CHAPTER FIVE

EXERCISE 1

(a) (1)(i) f (x) = − x + 5 (ii) f (x) = − x + 5

∴ f (4) = − (4) + 5 ∴ f (−3) = − (−3) + 5
∴ f (4) = 1 ∴ f (−3) = 8

(iii) f (x) = − x + 5
∴ f (−1) = − (−1) + 5
∴ f (−1) = 6

(2)(i) f (x) = − x + 5 (ii) f (x) = − x + 5

but f (x) = 20 but f (x) = − 8
∴ − x + 5 = 20 ∴−x +5=−8
∴ − x = 15 ∴ − x = − 13
∴ x = − 15 ∴ x = 13

(iii) f (x) = − x + 5
but f (x) = x
∴−x +5= x
∴ − 2x = − 5
5
∴x=
2

(b) (1)(i) g(x) = 2x − 8 (ii) g(x) = 2x − 8

∴ g(5) = 2(5) − 8 ∴ g(−6) = 2(−6) − 8
∴ g(5) = 2 ∴ g(−6) = − 20

(iii) g(x) = 2x − 8
1 1
∴g =2 −8
(2) (2)
1
∴g =−7
(2)

(2)(i) g(x) = 2 (ii) g(x) = − 16

∴ 2x − 8 = 2 ∴ 2x − 8 = − 16
∴ 2x = 10 ∴ 2x = − 8
∴x =5 ∴ x =−4

(iii) 2g(x) = 3x
∴ 2(2x − 8) = 3x
4x − 16 = 3x
∴ x = 16

(c) h(x) = − 3x + 9
(1) Domain: x ∈ ℝ (2) Range: y ∈ ℝ

(3) a = h(0) (4) h(b) = 0

∴ a = − 3(0) + 9 ∴ − 3b + 9 = 0
∴a =9 ∴b =3

151
(d) f (x) = 2x 2
(1) Domain: x ∈ ℝ (2) a = f (−1)
Range: y ≥ 0 ∴ a = 2(−1)2
∴a =2
(3) f (b) = 8
∴ 2b 2 = 8
∴ b2 = 4
∴ b2 − 4 = 0
∴ (b − 2)(b + 2) = 0
∴ b = 2 or b = − 2
N.A.
∴b =2

(e) g(x) = −x
(1) Domain: x ≤ 0 (2) a = g(−9)
Range: y ≥ 0 ∴ a = −(−9)
∴a =3
(3)* g(x) = 5
∴ −x = 5
∴ ( −x) = (5)2
∴ − x = 25
∴ x = − 25

EXERCISE 2
y
(a) (1) y = 2x
Graph passes through (0 ; 0) 2 y = 2x
Let x = 1 ; y = 2(1) = 2
∴ (1 ; 2) is on the graph
0 1 x

(2) f (x) = − 4x y
Graph passes through (0 ; 0)
Let x = 1 : f (1) = − 4(1) = − 4
0 1
x
∴ (1 ; − 4) is on the graph

−4 f

1 y
(3) y= x 1
3 1 y= x
Graph passes through (0 ; 0) 3
1 0 3 x
Let x = 3: y = (3) = 1
3
∴ (3 ; 1) is on the graph

152
 1 y
(4) y =− x
2
Graph passes through (0 ; 0)
1 0 2 x
Let x = 2: y = − (2) = − 1 −1 1
2 y= x
∴ (2 ; − 1) is on the graph 2

3 y
(5) g(x) = − x
2
Graph passes through (0 ; 0)
3 0 2 x
Let x = 2: g(2) = − (2) = − 3
2
∴ (2 ; − 3) is on the graph
−3 f

2 y
(6) h(x) = x
5 2 h
Graph passes through (0 ; 0)
2
Let x = 5: h(5) = (5) = 2
5 0 5 x
∴ (5 ; 2) is on the graph

y
(b) (1) y = 2x + 4
y -intercept: y = 4 4
x -intercept: (y = 0)
y = 2x + 4
2x + 4 = 0
∴ 2x = − 4
∴ x =−2
−2 0 x

(2) y =−x −5 y
y -intercept: y = − 5
x -intercept: (y = 0) −5 0 x
∴−x −5=0
∴−x =5 y =−x −5
∴ x =−5 −5

1 y
(3) f (x) = x −3
2 f
y -intercept: y = − 3
x -intercept: ( f (x) = 0) 0 6
x
1
x −3=0
2
1 −3
∴ x =3
2
∴x =6

