NOTES OR IMPORTANT PREVIOUS

METERIALS QUESTIONS QUESTION PAPERS

Just click on icons you will redirect

TELEGRAM CHANNEL TELEGRAM GROUP YOUTUBE

ID : @OUPREPHUB ID : @OSMANIADEGREE @OUPREPHUB4U

OU PREP HUB INSTAGRAM ID

@OUPREPHUB

Notes
Important Questions
Previous question papers
And more

Click below to download materials

ouprephub.in

ouprephub.in @ouprephub
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

UNIT-I
Short Story: The Bet

-Anton Chekhov
The Bet is a short story written by Anton Chekhov, who writes based on realistic characters
and situations. The Bet is an 1889 short story by Anton Chekhov about a banker and a young
man who makes a bet with each other based on capital punishment and whether the death
penalty is better or worse than life in prison. An ironic twist responds to this exploration of
the value of a human life with an unexpected result. The terms of the wager state that if the
lawyer can live in solitary confinement for 15 years, he will be given 2 million rubles.

This short story portrays a situation in which the banker and lawyer wages a bet based on the
idea of the death penalty and life imprisonment. The banker puts on the line two million
dollars compared to the lawyer's life worth of fifteen years. For the next fifteen years the
lawyer was placed in the banker's backyard without the knowledge of the outside world. It
was clear that any attempt on the lawyer's part to break the conditions will result in the
lawyer's loss of the bet. Fifteen years later, the banker is near bankruptcy from gambling on
the stock market. If he pays the lawyer for winning the bet, he will be ruined. His only escape
from his tragedy would be to kill the lawyer. When the banker opens the door into the cell, he
discovers the lawyer now looking like a skeleton. He discovers a letter and reads it, but soon
realizes the lawyer plans to lose. Five hours before the lawyer's time is complete, he runs
away and terminates his eligibility to win the bet. From these events in the story, we can
conclude that it was the banker who won the bet and the argument of whether life
imprisonment is better than death.

The lawyer spends his time in confinement reading books. In the meantime, the banker's
fortune declines and he realizes that he will be unable to pay off the bet. The banker
resolves the day before the bet is to be up to kill the lawyer so as to not owe him the money.
However, the banker finds when he comes to the man a note written by the man. The note
declares that in his time in confinement the lawyer has learned to despise material goods for
the fleeting things they are. Therefore, to demonstrate his contempt, he intends to leave
confinement five minutes prior to when the bet would be up, thus losing the bet and
unwittingly saving his own life.

The bet has been argued to be many different aspects. It was stated in the story, “I'll bet you
two millions you wouldn't stay in solitary confinement for five years”. Taking this idea as
the bet, it was shown at the end of the story that the lawyer lost the bet. The rule was clearly
stated, “The slightest attempt on his part to break the conditions, if only two minutes before
the end, released the banker from the obligation to pay him two millions”. It was apparent
that the rules were established, but violated. The lawyer stated, “I shall go out from here five
minutes before the time fixed, and so break the compact…Next morning…they had seen the
man who lived in the lodge climb out of the window into the garden, go to the gate, and
disappear”. It is clear that the lawyer's action was to forfeit the bet by leaving and therefore
the banker winning the bet.
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

‘The Bet" is a short story that explores a moral theme regarding the value of human life.
However, the story is constructed with an important ironic twist that brings the reader back to
the original context of the bet (if the lawyer could endure solitary confinement for fifteen
years), and presents an unexpected result. One can ultimately see that Anton Chekhov
presents the readers with two different paths in the story.

VOCABULARY: Oxymoron and Hyperbole

Exercise
Underline the oxymoron in the sentence given below. Explain why thecombination
of words you have is an oxymoron.

1. The room was filled with a deafening silence.

2. Five soldiers were wounded in friendly fire.
3. The clown was seriously funny.
4. I had to do it: I had no choice!
5. He was the most learned fool in the country.
6. You are clearly confused by the explanation.
7. This is old news.
8. Did you bring the original copy ?
9. She is deeply superficial.

10. That dog is pretty ugly. 11.He is

quite passive aggressive.
12.The tabloid printed an article on unpopular celebrities.
Match the words on the left with those on the right with which they formcommon
oxymorons. Each word can be used for only one pair.
Virtual almost open absence landing secret Crash
negative freezer sad order smile reality growth
working conspicuous random exactly vacation burn warA:
virtual – reality
A: almost—exactlyA:
open—secret A:
crash—landing
A: negative—growthA:
freezer—burn

A: sad—smile

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

A: working—vacation
A: conspicuous—absenceA:
random—order

Hyperbole
Underline hyperbolic expressions in the sentence given below.

1. We had to wait forever for the bus.

2. I died of embarrassment.
3. What’s for dinner? I’m starving!
4. I have a million things to do.
5. She’s as slow as a turtle.
6. I could sleep for a year.
7. It was the most amazing sight ever.
8. I am so hungry I could eat a horse.
9. I can’t live without him.
10. That lecture went on forever! I was bored to death.
11. I’ve told you a hundred times to wash your dishes.
12. This is the worst day of my life!

