Computer Science

Class XII ( As per

CBSE Board)

Chapter 1
Revision of the
Basics of Python
 Introduction

It is widely used general purpose,high level programming

language.Developed by Guido van Rossum in 1991.

It is used for:
software development,
web development (server-side),
system scripting,
Mathematics.
 Features of Python
1. Easy to use – Due to simple syntax rule
2. Interpreted language – Code execution &
interpretation line by line
3. Cross-platform language – It can run on
windows,linux,macinetosh etc. equally
4. Expressive language – Less code to be written as it
itself express the purpose of the code.
5. Completeness – Support wide rage of library
6. Free & Open Source – Can be downloaded freely
and source code can be modify for improvement
 Shortcomings of Python
1. Lesser libraries – as compared to other
programming languages like c++,java,.net
2. Slow language – as it is interpreted languages,it
executes the program slowly.
3. Weak on Type-binding – It not pin point on use of a
single variable for different data type.
 How to work in Python
(i) in Interactive mode
* Click start button -> All programs -
> python<version>->IDLE(Python
GUI)
 How to work in Python
(ii) in Script mode
a. Click Start button->All Programs ->
Python<version>->IDLE
b. Now click File->New in IDLE Python Shell

Click File->Save and then save the file with

filename and .py extension
 Data Handling
Most of the computer programming language
support data type, variables,operator and expression like
fundamentals.Python also support these.

Data Types
Data Type specifies which type of value a variable can store.
type() function is used to determine a variable's type in
Python.
 Data type continue

Data Types In Python

1. Number
2. String
3. Boolean
4. List
5. Tuple
6. Set
7. Dictionary
 Data type continue

1. Number In Python
It is used to store numeric values

Python has three numeric types:

1. Integers
2. Floating point numbers
3. Complex numbers.
 Data type continue
1. Integers
Integers or int are positive or negative numbers with
no decimal point. Integers in Python 3 are of unlimited size.

Type Conversion of Integer

int() function converts any data type to integer.
e.g.
a = "101" # string
b=int(a) # converts string data type to integer.
print(b)

Output :-
101
 Data type continue
2. Floating point numbers
It is a positive or negative real numbers with
a decimal point.
float() function converts any data type to
floating point number.

e.g.
a='301.4' #string
b=float(a) #converts string data type to floating print(b)

Output :-
301.4
 Data type continue
3. Complex numbers
Complex numbers are combination of a real
and imaginary part.Complex numbers are in the form
of X+Yj, where X is a real part and Y is imaginary part.
 Data type continue
2. String In Python
A string is a sequence of characters. In python we can create string using
single (' ') or double quotes (" ").Both are same in python. e.g.
str='computer science'
print('str-', str) # print string

print("str +'yes'-", str +'yes') # concatenated string

Output
str- computer science
 Data type continue
Iterating through string
e.g.
str='comp sc'
for i in str:
print(i)
Output
c
o
m
p

s
c
 Data type continue
3. Boolean In Python
It is used to store two possible values either true or
false
e.g.
str="comp sc"
boo=str.isupper() # test if string contains upper case
print(boo)

Output
False
 Data type continue

4. List In Python
List are collections of items and each item has its own index value.
5. Tuple In Python
List and tuple, both are same except ,a list is mutable python objects and tuple is
immutable Python objects. Immutable Python objects mean you cannot modify the
contents of a tuple once it is assigned.

e.g. of list: e.g. of tuple

list =[6,9]
list[0]=55 tup=(66,99)
print(list[0]) Tup[0]=3 # error message will be displayed
print(list[1]) print(tup[0])
print(tup[1])
OUTPUT
55
9
 Data type continue

6. Set In Python
It is an unordered collection of unique and
immutable (which cannot be modified)items.
e.g.
set1={11,22,33,22}
print(set1)

Output
{33, 11, 22}
 Data type continue
7. Dictionary In Python
It is an unordered collection of items and each item
consist of a key and a value.
e.g.
dict = {'Subject': 'comp sc', 'class': '11'}
 Operator
Operators are special symbols in Python that carry out arithmetic or logical
computation. The value that the operator operates on is called the operand.
Arithmetic operators
Used for mathematical operation
Operator Meaning Example
x+y
+ Add two operands or unary plus
+2
x-y
- Subtract right operand from the left or unary minus
-2
* Multiply two operands x*y

/ Divide left operand by the right one (always results into float) x/y

% Modulus - remainder of the division of left operand by the right x % y (remainder of x/y)