153
(4) g(x) = − 5x + 5 y
y -intercept: y = 5
5
x -intercept: (g(x) = 0)
∴ − 5x + 5 = 0
∴ − 5x = − 5
∴x =1
g

0 1 x

y
(5) y = 3x − 9
y -intercept: y = − 9
x -intercept: (y = 0) 0 3 x
∴ 3x − 9 = 0
∴ 3x = 9 y = 3x − 9
∴x =3

−9

1 y
(6) h(x) = − x +2
4 2
y -intercept: y = 2
x -intercept: (h(x) = 0)
1 h
∴− x +2=0
4 0 8 x
1
∴− x =−2
4
∴x =8

1 y
(7) y=x−
2 1 1
1 y=x−
y -intercept: y = − 2 2
2 0 x
x -intercept: (y = 0) 1
1 −
∴x− =0 2
2
1
∴x=
2

154
 3
(8) f (x) = − x −6
2
y -intercept: y = − 6
x -intercept: ( f (x) = 0)
3
∴− x −6=0
2
3
∴− x =6
2
∴ − 3x = 12
∴ x =−4

4
(9) y= x +8
3
y -intercept: y = 8
x -intercept: (y = 0)
4
∴ x +8=0
3
4
∴ x =−8
3
∴ 4x = − 24
∴ x =−6

(c) (1) y (2) y

x =5

O O x
5 x
y =−3
−3

y y
(3) (4)
g x =−6
4

O
−6 x
O x

(5) y (6) x +2=0

3 ∴ x =−2
y
2 h x =−2

O x
O
−2 x

155
(d) (1) 2x − 4y = 8 y
y -intercept: x = 0
2(0) − 4y = 8
∴ − 4y = 8 0 4 x
∴y =−2
x -intercept: (y = 0) 2x − 4y = 8 −2
2x − 4(0) = 8
∴ 2x = 8
∴x =4
y
(2) 3x + 5y = 30
y -intercept: x = 0 6
3(0) + 5y = 30
∴ 5y = 30
∴y =6 3x + 5y = 30
x -intercept: (y = 0)
3x + 5(0) = 30
∴ 3x = 30
0 10 x
∴ x = 10

(3) 3x − 6y = 18 y
y -intercept: x = 0
3(0) − 6y = 18
∴ − 6y = 18 0 6 x
∴y =−3
3x − 6y = 18
x -intercept: (y = 0)
3x − 6(0) = 18 −3
∴ 3x = 18
∴x =6
y
(4) 4x + 3y = 24
y -intercept: x = 0 8
4(0) + 3y = 24
∴ 3y = 24
∴y =8
x -intercept: (y = 0) 4x + 3y = 24
4x + 3(0) = 24
∴ 4x = 24
∴x =6

0 6 x

156
 (5) 2y − 7 = 1 (6) 5x − 10 = 0
∴ 2y = 8 ∴ 5x = 10
∴y =4 ∴x =2

y y
y=4 x =2
4

O
2 x
O x

EXERCISE 3

(a) (1) y = ax + q (2) y = ax + q

y − y1
but q = 1 a= 2
x 2 − x1
−1 − 5 −6
∴ y = a x + 1; (1 ; 0) ∴a= = =2
−1 − 2 −3
∴ 0 = a(1) + 1 ∴ y = 2x + q; (2 ; 5)
∴ a =−1 ∴ 5 = 2(2) + q
∴y =−x +1 ∴q =1
∴ y = 2x + 1
(3) y =2

(4) y = ax + q (5) y = ax + q
y − y1
but q = 0 a= 2
x 2 − x1
−1 + 4
∴ y = a x; (−2 ; 10) ∴a=
−4 − 2
3 1
∴ 10 = a(−2) = =−
−6 2
1
∴ a =−5 ∴ y = − x + q; (2 ; − 4)
2
1
∴ y = − 5x ∴ − 4 = − (2) + q
2
∴ q =−3
1
∴y =− x −3
2
(6) x =−5

(7) y = ax + q (8) y = ax + q
but q = 0 but q = − 9
∴ y = a x; (6 ; 2) ∴ y = a x − 9; (3 ; 0)
∴ 2 = a(6) ∴ 0 = a(3) − 9
1
∴a= ∴ 3a = 9
3
1
∴y = x ∴a =3
3
∴ y = 3x − 9
157
 (9) x =4 (10) y =−1