GRAMMAR: Main Verbs and Tenses

Exercise:

Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in the brackets.( Note: There may be
than one correct form in certain cases.)

1. How have you been doing ?(do)

2. The best days of my life are (be) the ones spent (spend) at
college.
3. Keep guessing (guess)the answers till you get them right.
4. Were you paying (pay)attention to what was being said.
5. Suraj loves (love) going to parties with his friends.

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

6. I have red (read) many books in the last one year.

7. Sheila is (be) working (work) very hard these days.
8. She has been wearing (wear) this expensive watch for quite some time
now.
9. The children are (be) began (begin) to enjoy their projects.
10. The last candidate interviewed scored (score) much better than the rest. 11.Jyothi
never tell (tell) lies for she really hates (hate) them.
12. When I heared (hear)his version of the story, I was (be) extremely shocked
(shock).
13. He graduated (graduate) from law school after having completed (complete)
eight semesters.
14. Students who take (take) down notes end up scoring (score) well inthe exams.
15. Teaching (teach) moral values at the right age is (be) very
important.
16. Asif will have been teaching (teach) for six years at the computer institute by
the time his father retires.
17. My friend promised to drop in next week but I don’t think he will be able to come as
he (travel).
18. Before saba becoming (become) an engineer, she dreamt (dream) of
becoming a singer.
19. The sun sets (set) by the time we leave (leave) for home. 20.Last night
,While my friend took (take) a walk in the park,she saw
(see) a snake. It crawled (crawl) through the grass.
21. Raman lived (live) in Chennai for 10 years.
22. Later,sushila returned (return) to Nagaland many times,and
became (become) an expert on it.
23. My brother is a writer.He writes (write) novels. He has been writing
(write) novels since 1990 and has written (write) nine novels so far.

Rewrite the following sentences in the tense suggested in bracket.

1. Rosamma is keying in her paper for the conference.(change to presentperfect tense)

A: Rosamma has keyed her paper for the conference.

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

2. They were working all day. (change to simple present tense.) A: They
work all day.
3. I lived in Kolkata for ten years.(change to present perfect progressivetense.)
A: I have been living in Kolkata for ten years.
4. Farukh will buy us chocolates when we visit him.(change to future perfect
tense.)
A: Farukh will have bought us chocolates when we visit him.
5. Huge boulders had rolled down the mountainside when we got
there.(change to simple past tense.)
A: Huge boulders rolled ,down the mountainside when we got there.
6. I am playing a game of cards with my uncle.(change to past progressivetense.)
A: I was playing a game of cards with my uncle.
7. Jessie met you at the clinic.(change to simple future tense.) A: Jessy
will meet you at the clinic.
8. The bees have left the hive . (change to present progressive tense.) A: The bees
are leaving the hive.
9. Kunju broke his leg when the vacation started.(change to past perfecttense.)
A: Kunju had broken his leg when the vacation started.
10. Sarabjit has been practising for the tournament since October.(change to past perfect
progressive tense.)
A: Sarabjit had been practising for the tournament since October.

Identify the tense of the words/phrases in green.

1. I have had this dress for quite some time now. A:

Presnet Perfect Tense
2. Do you know the person who lives in this house. A:
Simple Present Tense
3. They will have been travelling all night. A:
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
4. He has been having this problem with the computer since yesterday.

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

A: Present Perfect Continuous Tense

5. I will follow up with the client on the submitted proposal. A: Simple

Future Tense
Fill in the blanks using appropriate tense forms of the verbs in bracket.The first one is
done for you.

Mohanty: Mr khiangte,What do you do?

Khiangte: I am (be) a teacher.
Mohanty: How many years have you taught (teach)?

Khiangte: I have been teaching (teach)for the last twelve years. Mohanty:
What subject do you teach (teach)?
Khinagte: I usually teach (teach) chemistry,but I have taught (teach) biology this
year.

Mohanty: Why?

Khinagte: Our biology teacher,Ms Renthlei, was (be)away.She was

invited (invite)to participate in an exchange programme abroad, and
was (be)on leave since February.The principal asked (ask)me to take
her classes while she was (be)on leave. What about you,Mr Mohanty?
What do you do (do)?

Mohanty : Oh,I run an employment agency for people looking (look)for

oppurtinities abroad.Have you ever thought (think)about working
(work)in a foreign country.

Khiangte: I worked (work)in Kuwait for a while.I was (be)there from 2002 to
2007.

Mohanty : Would you like to go back there?

Mohanty : Not at all.As a matter of fact,I got (get)offers from

employment agencies in Kuwait,but I did not accept
(accept)anything so far.

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

WRITING
HOW TO WRITE A PARAGRAPH:
If you are unsure about how to begin writing a short piece of text, followthese steps.

● Think about the topic on which you have to compose a paragraph.

