoRaWAN.
5. LWM2M.
6. MQTT.

9. Why Linux OS used in Raspberry pi ?

Linux is an open-source operating system intended with retro gaming in mind. While it
may operate on standard computer systems, it is specifically designed for various
minicomputers such as the androids and Raspberry Pi. This property makes it versatile and
dynamically applicable to any PC or laptop hardware.

10. In what way Raspberry pi is better than arduino?

In summary, Arduino has a simpler software environment that is well-suited for basic
control of inputs and outputs, while Raspberry Pi has a more powerful and versatile
operating system that provides greater functionality for complex projects.

11. Define IoT.

The Internet of Things as simply an interaction between the physical and digital worlds.
The digital world interacts with the physical world using a plethora of sensors and actuators.

14
12. Point out the challenges faced by Internet of Things.
 Security. In our opinion, security is the most crucial issue that needs to be addressed for IoT.
 Costs.
 Reliability and Hardware.
 Ease of Integration.
 Connectivity.
 Development Skill set.
 Quality Control Design

13. Summarize the characteristics and benefits of IoT.

Authenticity of data collected via IoT device (the data that you can rely on) Automation of the
contracts based on the rules decided while creating contracts & tamperproof data collected via
IoT.
Security of the data collected via IoT devices.

14. What is LCD shield?

The keypad of LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) shield includes five buttons called as up, down,
left, right, and select.
15. What are the Types of Shields?
The popular Arduino shields are listed below:
o Ethernet shield
o Xbee Shield
o Proto shield
o Relay shield
o Motor shield
o LCD shield
o Bluetooth shield
o Capacitive Touchpad Shield

16. What is. Arduino Uno Pinout - ICSP Header?

ICSP stands for In-Circuit Serial Programming
17. Define I2C
- SCL/SDA pins are the dedicated pins for I2C communication. On the
Arduino Uno they are found on Analog pins A4 and A5.
18. Define Arduino Interrupt
INT0 and INT1. Arduino Uno has two external interrupt pins.

15
 PART –B
1. Briefly explain the Technical Building blocks of IoT,

2. Describe the Communication Technologies of IOT

3. Draw the Physical design of IOT and Explain.

4. Explain the Sensors and sensor Node and interfacing using any Embedded target
boards RaspberryPi.
5. Explain about Arduino shields.
6. Explain the types of Arduino in detail.

16
 UNIT IV

IOT COMMUNICATION AND OPEN PLATFORMS

1. What is IoT Communication APIs?

An API is an interface used by programs to access an application. It enables a program to send
commands to another program and receive replies from the app. IoT APIs are the interface points
between an IoT device and the Internet and/or other network components.

2. What is Layered system?

A layered system defines the boundaries of the components within each specific layer. For
example, A client is unable to tell whether it is connected to the end server or an intermediate node.

3. What is Bluetooth?
An important short-range IoT communications Protocols / Technology. Bluetooth, which has
become very important in computing and many consumer product markets. It is expected to be key
for wearable products in particular, again connecting to the IoT albeit probably via a smartphone in
many cases.

4. What is Zigbee?
ZigBee is similar to Bluetooth and is majorly used in industrial settings. It has some significant
advantages in complex systems offering low-power operation, high security, robustness and high
and is well positioned to take advantage of wireless control and sensor networks.

5. Define NFC
NFC (Near Field Communication) is an IoT technology. It enables simple and safe
communications between electronic devices, and specifically for smartphones, allowing consumers
to perform transactions in which one does not have to be physically present.

6. What is Piconet?
The Bluetooth network is called a piconet. If it contains one master and one slave then its called
a single piconet. Similarly, if it contains one master and multiple slaves are called multiple piconets.

7. Define Scatternet
Its a Combination of multiple piconets.
Here Master of one piconet can be a slave in another piconet

8. How Does GPS Function?

GPS satellites complete two accurate orbits around the planet every day. An individual
satellite's signal and orbiting parameters can be decoded and used to pinpoint the satellite's location
via a GPS receiver. This data, together with triangulation, is used by GPS receivers to pinpoint the
precise location of its owners.
17
9. What is GSM/GPRS module?
It is used to establish communication between a computer and a GSM- GPRS system.
Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an architecture used for mobile communication
in most of the countries.

10. What is Mobile Station?

A mobile phone and Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) together form a mobile station. It is the
user equipment that communicates with the mobile network.

11. Explain Mobile Termination.

It is interfaced with the GSM mobile network and is controlled by a baseband processor. It
handles application processor that deals with handling operations related to keypad, screen, phone
memory and other hardware and software services embedded into the handset.

12. What is Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

The Mobile Switching Centre or MSC is the key element in the core network region of the GSM
network architecture. allow the mobile user necessities to be supported like authentication,
registration, inter-MSC handovers call location & routing of the call to a cell phone subscriber.

13. Define Home Location Register (HLR)

This HLR database includes the information regarding the administrative like every subscriber
with their previous identified location.

14. What is meant by Visitor Location Register (VLR)?

The VLR includes preferred information that is received from the HLR network to allow the
preferred services for the separate subscriber.

15. Define Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

The EIR (Equipment Identity Register) is the unit that makes a decision whether specified
mobile gear may be permitted over the network.

16. What is SMS Gateway (SMS-G)?

The SMS gateway or SMS-G is used jointly to explain two SMS-Gateways in the GSM
standards. These gateways control messages which are directed in dissimilar ways.