(b) (1) Domain: x ∈ ℝ

Range: y ∈ ℝ

(2)(i) A is the y -intercept of g (ii) B is the y -intercept of f

y = g(0) = − 2(0) + 6 y = f (0) = 3(0) − 4
∴y =6 ∴y =−4
∴ A(0 ; 6) ∴ B(0 ; − 4)

(iii) C is the x -intercept of f (iv) D is the x -intercept of g

∴ y = f (x) = 0 y = g(x) = 0
∴ 3x − 4 = 0 ∴ − 2x + 6 = 0
∴ 3x = 4 ∴ − 2x = − 6
4
∴c = ∴x =3
3
4
∴C ;0 ∴ D(3 ; 0)
(3 )

(3) f (x) = g(x)

∴ 3x − 4 = − 2x + 6
∴ 5x = 10
∴x =2
y = f (2) = 3(2) − 4 = 2
∴ Point of intersection is (2 ; 2)

(c) (1)(i) y = a x + q (ii) y = ax + q

y − y2
but q = − 6 a= 2
x 2 − x1
−3 − 1 1
∴ y = a x − 6; (3 ; 0) ∴a= =−
4+4 2
1
∴ 0 = a(3) − 6 ∴ y = − x + q; (−4 ; 1)
2
1
∴ 3a = 6 ∴ 1 = − (−4) + q
2
∴a =2 ∴ q =−1
1
∴ y = 2x − 6 ∴y =− x −1
2
1
∴ f (x) = 2x − 6 ∴ g(x) = − x − 1
2
(2) Domain of g: x ∈ ℝ (4) Range of f : y ∈ ℝ

(4)(i) A is the x -intercept of g (ii) B is the y -intercept of g

y = g(x) = 0 y = g(0)
1 1
∴− x −1=0 ∴ y = (0) − 1
2 2
1
∴− x =1 ∴y =−1
2
∴ x =−2 ∴ B(0 ; − 1)
∴ A(−2 ; 0)

158
 (iii) f (x) = g(x)
1
∴ 2x − 6 = − x −1
2
5
∴ x =5
2
∴ 5x = 10
∴x =2
y = f (2) = 2(2) − 6 = − 2
∴ C(2 ; − 2)

EXERCISE 4

(a) (1) y = 2x 2
y y = 2x 2
a =2
Let x = 1: y = 2(1)2 = 2 (1 ; 2)
∴ (1 ; 2) is on the graph
0 x

1 2 y
(2) h(x) = x h
3
1
a= 1
3 1;
1 1 ( 3)
Let x = 1: h(1) = (1)2 =
3 3 0 x
1
∴ 1; is on the graph
( 3)
y
(3) y = 4x 2 y = 4x 2 (1 ; 4)
a=4
Let x = 1: y = 4(1)2 = 4
∴ (1 ; 4) is on the graph
0 x

y
(4) f (x) = − 3x 2
a =−3 0
x
Let x = 1: f (1) = − 3(1)2 = − 3
∴ (1 ; − 3) is on the graph
(1 ; − 3)
f
1 2
(5) y =− x y
4
1 0 x
a =−
4 (2 ; − 1)
1
Let x = 2: y = − (2)2 = − 1
4 1 2
∴ (2 ; − 1) is on the graph y =− x
4

159
 y
(6) g(x) = − 6x 2
a =−6 0
x
Let x = 1: g(1) = − 6(1)2 = − 6
∴ (1 ; − 6) is on the graph

g (1 ; − 6)

y
(b) (1) f (x) = x 2 + 1
a = 1 and q = 1 f
∴ Graph shifted 1 unit up
∴ T.P. (0 ; 1) (1 ; 2)
Let x = 1: f (1) = (1)2 + 1 = 2 1
∴ (1 ; 2) is on the graph 0 x

1 2 y
(2) y= x +4 f
2 (2 ; 6)
1
a = and q = 4
2 4
∴ T.P. (0 ; 4)
1
Let x = 2: y = (2)2 + 4 = 6 0 x
2
∴ (2 ; 6) is on the graph
y
(3) y = 2x 2 + 4 2
y = 2x + 4
a = 2 and q = 4 (1 ; 6)
∴ T.P. (0 ; 4)
Let x = 1: y = 2(1)2 + 4 = 6 4
∴ (1 ; 6) is on the graph
0 x

y
(4) y = − 4x 2 − 1
0
a = − 4 and q = − 1 x
T.P. (0 ; − 1) −1
Let x = 1: y = − 4(1)2 − 1 = − 5 y = − 4x 2 − 1
∴ (1 ; − 5) is on the graph (1 ; − 5)