Floor division - division that results into whole number

// x // y
adjusted to the left in the number line

** Exponent - left operand raised to the power of right x**y (x to the power y)
 Operator continue
Arithmatic operator continue
e.g.
x=5
y=4
print('x + y =',x+y)
print('x - y =',x-y)
print('x * y =',x*y)
print('x / y =',x/y)
print('x // y =',x//y)
print('x ** y =',x**y)
OUTPUT
('x + y =', 9)
('x - y =', 1)
('x * y =', 20)
• Write a program in python to calculate the simple
('x / y =', 1)
interest based on entered amount ,rate and time
('x // y =', 1)
('x ** y =', 625)
 Operator continue
Comparison operators -used to compare values
Operator Meaning Example

> Greater that - True if left operand is greater than the right x>y

< Less that - True if left operand is less than the right x<y

== Equal to - True if both operands are equal x == y

!= Not equal to - True if operands are not equal x != y

Greater than or equal to - True if left operand is greater than or equal to

>= x >= y
the right

<= Less than or equal to - True if left operand is less than or equal to the right x <= y
 Operator continue
Logical operators
Operator Meaning Example

and True if both the operands are true x and y

or True if either of the operands is true x or y

not True if operand is false (complements the operand) not x

e.g.
x = True
y = False
print('x and y is',x and y)
print('x or y is',x or y)
print('not x is',not x)
Outpur
('x and y is', False)
('x or y is', True)
('not x is', False)
 Operator continue

Bitwise operators
Used to manipulate bit values.

Operator Meaning Example

& Bitwise AND x& y

| Bitwise OR x|y
~ Bitwise NOT ~x
^ Bitwise XOR x^y
>> Bitwise right shift x>> 2
<< Bitwise left shift x<< 2
 Operator continue
Python Membership Operators
Test for membership in a sequence

Operator Description
in Evaluates to true if it finds a variable in the specified sequence and false otherwise.
not in Evaluates to true if it does not finds a variable in the specified sequence and false otherwise.

e.g.
a=5
b = 10
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
if ( a in list ):
print ("Line 1 - a is available in the given list")
else:
print ("Line 1 - a is not available in the given list")
if ( b not in list ):
print ("Line 2 - b is not available in the given list") output
else: Line 1 - a is available in the given list
print ("Line 2 - b is available in the given list") Line 2 - b is not available in the given list
 Operator continue
Python Identity Operators
Operat Description
or
Evaluates to true if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same
is
object and false otherwise.
Evaluates to false if the variables on either side of the operator point to the same
is not
object and true otherwise.
e.g.
a = 10
b = 10
print ('Line 1','a=',a,':',id(a), 'b=',b,':',id(b))
if ( a is b ):
print ("Line 2 - a and b have same identity")
else:
print ("Line 2 - a and b do not have same identity")
OUTPUT
('Line 1', 'a=', 10, ':', 20839436, 'b=', 10, ':', 20839436)
Line 2 - a and b have same identity
 Operator continue
Operators Precedence :highest precedence to lowest precedence table
Operator Description
** Exponentiation (raise to the power)
~+- Complement, unary plus and minus (method names for the last two are +@ and -@)

* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division

+- Addition and subtraction

>> << Right and left bitwise shift
& Bitwise 'AND'td>
^| Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'
<= < > >= Comparison operators
<> == != Equality operators
= %= /= //= -= += Assignment operators
*= **=
is is not Identity operators
in not in Membership operators
not or and Logical operators
 Expression

It is a valid combination of operators,literals and

variable.
1. Arithmatic expression :- e.g. c=a+b
2. Relational expression :- e.g. x>y
3. Logical expression :- a or b
4. String expression :- c=“comp”+”sc”
 Type conversion
The process of converting the value of one data type (integer, string, float, etc.) to another
data type is called type conversion.
Python has two types of type conversion.
Implicit Type Conversion
Explicit Type Conversion

Implicit Type Conversion:

In Implicit type conversion, Python automatically converts one data type to another data
type. This process doesn't need any user involvement.
 Type conversion
Explicit Type Conversion:
In Explicit Type Conversion, users convert the data type of an object to required
data type. We use the predefined functions like int(),float(),str() etc.
 Control Statements
Control statements are used to control the flow of
execution depending upon the specified condition/logic.

There are three types of control statements.

1. Decision Making Statements

2. Iteration Statements (Loops)
3. Jump Statements (break, continue, pass)
 Decision Making Statement
Decision making statement used to control the flow
of execution of program depending upon condition.

There are three types of decision making statement.