● Put down five to ten ideas on the topic that comes to your mind.
● Go over the point to check if there are some that are irrelevant to the topic. Drop
such point if you find any. All the points should deal with the theme of the paragraph.
Do not include more than one theme in your paragraph.
● Arrange the points in a chronological, sequential, or logical order, placing the topic
sentence at the beginning or at the end of the paragraph.
● Expand your points into complete sentences.
● Keeping the audience and the purpose of the paragraph in mind adjust the style of
the sentences to suit the contexts.
● Use appropriate connectives and transition words and phrases to make your
paragraph coherent and easy to understand.
● Use variety in sentence length and structures to make the paragraph interesting to
read.
● Do not make your paragraphs too long. It is usually easier for a reader to understand
what is said when the information is presented in short coherent bits.
● Read what you have written, checking carefully for mistakes in spelling, grammar,
punctuation, sentence construction, and word choice.

Remember that the best paragraphs are written in your own words, chosen
carefully to express your observations, feelings, and opinions. When composing a
paragraph on a general topic, it is a good idea to first refer to authoritative and
reliable sources of information to collect facts.

POST READING: Decision – Making

In life we are constantly making decisions. A person who makes timely and well-
considered decisions is more successful than others. Some decisions are simple and
straightforward while others are complex, and their consequencesare riskier.
Here are some steps you can follow to be an effective decision-maker.

1. Create a constructive environment: To create a constructive environment for

successful decision making, establish the objective, i.e., define what you want to
achieve, agree on the process, and use creativity tools from the start.
2. Generate good alternatives: When you generate alternatives, you force yourself to
dig deeper, and look at the problems from different angles. If you don’t have
reasonable alternatives, then there’s really not much of adecision to make.
3. Explore these alternatives: When you’re satisfied that that you have a good
selection of realistic alternatives, then you’ll need to evaluate the feasibility, risks,
and implications of each choice.
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

4. Choose the best alternatives: After you have evaluated the alternatives the next step
is to choose between them.
5. Check your decision: Look at the decision you are about to make dispassionately,
to make sure that your process has been thorough, and to ensure that error haven’t
crept into decision making process.
6. Communicate your decision and take action: Once you’ve made your decision
it’s important to explain it to the stakeholders. Explain why you chose the alternative
you did. The more information you provide about risk and projected benefits, the
more likely people are to support the decision.

Decisions based on insufficient information and analysis or likely to lead to trouble in

the future. To overcome this, it is good to consider all perspectives and hear all
opinions before coming to any conclusion. Once a decision is made you should also
have the courage to live with each or even be preferred to modify or change on
earlier decision.

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

UNIT-II
Poem: A WALK BY MOONLIGHT
- HENRY DEROZIO
Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809-31) was one of the first Indian educators to promote Western
learning in India. He also led a group called ‘Young Bengal’ which championed social reform. At
the age of 17, he was appointed teacher of literature and history at Hindu College, Kolkata.
Derzio held progressive views on women’s emancipation and encouraged free debate among
students and teachers .His most popular poem is ‘The Harp of India’. He died of cholera at the
age o 22.

In the poem, ‘A Walk by Moonlight’, Derozio not only recounts an experience but also vividly
describes the effect of such an experience on his mind and heart. The effect is profound and mind
blowing, and the experience radically changes his perception. He relates about his walk back
home on a moonlit night with his friends whom he ‘loved’ and esteemed and who were like-
minded.

The poet was returning home one night with three of his friends after visiting another friend. The
night was a ‘lovely night’ for the ‘moon stood silent in the sky’ and the ‘clouds divided’ ‘in
homage to her worth’. She robed the dancing leaves with ‘silver weaves’. The poet feels that
such a night was one of those ‘happy spots’ of memory of his past which never burns or fades
away but shines on gently.

The poet gradually moves from the physical description of night to what the scene does to him.
The song among the winds made the poet focus his thoughts. The night created magic around
them. They not only ‘saw’ with their eyes but ‘felt’ with all their senses the beautiful moon lit
night. In this mood, the mystery of life was heightened and it evoked in their hearts awe and
‘holy mirth’. The scene brought about a mood which in turn made the poet’s mind alert and
awake. Such a mind, the poet thinks, is a ‘light’ to itself. It perceives better and everything looks
lovely. In such a state one apprehends the spirituality or the permanence of ‘all that cannot die’
going beyond the ‘earthliness’ of the world of impermanent matter.

The poet then views nature – night wind, stars and the moon – not as inanimate but as full of life.
Such a state has his ‘inward eye’ open to glories that seem to appear only in dreams. The bliss of
heaven is experienced here on earth by the poet. The peak of perception that the poet arrives at is
when he feels his human heart ‘gently bound’ to everything and forming ‘of all a part’ which in
other words is communion and interconnectedness with the whole of nature. The flowers, the
stars and the sky are then not ‘cold and lifeless as they seem’.

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

The poet reaches a climax in his experience which is expressed in the last stanza. In that moment
of deep spiritual insight and heightened sensitivity, the poet feels that he cannot ‘crush’ the grass
beneath his feet for he can ‘hear’ its heart ‘beat’.

The rhyme and the meter make the poem flow smoothly enhancing the theme of physical beauty
of a moonlit night and its soothing, and spiritual and psychological effect on the poet’s soul.