(5) g(x) = − 2x 2 − 5 y
a = − 2 and q = − 5 0 x
∴ T.P. (0 ; − 5)
Let x = 1: g(1) = − 2(1)2 − 5 = − 7 −5
∴ (1 ; − 7) is on the graph
g (1 ; −7)

160
 1 2 y
(6) y =− x −2
2
1 0 x
a = − and q = − 2 −2
2
∴ T.P. (0 ; − 2) 1 2
1 y =− x −2 (2 ; −4)
Let x = 2: y = − (2)2 − 2 = − 4 2
2
∴ (2 ; − 4) is on the graph

(c) (1) y = x2 − 1 y
a = 1 and q = − 1 y = x2 − 1
∴ T.P. (0 ; − 1)
x -intercepts: (y = 0)
∴ x2 − 1 = 0 0
∴ (x − 1)(x + 1) = 0 −1 1 x
−1
∴ x = 1 or x = − 1

(2) y = − x2 + 4 y
a = − 1 and q = 4 4
∴ T.P. (0 ; 4)
x -intercepts: (y = 0)
−x 2 + 4 = 0
∴ x2 − 4 = 0 −2 0 2 x
∴ (x − 2)(x + 2) = 0 y = − x2 + 4
∴ x = 2 or x = − 2
y
(3) f (x) = − x 2 + 9
9
a = − 1 and q = 9
∴ T.P. (0 ; 9)
f
x -intercepts: (y = 0)
−x 2 + 9 = 0
∴ x2 − 9 = 0 −3 3
∴ (x − 3)(x + 3) = 0 0 x
∴ x = 3 or x = − 3

(4) g(x) = 2x 2 − 18 y
g
a = 2 and q = − 18
−3 0 3 x
∴ T.P. (0 ; − 18)
x -intercepts: (y = 0)
∴ 2x 2 − 18 = 0
∴ x2 − 9 = 0
∴ (x − 3)(x + 3) = 0
∴ x = 3 or x = − 3
−18

161
(5) y = 3x 2 − 12 y
a = 3 and q = − 12 y = 3x 2 − 12
∴ T.P. (0 ; − 12) −2 0 2 x
x -intercepts: (y = 0)
∴ 3x 2 − 12 = 0
∴ x2 − 4 = 0
∴ (x − 2)(x + 2) = 0 −12
∴ x = 2 or x = − 2

(6) y = 4x 2 − 1 y
y = 4x 2 − 1
a = 4 and q = − 1
∴ T.P. (0 ; − 1)
x -intercepts: (y = 0) 1 1
−
∴ 4x 2 − 1 = 0 2 0 2
∴ (2x − 1)(2x + 1) = 0 x
1 1 −1
∴ x = or x = −
2 2

(7) y = − 5x 2 + 20 y
a = − 5 and q = 20 20
∴ T.P. (0 ; 20)
x -intercepts: (y = 0)
∴ − 5x 2 + 20 = 0 y = − 5x 2 + 20
∴ x2 − 4 = 0
∴ (x − 2)(x + 2) = 0
∴ x = 2 or x = − 2 −2 0 2 x

y
(8) h(x) = − 2x 2 + 2
2
a = − 2 and q = 2
∴ T.P. (0 ; 2)
x -intercepts: (y = 0) −1 0 1 x
∴ − 2x 2 + 2 = 0
∴ x2 − 1 = 0
h
∴ (x − 1)(x + 1) = 0
∴ x = 1 or x = − 1

(9) y = − 9x 2 + 1 y
a = − 9 and q = 1
1
∴ T.P. (0 ; 1) 1 1
−
x -intercepts: (y = 0) 3 3
∴ − 9x 2 + 1 = 0 0 x
∴ 9x 2 − 1 = 0
∴ (3x − 1)(3x + 1) = 0 y = − 9x 2 + 1
1 1
∴ x = or x = −
3 3

162
 1 2 y
(10) f (x) = x −3
3 f
1
a = and q = − 3
3
∴ T.P. (0 ; − 3)
x -intercepts: (y = 0)
1 −3 0 3 x
∴ x2 − 3 = 0
3
∴ x2 − 9 = 0
−3
∴ (x − 3)(x + 3) = 0
∴ x = 3 or x = − 3

