Netaji Subhas University of Technology

SESSION:2024-2025
SUBJECT - PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL
Name : Md Ehtemam
Branch - ICE – 2
Roll No - 2022UIC3610

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 INDEX

S.NO TITLE PAGE SIGN.

NO.
01.
Liquid hold up in storage tank

02.
Liquid hold up in storage tank (effluent rate)

03.
Study of system for capacity of energy storage

04.
Storage tank with variable time constant and
gain
05.
Interacting and non-interacting capacity

06.
Zeigler Nicholas -1

07.
Zeigler Nicholas - 2

08.
To study dynamic characteristic of cascade
control

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 EXPERIMENT- 01

Objective:- Study of liquid hold up in a storage tank.

Apparatus Required:- MATLAB, SIMULINK.

Theory:- The equation of a storage tank where 𝑭𝒐 is based on
Hydrostatic pressure is given by

𝑑(𝐴𝜌ℎ)
= 𝜌𝐹𝑖 − 𝜌𝐹𝑜
𝑑𝑡
ℎ
𝐹𝑜 =
𝑅

𝑑ℎ 𝐹𝑖 ℎ
= −
𝑑𝑡 𝐴 𝐴𝑅

Here certain assumptions are taken such as 𝜌 liquid density of input and
output stream is same and does not vary.
h:- Height of liquid at any time t.
𝑭𝒊 :- Constant input stream.
𝑭𝒐 :- Volumetric flow rate coming as output from the storage Tank and is
proportional to hydrostatic pressure.

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Procedure:-
1. Design the above shown SIMULINK model in MATLAB SIMULINK.
2. Use value of A as 1s/m2 and R as 1s/m2 .
3. Simulate Model for 25 sec.
4. Use ode solver Runge-kutta in Simulation settings.
5. Use Step-size as 0.01 s.
6. Note readings for different values of A and R and note value of h.

SIMULINK MODEL:-

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Observation:-
S.NO Cross-Sectional area (A) Linear resistance of Steady state value
Valve ( R) of h
1. 1 1 1
2. 1 2 2
3. 2 1 1
4. 2 2 2

Result:- The graph was observed and plotted for different

combinations of A and R and accordingly h was obtained.
h is found to proportional to 1/A .

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 EXPERIMENT-02
Objective:- Study of liquid hold up in a storage tank (with pump at effluent
flow rate).
Apparatus Required:- MATLAB,SIMULINK.
Theory:- Consider a storage tank as shown in Fig.1. The cross-sectional area
of tank is A m2. Let h be the height of liquid in the tank at any time t.Fi and FO
are the volumetric flow rate of incoming and outgoing liquid. Assume that
density of liquid 𝝆 remain constant throughout experiment. Also, assume that
the effluent flow rate FO is determined by a constant-displacement pump and
not by hydrostatic pressure of liquid level h.

The dynamic model for this process is given as follow:-

𝑑(𝐴𝜌ℎ)
= 𝜌𝐹𝑖 − 𝜌𝐹𝑜
𝑑𝑡
𝐹𝑜 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑑ℎ 𝐹𝑖 𝐹𝑜
= −
𝑑𝑡 𝐴 𝐴
Nominal process data:-
A=1m2 ; 𝑭𝒐 = 1.

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Procedure:-
1. Design the above shown SIMULINK model in MATLAB SIMULINK.
2. Input Signals (Step, Ramp).
3. Simulate Model for 10 sec.
4. Use ode solver Runge-kutta in Simulation settings.
5. Use Step-size as 0.01 s.
6. See plot on Scope and verify it.

SIMULINK MODEL:-
Block:-

Transfer function:-

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MATLAB Function:-

MATLAB Function Code :-

Result:- A liquid hold up tank with constant 𝑭𝒐 was designed successfully

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 EXPERIMENT-03
Objective:- Study of system with a capacity for energy storage.
Apparatus Required:- MATLAB,SIMULINK.
Theory:- The liquid of a tank is heated with saturated steam, which flows
through a coil immersed in the liquid (Fig. 1). Where V is volume of liquid in
the tank; 𝝆 and cp are liquid’s density and heat capacity; U is overall heat
transfer coefficient between steam and liquid; At is total heat transfer area; Tst
temperature of the saturated steam.

Fig. 1. Liquid hold up in a storage tank

The dynamic model for this process is given as follows:
𝑑𝑇
𝑉𝜌𝑐𝑝 = 𝑈𝐴𝑡 (𝑇𝑠𝑡 − 𝑇)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑇 𝑈𝐴𝑡
= (𝑇 − 𝑇)
𝑑𝑡 𝑉𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑠𝑡

Nominal process data:

V= 1m3; 𝝆= 1Kg/m3; 𝑨𝒕 = 1m3; 𝒄𝒑 = 1Kg m2/kelvin; U=1

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Procedure:-
1. Design the above shown SIMULINK model in MATLAB SIMULINK.
2. Simulate Model for 10 sec.
3. Use ode solver Runge-kutta in Simulation settings.
4. Use Step-size as 0.01 s.
5. Note readings for different values of V, 𝝆 , 𝑨𝒕 , 𝒄𝒑 and U and note value of
T.
SIMULINK Model:-
Block:-

MATLAB Function:-

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MATLAB Function Code:-

Observation:-
S.NO V 𝒄𝒑 𝑨𝒕 U Steady state value of T
01. 1 1 1 1 1 1
02. 2 1 1 1 1 1
03. 1 2 1 1 1 1
04. 1 1 2 1 1 1
05. 1 1 1 2 1 1
06. 1 1 1 1 2 1