VOCABULARY
Language/culture Loanwords borrowed into English
Arabic algebra, bazaar, giraffe, sheikh, sultan
Chinese language ginseng, kung fu, tea, tofu, typhoon
French ballet, beef, café, champagne, salon
German fest ,hamburger, loafer, noodle, waltz
India languages avatar, banyan, guru, jungle, nirvana
Italian balcony, casino, opera, studio, violin
Japanese Karaoke, karate, samurai ,soy, tsunami
Russian cosmonaut, icon, pogrom, tsar/czar,
vodka
Scandinavian hug, husband, knife, saga, ski
languages
Spanish cannibal, guerrilla, guitar, macho,
mosquito

GRAMMAR

Auxiliary Verbs
Complete the following Table
Auxiliary Tense Forms

be present am, is, are

past was ,were

future will be

present have,has
have
past had

future been

do present do, does

Past did

future won’t , shan’t

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

Complete the following Table.

Auxiliary Negative form Contraction of negative

is is not isn’t
are are not aren’t
was was not wasn’t
were were not weren’t
has has not hasn’t
have have not haven’t
had had not hadn’t
does does not doesn’t
do do not don’t
did did not didn’t
will will not won’t
would would not wouldn’t
shall shall not shan’t
should should not shouldn’t
can can not can’t
could could not couldn’t
may may not mayn’t
might might not mightn’t
must must not mustn’t
need need not needn’t
ought ought not oughtn’t
dare dare not daren’t

Underline the helping verbs and the

corresponding main verbs in the sentences
given below, and say which is which.
For example: Did Suresh play the game alone? (did = helping verb; play = main verb)

1. I could come along with you.

could = helping verb; come = main verb

2. The visitor has been waiting for a

long time. has = helping verb;

waiting = main verb

3. If she doesn’t do well in the exam, she’ll have to attend

remedial classes. doesn't = helping verb; do = main verb

have = helping verb; attend = main verb

4. I have bought a new bag to replace the one that

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

was lost. have = helping verb; bought =

main verb

5. We hope you don’t meet him.

don’t = helping verb; meet = main verb

1. She wouldn’t dare do that.

wouldn’t = helping verb; dare =main verb

2. You must work hard every day.

must =helping verb; work = main verb

3. The clothes might look clean, but they

aren’t. might = helping verb; look =

main verb

4. I am going to the railway station. I have to catch a train. Do you want

to hitch a ride? am = helping verb; going = main verb

have = helping verb; catch = main

verb do = helping verb; want =

main verbs

5. Does the restaurant have a delivery service? It might have.

does = helping verb; have = helping verb; delivery = main verb.

Fill in the blanks with the correct auxiliary
verbs from the given choices.
1. Where were your friends going yesterday? ( are, was ,were ,did )

2. That car has always been my favorite. ( was, has, is, have)

3. Whom did you meet this afternoon? (have, are, were, did )

4. My team hasn't yet lost a match. (didn’t, hasn’t, has, won’t )

5. He is going to be angry when he finds out. ( will, might, is , was )

6. My aunt doesn’t like driving –she prefers to be chauffeured instead. (will, does, doesn’t, may)

7. Gaytri didn’t enjoy the movie. It wasn’t interesting. (did, hasn’t, didn’t ,might)

8. I love the seaside, but I don’t know how to swim. (can’t, do, may, don’t)
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

9. Where have you see my phone? ( is, have ,did, are)

10. Mehraj hasn’t reached yet; he’s late as usual. (has, hadn’t, hasn’t, wouldn’t)

WRITING
Sequencing
Sequencing means putting things in a certain order. Sequencing gives writing a logical flow,
making it easy to read and understand. When you place your sentences in a proper sequence in a
paragraph, the reader will be able to see the structure of your argument and will be able to follow
the logical progression of thought.

ACTIVITIES

Rearrange each group of jumbled sentences below so as to have well-written paragraphs.

a. It contains, of course, the meanings of words.

b. One of the most important reference books that you must possess is a diction c. It also gives
you the pronunciation of the words.
d. You do possess one, perhaps, but I doubt whether you are aware of the different
kinds of information contains.
e. The dictionary can be referred to for the various grammatical forms of words as well.
f. Every college dictionary should provide at least these four kinds of information
about words , namely pronunciation, meaning, grammatical patterns and
usage.
g. Finally, a good dictionary contains illustrative sentences or phrases, showing how
words are actually used.
Answer:
* One of the most important reference books that you must possess is a dictionary.
* It also gives you the pronunciation of the words.
* You do possess one, perhaps, but I doubt whether you are aware of the different
kinds of information contains.
* It contains, of course, the meanings of words.
* The dictionary can be referred to for the various grammatical forms of words as well.
* Every college dictionary should provide at least these four kinds of information
about words, namely pronunciation, meaning, grammatical patterns and
usage.
* Finally, a good dictionary contains illustrative sentences Or phrases, showing how
words are actually used.
2. a. The foundation stone was laid in 1972
b. As a result, the city suffered from horrendous traffic congestion.
c. It was going to be the first in South Asia.
d. They plied in the center of the road.
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

e. To ease traffic in the city, it was decided that an underground railway line would be built.
f. Calcutta, unlike other cities, kept its trams.
Answer:
* Calcutta, unlike other cities, kept its trams.
* As a result, the city suffered from horrendous traffic congestion.
* It was going to be the first in South Asia.
* They plied in the center of the road.
* To ease traffic in the city, it was decided that an underground railway line would be built.
* The foundation stone was laid in 1972.