1 2 y
(11) y =− x +8
2 8
1
a = − and q = 8 1 2
2 y =− x +8
∴ T.P. (0 ; 8) 2
x -intercepts: (y = 0)
1 −4 4
∴ − x2 + 8 = 0
2 0 x
∴ x 2 − 16 = 0
∴ (x − 4)(x + 4) = 0
∴ x = 4 or x = − 4

1 2 9 9
(12) y =− x + y
4 4 4
1 9 1 2 9
a = − and q = y =− x +
4 4 4 4
9
∴ T.P. 0 ;
( 4) −3 3
x -intercepts: (y = 0) 0 x
1 9
∴ − x2 + = 0
4 4
∴ x2 − 9 = 0
∴ (x − 3)(x + 3) = 0
∴ x = 3 or x = − 3

(d)* (1) a > 0 and q < 0 y

0 x

(2) a < 0 and q < 0 y

0 x

163
 y
(3) a < 0 and q > 0

0 x

EXERCISE 5

(a) (1) y = a x2 + q (2) y = a x2 + q

but q = 3 but q = − 1
∴ y = a x2 + 3 ∴ y = a x2 − 1
Substitute (2 ; 11): Substitute (3 ; − 10):
∴ 11 = a(2)2 + 3 ∴ − 10 = a(3)2 − 1
∴ 8 = 4a ∴ − 9 = 9a
∴a =2 ∴ a =−1
∴ y = 2x 2 + 3 ∴ y = − x2 − 1

(3) y = a(x − x1)(x − x 2 ) (4) y = a(x − x1)(x − x 2 )

x1 = − 2 and x 2 = 2 x1 = − 4 and x 2 = 4
∴ y = a(x + 2)(x − 2) ∴ y = a(x + 4)(x − 4)
Substitute (3 ; 5): Substitute (2 ; 12):
∴ 5 = a(3 + 2)(3 − 2) ∴ 12 = a(2 + 4)(2 − 4)
∴ 5 = 5a ∴ 12 = − 12a
∴a =1 ∴ a =−1
∴ y = (x + 2)(x − 2) ∴ y = − 1(x + 4)(x − 4)
∴ y = x2 − 4 ∴ y = − 1 (x 2 − 16)
∴ y = − x 2 + 16

(5) y = a x2 + q (6) y = a(x − x1)(x − x 2 )

but q = 0 x1 = − 3 and x 2 = 3
∴ y = a x2 + 0 ∴ y = a(x + 3)(x − 3)
Substitute (−2 ; 18): Substitute (−2 ; − 10):
∴ 18 = a(−2)2 ∴ − 10 = a(−2 + 3)(−2 − 3)
∴ 18 = 4a ∴ − 10 = − 5a
9
∴a= ∴a =2
2
9 2
∴y = x ∴ y = 2(x + 3)(x − 3)
2
∴ y = 2 (x 2 − 9)
∴ y = 2x 2 − 18

164
 (7) y = a(x − x1)(x − x 2 ) (8) y = a(x − x1)(x − x 2 )
3 3
x1 = − and x 2 = x1 = − 4 and x 2 = 4
2 2
3 3
∴y =a x+ x− ∴ y = a(x + 4)(x − 4)
( 2)( 2)
Substitute (−1 ; 5): Substitute (0 ; 32):
3 3
∴ 5 = a −1 + −1 − ∴ 32 = a(0 + 4)(0 − 4)
( 2)( 2)
5
∴5=− a ∴ − 16a = 32
4
∴ − 5a = 20 ∴ a =−2
∴ a =−4 ∴ y = − 2(x + 4)(x − 4)
3 3
∴y =−4 x + x− ∴ y = − 2 (x 2 − 16)
( 2)( 2)
9
∴ y = − 4 x2 − ∴ y = − 2x 2 + 32
( 4)
∴ y = − 4x 2 + 9

(b) f (x) = − x 2 + 1
(1) Domain: x ∈ ℝ (2) Range: y ≤ 1

(3) T.P. (0 ; 1) (4) x =0

(5) A and B are x -intercepts

∴ y = f (x) = 0
∴ − x2 + 1 = 0
∴ x2 − 1 = 0
∴ (x − 1)(x + 1) = 0
∴ x = 1 or x = − 1
∴ A(−1 ; 0) and B(1 ; 0)