17. What is Base Station Controller (BSC)?

The BSC (base station controller) is used to form the next phase reverse into the GSM
technology. This controller is used to control a collection of base transceiver stations & it is
frequently co-located through one of the transceiver stations within the group.

18
18. What is Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)?
The operation supports subsystem (OSS) is a part of the complete GSM network architecture.
This is connected to the NSS & the BSC components. This OSS is mainly used to control the GSM
network & the BSS traffic load.

19. Define NOOBS

New Out of the Box Software, or simply NOOBS is an operating system installer for Raspberry
Pi, delivered primarily on an SD card, which contains a variety of operating systems.

20. What is a Raspberry Pi?

The Raspberry Pi is a single-board computer developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, a UK-
based charity organization. Originally designed to provide young people with an affordable
computing option to learn how to program, it has developed a massive following in the maker and
DIY communities because of its compact size, full Linux environment, and general-purpose input–
output (GPIO) pins.

PART B
1. Explain GSM services and its architecture in detail

2. Brief abour Bluetooth architecture.

3. Explain IOT communication Protocols with neat diagram.

4. write about Rasoerypi and its function.

5. Explain GPS in detail.

6. How signals are transmitted using GPIO?

19
 UNIT V APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT
PART A

1. What is an Embedded System Design?

A system designed with the embedding of hardware and software together for a specific
function with a larger area is embedded system design.

2. What are the Elements of Embedded Systems?

 Processor
 Microprocessor
 Microcontroller Digital signal processor

3. Write the Types of Embedded Systems.

 Stand-Alone Embedded System
 Real-Time Embedded System
 Networked Appliances
 Mobile devices

4. What are the Challenges in Embedded System Design?

 Environment adaptability
 Power consumption
 Area occupied
 Packaging and integration
 Updating in hardware and software
 Security
There are various challenges the designers face while testing the design like Embedded
hardware testing, Verification stage, Validation Maintainability.

5. Write Embedded System Design Examples

 Automatic chocolate vending machine (ACVM)
 Digital camera
 Smart card
 Mobile phone
 Mobile computer..etc.

6. What are sensors?:

Sensor used for sensing the change in environment condition and it generate the electric
signal on the basis of change in environment condition. Therefore, it is also called as transducers for
providing electric input signal on the basis of change in environment condition.

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7. Define Application specific integrated circuit.
ASIC is an integrated circuit designed to perform task specific operation inside an embedded
system.

8. What are Embedded System processors?

Processors are the major part in embedded systems that take response from sensors in digital
form and processing of this response to produce output in real- time processing environment is
performed using processors.
9. Write the Types of general purpose processor
o Microprocessor
o Microcontroller
o Digital signal processor
o Analog signal processor

10. What are Three main components of Embedded systems?

1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Firmware
11. Write the Disadvantages of Embedded System.
 High development cost.
 Time-consuming design process.
 As it is application-specific less market available.
12. Write the Advantages of Embedded System.
 Enhanced real-time performance.
 Low Power Consumption and smaller in size
 Cost-Effective
 Reliability and scalability
 Faster Market Availability

13. What Industrial Automation

It is one of the areas where the quality of products is an essential factor for a more
significant investment return. Anyone can re-engineer products and their packaging to provide
superior performance in cost and customer experience with IoT applications.

14. Write the applications of IOT in Healthcare
Healthcare do real-time monitoring with the help of smart devices. It gathers and transfers
health data such as blood pressure, blood sugar levels, weight, oxygen, and ECG. The patient
can contact the doctor by the smart mobile application in case of any emergency.

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15. Write the applications of IOT in Smart Retail
IoT applications in retail give shoppers a new experience. Customers do not have to stand in
long queues as the checkout system can read the tags of the products and deduct the total amount
from the customer's payment app with IoT applications' help.

16. Write the applications of IOT in Smart Supply Chain

Customers automate the delivery and shipping with a smart supply chain. It also provides
details of real-time conditions and supply networks.

17. Write the applications of IOT in Smart Grid

The smart grid is the IoT that attends to energy systems. Utility companies use smart grid
technologies to find energy efficiencies through various means, including monitoring energy
consumption, predicting energy shortages and power outages, and gathering data on how
different individuals and companies use energy.

18. Write the applications of IOT in Smart Farming

Farmers can minimize waste and increase productivity. The system allows the monitoring of
fields with the help of sensors. Farmers can monitor the status of the area.
Internet-connected devices go from 5 million to billions in just one year. Business Insider
Intelligence estimates 24 billion IoT devices will install and generate more than 300 billion in
revenue in the future.

19. What is MQTT Protocol?

This IoT based Home Automation Project uses MQTT protocol for exchanging data between
server and client.

20. Define Signal Conditioning Unit.

This sensor is a cost-effective board used to measure the electrical activity of the heart.
This electrical activity can be charted as an ECG or Electrocardiogram and output as an analog
reading.

PART B
1. Explain the Complete Design of Embedded Systems.
2. Explain the Development of IoT Applications.
3. Write a program for Home Automation and explain.
4. Write a program –Smart Agriculture and explain with relevant diagrams.
5. Write a program Smart Cities and explain.
6. Write a program Smart Healthcare. and explain with relevant diagrams.

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