POST- READING
Holistic Health
The concept of health as relating only to the physical body is questionable. The notion of
holistic health is a combination of physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being is more
comprehensive. The inefficiency of any one of these components causes disease. A person
who has physical strength but is socially aggressive is bound to misuse his/her physical
power to oppress others. A powerful intellect may misuse intelligence in a similar manner.
An unhealthy society makes individuals living in it diseased too. Unless every individual is
consciously aware of the cosmic connection between all beings in the universe, there is no
possibility of spiritual health, which complements the other components of holistic health.
Holistic health does not merely imply curing a malady but emphasizes healing-not a
superficial return to a healthy facade but a deep restoration to a completely healthy state.
Holistic health is attained with physical, mental, social and spiritual discipline. Just like
we are trained to coordinate our physical body after we are born, we need to consciously
discipline the mind too. Similarly, social and spiritual discipline also needs to be
practiced diligently.
Moderation in our daily activities is an effective way to holistic health. This is because
overindulgence is one of the reasons for severe health problems and illnesses.
A positive mental attitude is also conducive to holistic health. Mental blocks, phobias,
panic attacks, addictions and such things are detrimental to holistic health. Influences of
family, education, political, economic, religious and cultural norms are all either
supportive or injurious to holistic health, depending on whether we perceive the influence
as positive or negative. Thus, the key to holistic health lies within us.
Music has a powerful healing impact on the mind and body. It can therefore
contribute to the achievement of holistic health. Creative visualisation, faith healing, etc.,
are also some of the strategies used for holistic health.

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

UNIT-III
POEM: A DIFFERENT HISTORY
-SUJATA BHATT

The poetess Sujata Bhatt (1956) is an award winning poet. She spent most of her child hood in
India before immigrating with her family to America. Her poems have appeared in literary
journals across the world and have been widely anthologized. Her poetry captures the rhythms of
natural speech and often reflects the emotions associated with navigating multi-cultural and
multi-lingual contexts. Bhatt is also known for her translations of Gujarati and German literature
into English.
‘A Different History’ is a poem that tells us about a different language. It also tells how a
change of culture affects the people of a country. This is when a foreign rule forces you to adapt to
their elite style, learn their language and inculcate their culture in you. She makes references to
Indian gods and goddesses. This makes the poem appealing as the reader wants to gain knowledge
and learn about Indian culture.

She while writing this poem has given importance to the culture and various religions in India.
She has emphasized in her poem by repeating words and questions and thereby making her poem
stronger. She writes about Indian traditions, lost identities, importance of language, cultural
difference to create different moods and themes. In the first part of the poem, she concentrates on
respect for education and learning. She claims that in Indian religion every Object is sacred.
There is God in trees. We should treat our books as the goddess of knowledge. We should be
gentle when turning the pages of the book that we read for knowledge of religion. The ‘Pan’
referred in the first stanza was the ancient Greek God.

She has written this poem describing the British colonization days when the British oppressed the
Indians. They force them to learn the English language though in India various languages were
spoken. She is annoyed at this attitude of the British. She also explains how British tried to change
the identities of the people of India with a scythe. She claims that the future generation will love
this strange language like they love their mother tongue.

According to her language has been used as a weapon to target its victims in a figurative
sense. The poem appeals to the reader because it is full of culture off different country. In the initial
stage it is descriptive and then changes to interrogative. The cultural background of Bhatt is
reflected in the first part of the poem. As we read the poem further we realize that she is talking
about learning a new language.

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

She compares herself with any one, who would feel scared to learn a new language because of
ending up in making mistakes. She is of the opinion that when we learn a new language, it starts
dominating us especially when it is the lingua franca of a particular country. It is just like the British
forced upon India to adapt to the English language. She also suggest in her line ‘languages kills’,
she is against this forced learning. But she claims that after a few years, they all speak the language
which they are forced to, sacrificing their culture.

In this way the children grow up forgetting their mother tongue and learn a foreign language and
even adapt to their culture. She refers to this foreign language as an oppressor language. It affects
not only the mother tongue of the people but also changes their culture, way of living and many
adapt to new religion.

VOCABULARY
Portmanteau Words

A Portmanteaus is a new word formed by joining two ( or multiple ) words and combining their
meanings. A portmanteau word fuses both the sounds of the original words and the meanings of its
components. A few examples are given below

Advertorial advertisement + editorial

Biopic biography + Picture
Blog web + log
Edutainment education + entertainment
Emotion emotion + icon
Internet international + network
Malware malicious + software malware
multiplex multiple + complex
motel motor + hotel
pixel picture + element
romcom romantic + comedy
smog smoke + fog

Exercises:
Use the portmanteau words listed above in sentences of your own.
Look up the meanings of each of the portmanteau words given below.