(c) (1) Domain: x ∈ ℝ (2) x =0

Range: y ≥ − 16

(3) A and B are x -intercepts

∴ 4x 2 − 16 = 0
∴ x2 − 4 = 0
∴ (x − 2)(x + 2) = 0
∴ x = 2 or x = − 2

(i) A(−2 ; 0) (ii) B(2 ; 0)

(iii) C(0 ; − 16)

165
(d) (1)(i) y = a(x − x1)(x − x 2 ) (ii) y = a x2 + q
x1 = − 2 and x 2 = 2 but q = − 5
∴ y = a(x + 2)(x − 2) ∴ a x2 − 5
Substitute (3 ; 10) Substitute (−2 ; − 9)
∴ 10 = a(3 + 2)(3 − 2) ∴ − 9 = a(−2)2 − 5
∴ 10 = 5a ∴ − 4 = 4a
∴a =2 ∴ a =−1
∴ y = 2(x + 2)(x − 2) ∴ y = − x2 − 5
∴ y = 2 (x 2 − 4) ∴ g(x) = − x 2 − 5
∴ f (x) = 2x 2 − 8

(2) Domain of f : x ∈ ℝ (3) Range of g: y ≤ − 5

(4) T.P. of f : (0 ; − 8) (5) Axis of symmetry of g: x = 0

(6) f (x) = g(x)

∴ 2x 2 − 8 = − x 2 − 5
∴ 3x 2 − 3 = 0
∴ x2 − 1 = 0
∴ (x − 1)(x + 1) = 0
∴ x = 1 or x = − 1
∴ y = 2(1)2 − 8 or y = 2(−1)2 − 8
∴ y = − 6 or ∴y =−6
Points of intersection: (1 ; − 6) and (−1 ; − 6).

EXERCISE 6

4 y
(a) (1) y=
x
a=4 (1 ; 4)
4
4 y=
Let x = 1: y = = 4 x
1
∴ (1 ; 4) is on the graph 0 x

2 y
(2) h(x) = −
x h
a =−2
2
Let x = 1: y = h(1) = − =−2 0 x
1
∴ (1 ; − 2) is on the graph (1 ; − 2)

166
 5 y
(3) y= (1 ; 5)
x
a =5
5
Let x = 1: y = =5
1 0 x
∴ (1 ; 5) is on the graph
5
y=
x

8 y
(4) f (x) = − f
x
a =−8
8 0 x
Let x = 1: f (1) = − =−8
1
∴ (1 ; − 8) is on the graph (1 ; − 8)

3 y
(5) y= (1 ; 3)
x
a =3
3
Let x = 1: y = =3 0 x
1
∴ (1 ; 3) is on the graph 3
y=
x

4 y
(6) y =−
x
a =−4
4
Let x = 1: y = − =−4 0 x
1 4
∴ (1 ; − 4) is on the graph y =−
x
(1 ; − 4)

8
(b) (1) y= −4 y 8
x y= −4
a = 8 and q = − 4 x
∴ Horizontal asymptote: y = − 4
x -intercept: (y = 0) 0 2 x
8
∴ =4
x −4
∴ 4x = 8
∴x =2

167
 5
(2) y =− +1 y
x
a = − 5 and q = 1 5
y =− +1
∴ Horizontal asymptote: y = 1 x
x -intercept: (y = 0)
5
∴− +1=0 1
x
5 0 5 x
∴− =−1
x
∴−x =−5
∴x =5

4 y
(3) g(x) = +2
x
a = 4 and q = 2
g
∴ Horizontal asymptote: y = 2
x -intercept: (y = 0)
4 2
∴ +2=0
x −2 0 x
∴ − 2x = 4
∴ x =−2

6
(4) h(x) − −2 h y
x
a = − 6 and q = − 2
−3 x
∴ Horizontal asymptote: y = − 2
x -intercept: (y = 0) −2
6
∴− −2=0
x
∴ 2x = − 6
∴ x =−3

3
(5) y= −1 y 3
x y= −1
x
a = 3 and q = − 1
x
∴ Horizontal asymptote: y = − 1 0 3
x -intercept: (y = 0)
3 −1
∴ −1=0
x
∴x =3

9
(6) y= +3 y
x
a = 9 and q = 3 9
y= +3
∴ Horizontal asymptote: y = 3 x
x -intercept: (y = 0)
9 3
∴ +3=0
x
∴ 3x = − 9 −3 0 x
∴ x =−3