Result:-Same steady values of T were observed for different values of V, 𝝆 ,

𝑨𝒕 , 𝒄𝒑 and U however rate of reaching steady state changes.
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 EXPERIMENT-04
Objective:- Study of a storage tank system with variable time constant and
gain.
Apparatus Required:- MATLAB,SIMULINK.
Theory:- Consider a storage tank as shown in Fig. 1. The cross-sectional area
of tank is A m2. Let h be the height of liquid in the tank at any time t. Fi and FO
are the volumetric flow rate of incoming and outgoing liquid. Assume that
density of liquid 𝝆 remain constant throughout experiment. Also, assume that
the flow rate of an effluent stream from a tank is not linear function of liquid
level, but is given by the following relationship (which holds for turbulent
flow); 𝑭𝑶 = 𝜷√𝒉 where 𝜷=constant.

Fig. 1. Liquid hold up in a storage tank

The dynamic model for this process is given as follows:
𝑑ℎ
𝐴𝜌 = 𝜌𝐹𝑖 − 𝜌𝐹𝑂
𝑑𝑡
𝐹𝑂 = 𝛽√ℎ
𝑑ℎ
𝐴 = 𝐹𝑖 − 𝐹𝑂
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
𝐴 + 𝛽√ℎ = 𝐹𝑖
𝑑𝑡

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Linearize this equation around a steady-state and put it in terms of deviation
variables

𝑑ℎ′ 𝛽
𝐴 + ℎ′ = 𝐹𝑖′
𝑑𝑡 2√ℎ𝑠

2𝐴√ℎ𝑠 𝑑ℎ′ 2 √ℎ𝑠 ′

+ ℎ′ = 𝐹
𝛽 𝑑𝑡 𝛽 𝑖
𝑑ℎ′
𝜏𝑝 + ℎ′ = 𝐾𝑝 𝐹𝑖′
𝑑𝑡
2𝐴√ℎ𝑠
𝜏𝑝 =
𝛽

2 √ ℎ𝑠
𝐾𝑝 =
𝛽

Nominal process data:-

A=1m2 ; 𝜷 = 1.

Procedure:-
1. Simulate the mathematical model of process in MATLAB SIMULINK.
2. Linearize the mathematical model around the operating point 𝒉𝒐 and
simulate the linearized model.
3. Demonstrate that time constant 𝝉𝒑 and static gain 𝑲𝒑 of linearized
model is function of operating point 𝒉𝒐 .
4. Find the steady state values, i.e. h , when the process parameters such
as 𝜷 and A is perturbed from its nominal values.
5. Also, compute the time constant 𝝉𝒑 and static gain 𝑲𝒑 for the various
value of input and process parameters from its nominal values.

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SIMULINK Model:-
Block:-

MATLAB Function:-

MATLAB Function Code:-

Observation:-
S.NO A 𝜷 𝒉𝒔 𝝉𝒑 𝑲𝒑 h
01. 1 1 1 2 2 4
02. 1 2 1 1 1 2
03. 2 1 1 4 2 4
04. 2 2 1 2 1 2
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Result:-
Time constant 𝝉𝒑 and static gain 𝑲𝒑 depend on the steady-state value of the
liquid level, 𝒉𝒔 .
Since we can vary the value of 𝒉𝒔 by varying the steady-state value of the inlet
flow rate 𝑭𝒊𝒔 , we conclude that the system has variable time constant and
static gain.

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 EXPERIMENT- 5
OBJECTIVE: To study the response of interacting and non- interacting capacity.

Software Used: MATLAB(Simulink)

Theory: When material or energy flows through a single capacity, we get a first-order
system. If on the other hand, mass or energy flows through a series of two capacities, the
behaviour of the system is described by second-order dynamics. In system 1, tank 1 feeds
tank 2 and thus it affects its dynamic behaviour, whereas the opposite is not true. Such a
system is characteristic of a large class of noninteracting capacities or noninteracting first-
order systems in series. On the contrary, in system 2, tank 1 affects the dynamic behaviour
of tank 2, and vice versa, because the flow rate depends on the difference between liquid
levels h₁ and h₂. This system represents interacting capacities or interacting first-order
systems in series.

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17
 Simulink Model:

First-Order

Non-Interacting

Interacting

Output:

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 EXPERIMENT- 6
OBJECTIVE: To tune the controller using Zeigler- Nicholas method.
Software Used: MATLAB(Simulink)
Theory: Consider the multi-capacity process

This method starts by zeroing the integral and differential gains than increasing the
proportional gain until the system is unstable. The value of Kp at point of instability is
called Kmax. The frequency of oscillation is Fo. The method turns back of the
proportional gain a predetermined amount, makes the integral and differential gain a
function of Fo.

Observations:

Kmax = 9.8 and Time Period, T = 12.8 sec

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Simulink Model & Output:

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 EXPERIMENT- 7

OBJECTIVE: Use Zeigler-Nicholas method of tuning for P, PI, PID for a wastewater
treatment plant whose transfer function is given by:

Software Used: MATLAB(Simulink)

THEORY:
Zeigler and Nicholas developed a method based on frequency response analysis. ZN
method utilizes tuning technique in a closed-loop procedure.
The ultimate gain and ultimate time period can be found by properties of the Bode
plot where we obtain gain margin and phase margin.
Mathematically,

CODE:

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22
Output:

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 EXPERIMENT- 8
OBJECTIVE: Study of dynamic characteristic of cascade control system.
Software Used: MATLAB(Simulink)
Theory:

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Cascade Control

Feedback Control

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