 Figure out the original words from which each portmanteau was created.
 Use each portmanteau in sentences of your own

Spork spoon + fork

Sitcorn situation + comedy
Brunch break fast + lunbch
Hungey hungry + angry
Frenemy fried + enemy
Listicle list + artick
Infomercial information + commercial
Guestimate guess + estimate
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

Breathalyser breath + analyses

Identify the portmanteau words created from the combinations given below. Use each
portmanteau in sentences of your own.

British + exit Brexit

Motorised + bicycle motorbicycle
Jeans + leggings jeggings
Math + athlete matelete
Car + hijack carjack
Fourteen + night fortnight
Ipod + broadcast ipodbcast
Oxford + Cambridge Oxbridge
Avitatin + electronics Avionics

GRAMMAR
Non – finite Verbs
A non-finite verb is not affected by tense, person or number. A non – finite verb is unlikely to be
the primary verb in a sentence – there will
Probably be a finite verb in that sentence. There are three types of
Non-finite verbs: infinitives, gerunds and participles.

Infinitivesare the most basic form of a verb, preceded by the word to. They may function as
adverbs, nouns or adjectives in a sentence.
 To exercise is good for the body. ( The infinite to exercise functions as a noun phrase which
acts as the subject of the sentence.)
A gerund is a verb ending in – ing which function as a noun.
 Travelling is my favourite hobby. ( the gerund travelling act as a noun and is the subject of
this sentence.)
A participleis a verb ending ( most commonly) in- ed or – ing and is used as an adjective.
 The movie was interesting. ( The present participle interesting functions as an adjective that
qualifies the noun movie.)

EXERCISES
Underline the non-finite verbs, if any, in each of the sentences below. Also identify the finite
verbs in each sentence.

1. He gave me a pen to writewith

2. It was a sight to see
3. I want to buysome vegetables
4. Barking dogs so not bite
5. She was wearing a designer outfit
6. I had mu car polished
7. Finding the door open, my mother went inside.
8. Nitya is doing her homework at the moment
9. The proposal has been examined today.
10. Vardhan has finished his exams
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

WRITING: Descriptive Writing

The purpose of descriptive writing is to describe a person, place, object, experience, emotion
or situation in such a way that a picture is formed in the reader’s mind. When writing a descriptive
passage, your goal is to evoke a strong sense of familiarity and appreciation in the reader by painting
an image that is vivid and moving. This is done by using imaginative language, interesting
comparisons, and images that appeal to the senses.

Write a descriptive writing on “Admission time at college”

It is strange experience in student’s life. Admission time regulations of the college, but
students come for admission in the college, students come with original certificates and Xerox
copies whatever necessary each and everything. They bring to the college along with their parents.
Really it is good experience in student’s life, a little tension whether they get admission in this
college or not.
Many students are having lot of expectation so as to get seat in the college whether all
documents are with them or not. Whenever students want to select the group it is also conflict,
because different types of suggestions are given by different people about the course on the day of
admission both parents and students are having wonderful experience in their lives. Many students
are coming to college very happily and take admission in the college because now-a-days
competition is more in all areas. So admissions are also difficulties some of the areas in colleges
limited seats are available then students feel tension about the day of admission in the college.
POST – READING
Conflict Resolution
A conflict a difference of opinion, a clash, quarrel, dispute or tension between one or more
persons or groups of people. Incompatibility, divergent opinions, different behaviour patterns, and
cultural or regional issues may cause-conflicts. Conflicts are not always caused by external factors.
There are two types of conflicts- interpersonal.
 Intrapersonal conflict: arise within the mind of an individual. A person who is war with
himself/herself is subject to intrapersonal conflict.

 Interpersonal conflicts are those which take place between two or more individuals, groups,
communities, nations, etc.

When there is a conflict, the following strategies would help to resolve it.

 Depersonalize the conflict: Do not fall into the trap of believing that the other person a
deliberately trying to make a situation difficult.
 Build an area if agreement before you address areas of difference
 Remember to listen first and talk next. Ask open -ended questions to draw others out and to
encourage them to express their views
 Try to arrive at a common goal around which everyone involved can focus, and agree to
work through areas of disagreement.
 Search for understanding without implying criticism
 Focus on common ground issues and interests on the both sides.
 Identify specific behaviour patterns in concrete term and explain the tangible outcomes
they have, so that the other person can easily appreciate the nature of the difficulty.

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

 Rely on facts instead of individual judgments or inferences. This will enable you to avoid
giving feedback that becomes personal
 Set a goal in mind – the purpose for the meeting or discussion

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

UNIT-IV

Poem: LADY MACBETH’S SPEECH

(MACBETH –ACT-I, SCENE 5)

-William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is perhaps the most famous dramatist in the English language.
His plays and poetry are read, studied and performed the world over. Shakespeare’s works span
many genres and have universal appeal, having been translated into every major language and
adapted for stage, screen and other media more frequently than that of any other wrier. Some of his
most famous plays are Hamlet, King Lear, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice
and The Tempest.

