a) Explanation of Concepts in VB with Code Examples

i. Polymorphism

Polymorphism means "many forms." It allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects
of a common superclass. In VB, this is often done using method overriding (with Overrides) or
method overloading (multiple methods with the same name but different parameters).

Example (Method Overriding):

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Class Animal
Public Overridable Sub MakeSound()
Console.WriteLine("Some animal sound")
End Sub
End Class

Class Dog
Inherits Animal
Public Overrides Sub MakeSound()
Console.WriteLine("Bark!")
End Sub
End Class

' Usage:
Dim myAnimal As Animal = New Dog()
myAnimal.MakeSound() ' Output: "Bark!"
Here, Dog overrides the MakeSound method of Animal, showing polymorphism.

ii. Inheritance

Inheritance allows a class (child) to inherit properties and methods from another class (parent).
This promotes code reuse.

Example:

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Class Vehicle
Public Sub StartEngine()
Console.WriteLine("Engine started.")
End Sub
End Class

Class Car
Inherits Vehicle
Public Sub Drive()
Console.WriteLine("Car is driving.")
End Sub
End Class

' Usage:
Dim myCar As New Car()
myCar.StartEngine() ' Inherited from Vehicle
myCar.Drive() ' Defined in Car

Here, Car inherits the StartEngine method from Vehicle.

(b) Why the Variable Declaration is Wrong

 The given declaration has two errors:

1. Name&surname is invalid: Variable names cannot contain & (special character).

Use Name_surname or NameAndSurname instead.
2. Dim misuse: While the syntax is correct for declaring multiple variables, the names must follow
VB rules (no special characters except underscores).

Corrected Version:

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Dim password As String, Name_surname As String, first_num As Integer

 Avoid symbols like & in variable names.

 Use underscores or camelCase (e.g., nameSurname) for readability.

// Assume this code runs when a button (e.g., btnCalculate) is clicked

private void btnCalculate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
 // Get the mark from a textbox (e.g., txtMark)
int mark;
if (int.TryParse(txtMark.Text, out mark))
{
string grade;

// Decision-making logic
if (mark >= 80)
{
grade = "D";
}
else if (mark >= 70)
{
grade = "2:1";
}
else if (mark >= 60)
{
grade = "2:2";
}
else if (mark >= 40)
{
grade = "P";
}
else
{
grade = "F"; // Assuming "F" for "Fail" (since the description says "less than 40")
}

// Display the grade (e.g., in a label named lblGrade)

lblGrade.Text = $"Grade: {grade}";
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("Please enter a valid number!");
}
}
(a) Difference Between Instance of a Class and Static Class

Instance Class Static Class

You must create an object (new No object needed—accessed directly

MyClass()) to use it. (MyStaticClass.Method()).

Can have instance fields (unique per

Only static fields (shared across the app).
object).

Supports inheritance and interfaces. Cannot be inherited or implement interfaces.

Example: Car myCar = new Car(); Example: Math.Max(3, 5); (no new Math() needed).

Key Point: Use instance classes for objects with state (e.g., Person, Car), and static classes for
utilities (e.g., Math, Logger).

(b) Interpretation of the VB Snippet (Converted to C#)

The original VB loop:

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Do While counter <= 1000
 num.Text = counter
counter = counter + 1
Loop

C# Equivalent and Explanation:

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while (counter <= 1000)
{
num.Text = counter.ToString(); // Update UI with current counter value
counter++; // Increment counter by 1
}

Line-by-Line Meaning:

1. Loop Condition: Keep running while counter is ≤ 1000.

2. UI Update: Set num.Text (e.g., a label) to the current counter value.
3. Increment: Increase counter by 1 each iteration.
4. Repeat: Goes back to check the condition until counter hits 1001.

Purpose: Counts from counter’s initial value to 1000, updating a UI element in real-time (e.g.,
for a progress display).

(c) C# Code to Connect to Microsoft Access Database

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using System.Data.OleDb;

string connectionString = @"Provider=Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0;Data Source=C:\

YourDatabase.accdb;";
OleDbConnection connection = new OleDbConnection(connectionString);

try
 {
connection.Open();
MessageBox.Show("Connected to Access DB!"); // Success message

// Example: Execute a query

string query = "SELECT * FROM Students";
OleDbCommand command = new OleDbCommand(query, connection);
OleDbDataReader reader = command.ExecuteReader();

while (reader.Read())
{
Console.WriteLine(reader["Name"].ToString()); // Print each student's name
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
MessageBox.Show("Error: " + ex.Message); // Show errors
}
finally
{
connection.Close(); // Always close the connection
}

User-Defined Data Types in C# (With Examples)

User-defined data types are custom types created by the programmer to group related data or
behaviors. They include:

1. Classes
2. Structs
3. Enums

1. Class (Reference Type)

A class bundles data (fields/properties) and methods into a reusable template.

Example:

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// Define a class
public class Person
{
// Fields (data)
public string Name;
public int Age;

// Method (behavior)
public void Greet()
{
Console.WriteLine($"Hello, I'm {Name}!");
}
}

// Usage
Person person1 = new Person();
person1.Name = "Alice";
person1.Age = 25;
person1.Greet(); // Output: "Hello, I'm Alice!"