1. if statements
2. if-else statements
3. Nested if-else statement
 Decision Making Statement
1. if statements
An if statement is a programming conditional
statement that, if proved true, performs a function
or displays information.
 Decision Making Statement
1. if statements
Syntax:
if(condition):
statement
[statements]
e.g.
noofbooks = 2
if (noofbooks == 2):
print('You have ')
print(‘two books’)
print(‘outside of if statement’)
Output
You have two books
Note:To indicate a block of code in Python, you must indent each line of
the block by the same amount. In above e.g. both print statements are
part of if condition because of both are at same level indented but not
the third print statement.
 Decision Making Statement
1. if statements
Using logical operator in if statement
x=1
y=2
if(x==1 and y==2):
print(‘condition matcing the criteria')

Output :-
condition matcing the criteria

a=100
if not(a == 20):
print('a is not equal to 20')

Output :-
a is not equal to 20
 Decision Making Statement
2. if-else Statements
If-else statement executes some code if the test expression is true
(nonzero) and some other code if the test expression is false.
 Decision Making Statement
2. if-else Statements
Syntax:
if(condition):
statements
else:
statements
e.g.
a=10
if(a < 100):
print(‘less than 100')
else:
print(‘more than equal 100')

OUTPUT
less than 100
*Write a program in python to check that entered numer is even or odd
 Decision Making Statement
3. Nested if-else statement
The nested if...else statement allows you to check for multiple
test expressions and execute different codes for more than two
conditions.
 Iteration Statements (Loops)
Iteration statements(loop) are used to execute a block of
statements as long as the condition is true.
Loops statements are used when we need to run same code
again and again.

Python Iteration (Loops) statements are of three type :-

1. While Loop

2. For Loop

3. Nested For Loops

 Iteration Statements (Loops)
1. While Loop
It is used to execute a block of statement as long as a given
condition is true. And when the condition become false, the
control will come out of the loop. The condition is checked every
time at the beginning of the loop.
Syntax
while (condition):
statement
[statements]
e.g.
x=1
while (x <= 4): Output
print(x) 1
2
x=x+1 3
4
 Iteration Statements (Loops)
While Loop continue
While Loop With Else
e.g.

x=1
while (x < 3):
print('inside while loop value of x is ',x)
x=x+1
else:
print('inside else value of x is ', x)

Output
inside while loop value of x is 1
inside while loop value of x is 2
inside else value of x is 5
*Write a program in python to find out the factorial of a given number
 Iteration Statements (Loops)
While Loop continue
Infinite While Loop
e.g.
x=5
while (x == 5):
print(‘inside loop')

Output
Inside loop
Inside loop
…
…
 Iteration Statements (Loops)

2. For Loop
It is used to iterate over items of any sequence, such as a list
or a string.
Syntax
for val in sequence:
statements
e.g.
for i in range(3,5):
print(i)

Output
3
4
 Iteration Statements (Loops)
2. For Loop continue
Example programs
for i in range(5,3,-1):
print(i)

Output
5
4
range() Function Parameters
start: Starting number of the sequence.
stop: Generate numbers up to, but not including this number.
step(Optional): Determines the increment between each numbers in the
sequence.
 Iteration Statements (Loops)
2. For Loop continue
For Loop With Else
e.g.
for i in range(1, 4):
print(i)
else: # Executed because no break in for
print("No Break")

Output
1
2
3
4
No Break
 Iteration Statements (Loops)
2. For Loop continue
Nested For Loop
e.g.
for i in range(1,3):
for j in range(1,11):
k=i*j
print (k, end=' ')
print()

Output
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
 Iteration Statements (Loops)

3. Jump Statements
Jump statements are used to transfer
the program's control from one location to another. Means
these are used to alter the flow of a loop like - to skip a part
of a loop or terminate a loop

There are three types of jump statements used in python.

1.break
2.continue
3. pass
 Iteration Statements (Loops)
1.break
it is used to terminate the loop.
e.g.
for val in "string":
if val == "i":
break
print(val)

print("The end")

Output
s
t
r
The end
 Iteration Statements (Loops)
2.continue
It is used to skip all the remaining statements in the
loop and move controls back to the top of the loop.
e.g.
for val in "init":
if val == "i":
continue
print(val)
print("The end")

Output
n
t
The end
 Iteration Statements (Loops)

3. pass Statement
This statement does nothing. It can be used when a statement is
required syntactically but the program requires no action.
Use in loop
while True:
pass # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt (Ctrl+C)
In function
It makes a controller to pass by without executing any code.
e.g.
def myfun():
pass #if we don’t use pass here then error message will be shown
print(‘my program')

OUTPUT
My program
 Iteration Statements (Loops)
3. pass Statement continue
e.g.
for i in 'initial':
if(i == 'i'):
pass
else:
print(i)

OUTPUT
n
t
a
L
NOTE : continue forces the loop to start at the next iteration
while pass means "there is no code to execute here" and
will continue through the remainder or the loop body.