The present scene is from Shakespeare’s play ‘Macbeth’, first performed in 1606. Macbeth was a
commander in the Scottish army and the thane of Glamis. Astonished by the prophecy of the three
witches Macbeth sends a letter to his wife, informing her about the witches’ predictions. The scene
begins with Lady Macbeth reading her husband’s letter.

Immediately after she finishes the letter, Lady Macbeth's mind goes to work. Her words "shalt be"
uncannily reflect those of the Witches' prophecy. She is immediately aware of the significance of
their prophetic words and, on being informed that King Duncan will be paying a royal visit to
Inverness, makes up her mind to carry out the murder of the king in order to hasten the prophecy. In
doing so, she suggests that her husband is weak — he contains too much of "the milk of human
kindness."

At this point, Lady Macbeth herself has virtually become an agent of Fate, just like the Weird
Sisters. But immediately her thoughts turn to possible failings in her husband. He is "too full of the
milk of human kindness" to commit murder; he would be great, he would have a high position,
he would wrongly win that position, but in each case, some other aspect of his character would not.
In this case, she says, there is only one solution. She must "pour [her] spirits in thine ear."

Lady Macbeth is one of the most powerful female characters in literature. Meeting her alone on
stage means that we are privy to her innermost thoughts, which are filled with the imagery of death
and destruction. And when she speaks, in her soliloquy, of her "fell purpose," her intentions are
described in the most grotesque and frightening terms. First she bids the spirits to literally deprive
her of her femininity, to thicken her blood, and to stop her ability to weep. Next, she prays that those
same evil spirits should suckle her, converting what should be her nourishing mother's milk to "gall"
(bitterness). Lastly, she calls upon the night itself to hide her actions in a "blanket" of darkness.

The dialogue that follows their initial encounter is fast, urgent, and disturbing. Shakespeare uses
half-line breaks to intensify the drama of the moment, each "partner in crime" picking up the rhythm
of the other's speech.
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

VOCABULARY
SIMILE AND METAPHOR

A simile is a literary devise used to compare two different things in an attempt to make a description
more interesting or vivid. Such comparisons are made through the use of the words.
Exercise
In each of the following sentences;
Identify two things being compared (hint: look at the nouns)
Say whether the is made using a simile or metaphor.
Explain the point of comparison. (Re-read the original text if required)
1. I wondered lonely as a cloud (William words worth, I wondered lonely as a cloud) simile
2. Bells for the feet of blue pigeons
Frail as a dragon fly’s wing (Sarojini Naidu-In the Bazaars of Hyderabad)--simile
3. All experience is an arch. (Alfred Tennyson -Ulysses) ---metaphor
4. How soon hath time the subtle thief of youth,
Stol’n on his wing my three -and -twentieth year! (John Milton, show soon Hath Time)--metaphor
5.His gaiety was … a sound investment (A.G.Gardiner, ‘On Saying please)---metaphor
6.Trees are sacred my grandmother used to say.
Felling them is a crime but he massacred them all(Dilip chitre,`The felling of the banyan tree’)---
metaphor
7.The huge banyan tree stood like a problem (Dilip Chitre` The Felling Of The Banyan Tree)--
simile
8. Death will wipe you off the face of the earth as though you were no more than mice barrowing
under the floor(Anton Chekhov, The Bet )--simile
9.When like a thing that is not ours /this earthliness goes by ;
And we behold the spiritualness/of all that cannot die. ( Henry Derozio, A Walk by Moonlight)--
simile
10.Official language smitheryed to sanction ignorance and preserve privilege is a suit of Armor
polished to shocking glitter ,a husk from which the knight departed long ago.(Toni Morrison ,Nobel
lecture)--metaphor
11.I infested public meetings like an officer afflicted with cowardice, who takes every opportunity
of going under fire to get over it and learn his business. (G.B.Shaw , how I became a public speaker
)--simile
12.O My love’s like the melody/that’s sweetly played in tune. (Robert Burns, A Red Red)--simile
GRAMMAR
ADVERBS
Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
Exercise
Fill in the blanks with suitable adverbs, using the adjectives in brackets as clues. Also identify what
kind of adverb it is.

1.come quickly before it finishes! (quick)

2.Although he is a good student, he did not do well in the exam. (good)
3.Telugu is my mother tongue. I speak it fluently in the exam. (fluent)
4.He did not complete the course as easy as he thought he would. (easy)
5.I reached on time because I left home earlier (early)

Correct the error in the use of adverbs in each of the following sentences .If there is no error in the
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub
https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

sentence.put a tick mark against it.

1. My sister always worked hardly. hard
2. He is driving too fastly.
3. He is dressed casually.
4. The plane flew highly in the sky. high
5. The pan is really hot. too
Fill in each blank with the correct adverb from the choices given below.
Happily quickly daily often
Happy quick quiet severe
Sadly never loud severely
early sometimes quietly yesterday
Lately every inside today
1. Mr.R eddy had been begun the class early had been late sometimes, and was punished severely
for it .I decided to sneak into class .I tip toed in quietly from the back door and slid into my seat
quickly before she noticed.
2.I go to the park every evening .I often run into my neighbour, Tara .her pet dog wags its tail
happily when it sees me.