2. Struct (Value Type)

A lightweight alternative to classes for small data structures.

Example:

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// Define a struct
public struct Point
{
public int X;
 public int Y;
}

// Usage
Point p1 = new Point();
p1.X = 10;
p1.Y = 20;
Console.WriteLine($"Point: ({p1.X}, {p1.Y})"); // Output: "Point: (10, 20)"

3. Enum (Named Constants)

An enum defines a set of named integer constants.

Example:

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// Define an enum
public enum DayOfWeek
{
Monday, // 0
Tuesday, // 1
Wednesday, // 2
// ...
}

// Usage
DayOfWeek today = DayOfWeek.Wednesday;
Console.WriteLine(today); // Output: "Wednesday"

Key Points

 Classes are used for complex logic and inheritance.

 Structs are for small, immutable data (e.g., coordinates).
 Enums improve code readability by replacing "magic numbers."

Why Use Them?

 Organize data logically (e.g., Person instead of loose variables like name, age).
 Reuse code efficiently.
 Make programs easier to maintain.

Let me know if you'd like a deeper dive into any of these!

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace SimpleCalculator
{
public partial class CalculatorForm : Form
{
private double firstNumber = 0;
private string operation = "";
private bool isNewNumber = true;

public CalculatorForm()
{
InitializeComponent();
}

private void NumberButton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
Button button = (Button)sender;

if (isNewNumber || txtDisplay.Text == "0")

{
txtDisplay.Text = button.Text;
isNewNumber = false;
}
else
{
txtDisplay.Text += button.Text;
}
}

private void OperatorButton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
Button button = (Button)sender;
firstNumber = double.Parse(txtDisplay.Text);
operation = button.Text;
isNewNumber = true;
lblHistory.Text = $"{firstNumber} {operation}";
}

private void btnEquals_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
if (!isNewNumber)
{
double secondNumber = double.Parse(txtDisplay.Text);
double result = 0;

switch (operation)
 {
case "+":
result = firstNumber + secondNumber;
break;
case "-":
result = firstNumber - secondNumber;
break;
case "*":
result = firstNumber * secondNumber;
break;
case "/":
if (secondNumber != 0)
{
result = firstNumber / secondNumber;
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("Cannot divide by zero!");
return;
}
break;
}

txtDisplay.Text = result.ToString();
lblHistory.Text = $"{firstNumber} {operation} {secondNumber} =";
isNewNumber = true;
}
}

private void btnClear_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
txtDisplay.Text = "0";
lblHistory.Text = "";
firstNumber = 0;
operation = "";
isNewNumber = true;
}

private void btnDecimal_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
if (!txtDisplay.Text.Contains("."))
{
 txtDisplay.Text += ".";
}
}
}
}

Here are the three main types of errors you'll encounter:

1. Syntax Errors (Compile-time errors)

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// Missing semicolon
int x = 5 // Error
Console.WriteLine(x)

// Incorrect:
if (x == 5 // Missing closing parenthesis
{
// code
}

2. Runtime Errors (Exceptions)

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// Division by zero
int a = 10, b = 0;
int result = a / b; // Throws DivideByZeroException
// Null reference
string text = null;
int length = text.Length; // Throws NullReferenceException

3. Logical Errors (Code works but gives wrong results)

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// Calculating average incorrectly
int[] numbers = { 10, 20, 30 };
int average = numbers[0] + numbers[1] + numbers[2]; // Forgot to divide by 3

// Incorrect condition
if (age > 18 && age < 16) // Impossible condition
{
// code
}

1(b) Loop Statements in C#

1. For Loop

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// Count from 1 to 10
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(i);
}

// Iterate through array

string[] colors = { "Red", "Green", "Blue" };
for (int i = 0; i < colors.Length; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(colors[i]);
}
2. While Loop

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// Countdown from 5
int count = 5;
while (count > 0)
{
Console.WriteLine(count);
count--;
}

// User input validation

string input;
while (true)
{
Console.Write("Enter 'yes' to continue: ");
input = Console.ReadLine();
if (input == "yes") break;
}

3. Do-While Loop

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// Runs at least once
int number;
do
{
Console.Write("Enter a positive number: ");
number = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
} while (number <= 0);

// Menu system
char choice;
do
{
Console.WriteLine("1. Option 1");
 Console.WriteLine("2. Option 2");
Console.WriteLine("Q. Quit");
choice = Console.ReadKey().KeyChar;
} while (choice != 'Q');

1(c) File and Array in C#

(i) File Class

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using System.IO;

// Write to file
File.WriteAllText("test.txt", "Hello World!");

// Read from file

string content = File.ReadAllText("test.txt");

// Check if file exists

if (File.Exists("test.txt"))
{
Console.WriteLine("File exists!");
}

(ii) Array

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// Create and initialize array
int[] numbers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

// Access elements
Console.WriteLine(numbers[0]); // First element (1)

// Modify element
numbers[1] = 10;
// Loop through array
foreach (int num in numbers)
{
Console.WriteLine(num);
}

// Multi-dimensional array
int[,] matrix = new int[2, 3] { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } };
Console.WriteLine(matrix[0, 1]);