WRITING: ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING

The aim of argumentative writing is to convince your reader that the position you have taken on a
subject is right. When writing a passage of this kind, you must state your position in clear terms,
bring in evidence to support your stance, and present your arguments in a logical manner.
In order to understand the difference between descriptive writing (Unit7) and argumentative
writing, think about how a single topic –say, earthquake – could be treated in both ways. A
descriptive passage might describe the scene that presents them to the eye in the aftermath of a
major earthquake. An argumentative piece might discuss your personal opinion on the best ways to
minimize the impact of earthquakes.
GENERAL GUIDELINES
 Keep in mind the general guidelines on paragraph writing and sequencing that you learnt in
Unit 5 and 6.
 Give emphasis to the main idea in the easy by placing it in a prominent position (for
example, in the beginning or end).
 Argumentative writing must have unity of theme. Be careful that you do not bring in
irrelevant ideas or points that undercut the argument you are making.
 Coherence is very important in any kind of persuasive writing. Make sure that the link
between all your points is clearer are clear, and those they all lead logically to your
conclusion.

WRITING TECHNIQUES
 Being by thinking deeply about the topic on which you are going to writer. Jot done relevant
points, and arrange them into a suitable order. This will provide an outline which relevant
points, and arrange them into a suitable order. This will provide an outline which you can
then flesh out to create your final page
 State clearly the issue under discussion in the introductory paragraph.
 Next, state your opinion or stand on the issue.

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

 List at least two or three arguments in favour of your opinion, supporting them with reasons,
examples, details, facts and statistical data.
 Make sure that the arguments are in a logical sequence. Use connecting words (such as
firstly, future more, to conclude, etc) to link paragraphs with supporting arguments, to
connect a general statement with an example or a fact, or to indicate to the reader that you
are concluding your passage/essay.
 Think about why people might have a different opinion or an opposite point of view, and
include arguments that will show why they are not right.

ACTIVITY:
Write a passage of about 500 words on the following topics arguing either in favour of or
against it.
1. Zoos should be banned

Why zoo should be banned? Or reasons why animals should not be kept in zoo. Yes, there
are several reasons why zoos are banned. Well we have always seen animals inside the
jungle with joy and grown as big and furious wild animals most of the time. Our whole eco-
system is also the life cycle of every living being that exist in our environment.
The Zoo concept developed long ago in human culture, but as we know the first
modern zoo appear in 1763 AD. People started to kept wild animals and rare birds inside it
with proper care and food. France built the first zoo in those days. Those time people are
interested in like animals, and they are kept for many experiments as well. At that time the
meaning of zoo refers to study, every behaviour and their way of living with a good research
team. They also keep handicap, rare endangers species of animals to support them in various
ways.
Now-a-days we can see that there is both advantage and disadvantage inside the zoo
for animals. We can see people claiming violence of animal rights whenever we kept wild
animals inside the Zoo, and people still feel unsatisfied with many answers of zoo keeper.
People claim that zoo becomes the attraction point of tourists these days rather than any
educational purpose and research.zoo keeper takes a huge amount of money to show the rare
animals and species to the public and earn money through business.
It has been a controversial subject all over the world from the early days to till now. Every
one surely has visited the zoo once in their life time and if you have ever noticed the lazy
and single life of animals. You will feel so bad especially if you are an animal lover because
modern zoo only intends to do business.
People find it new way earning money, and in every country, they get licensed for the zoo
for the zoo, which defends from any legal obligation .You, will see a large crowd any time
near zoo and watch animals realizing their physical effect

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

POST READING: ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR

Ethics is a subject relating to contextual moral principles that control and influence one’s behaviour
and attitude. In other words, it is knowledge of the difference between right and wrong. Knowing
and acting on the difference between what is desired and what is desirable, living mindfully,
balancing ends and means are all different aspects of ethics. Ethical behaviour prescribes aims and
the methods of achieving these.
Ethics is a relative concept, because `truth` depends on (1) the context, (2) the person, (3)the motive.
There are different branches of ethics such as: business ethics, medical ethics, bio ethics, political
ethics, academic ethics, social ethics, etc.
Ethics is a crucial base for personality development. It is the one subject that is most needed. It is
synonymous with values. A person who lives by a set of clearly defined values or a positive value
system is more likely to be ethical, whatever the challenges they face.
CASE STUDY
When the daughter was hungry, the father asked her to sleep and forget about food. But when he
thought she was sleeping, he was tempted to eat the chapatti because he had been hungry longer
than her. Was his behaviour ethical? Suddenly he found that she was awake and looking at him. He
threw the chapatti into the river. What ethics did this context demand? When the daughter told him
he should have eaten the chapatti as she was not hungry at all, was she lying? Is this ethical?

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub

https://ouprephub.in https://telegram.me/osmaniadegree https://telegram.me/ouprephub