168
 1 y
(7) y =− +1
x
1
a = − 1 and q = 1 y =− +1
∴ Horizontal asymptote: y = 1 x
x -intercept: (y = 0)
1 1
∴− +1=0
x 0 1 x
∴−1=−x
∴x =1

4 y
(8) f (x) = − −1
x f
a = − 4 and q = − 1
∴ Horizontal asymptote: y = − 1
−4 0 x
x -intercept: (y = 0)
4 −1
∴− −1=0
x
∴ x =−4

1
(9) y= +2 y
x
a = 1 and q = 2 1
∴ Horizontal asymptote: y = 2 y= +2
x
x -intercept: (y = 0)
1
∴ +2=0 2
x
1 1 0 x
∴ =−2 −
x 2
∴ − 2x = 1
1
∴x =−
2

3 y
(10) g(x) = − −2 3
x −
a = − 3 and q = − 2 2
0 x
∴ Horizontal asymptote: y = − 2
x -intercept: (y = 0)
3
∴− −2=0 −2 g
x
∴ − 3 = 2x
3
∴x =−
2

169
 2
(11) y =− +4 y
x 2
a = − 2 and q = 4 y =− +4
x
∴ Horizontal asymptote: y = 4
x -intercept: (y = 0) 4
2
− +4=0
x
2
∴− =−4
x
0
∴ − 4x = − 2 x
1
∴x=
2
3 y
(12) y= −6
x 3
a = 3 and q = − 6 y= −6
x
∴ Horizontal asymptote: y = − 6
x -intercept: (y = 0) 0 1 x
3
∴ −6=0 2
x
3
∴ =6
x −6
∴ 6x = 3
1
∴x=
2
3x + 6
(c)* (1) y=
x
3x 6 y
∴y = + 3x + 6
x x y =−
x
6
∴y = +3
x
a = 6 and q = 3 3
∴ Horizontal asymptote: y = 3
x -intercept: (y = 0)
6 −2 0 x
∴ +3=0
x
∴ 3x = − 6
∴ x =−2

8−x
(2) y= y
x 8−x
8 x y=
∴y = − x
x x
8
∴y = −1 0 8
x x
a = 8 and q = − 1 −1
∴ Horizontal asymptote: y = − 1
x -intercept: (y = 0)
8
∴ −1=0
x
∴x =8
170
 x −4 y
(3) g(x) = g
x
x 4
∴ g(x) = −
x x
4
∴ g(x) = − + 1
x
a = − 4 and q = 1 1
∴ Horizontal asymptote: y = 1 0 4 x
x -intercept: (y = 0)
4
∴− +1=0
x
∴−x =−4
∴x =4

(d)* (1) a > 0 and q < 0 y

0 x

(2) a < 0 and q < 0 y

0 x

(3) a < 0 and q > 0 y

0 x

171
EXERCISE 7
a a
(a) (1) y= +q (2) y= +q
x x
but q = 2 but q = − 1
a a
∴y = +2 ∴y = −1
x x
Substitute (1 ; 5): Substitute (−4 ; − 3):
a a
∴5= +2 ∴−3= −1
1 −4
a
∴a =3 ∴−2=
−4
3
∴y = +2 ∴a =8
x
8
∴y = −1
x
a a
(3) y= +q (4) y= +q
x x
but q = 4 but q = − 3
a a
∴y = +4 ∴y = −3
x x
Substitute (1 ; 3): Substitute (−2 ; − 2):
a a
∴3= +4 ∴−2= −3
1 −2
a
∴ a =−1 ∴1=
−2
1
∴y =− +4 ∴ a =−2
x
2
∴y =− −3
x
a a
(5) y= +q (6) y= +q
x x
but q = 0 but q = 0
a a
∴y = ∴y =
x x
Substitute (2 ; 6): Substitute (−2 ; 3):
a a
∴6= ∴3=
2 −2
∴ a = 12 ∴ a =−6
12 6
∴y = ∴y =−
x x
a a
(7) y= +q (8) y= +q
x x
but q = − 2 but q = 3
a a
∴y = −2 ∴y = +3
x x
Substitute (2 ; 0): Substitute (3 ; 0):
a a
∴0= −2 ∴0= +3
2 3
∴a=4 ∴ a =−9
4 9
∴y = −2 ∴y =− +3
x x

172
 4
(b) g(x) = +1
x

(1) x =0 (2) y =1

(3) Domain: x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0 (4) Range: y ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 1

(5) y = x + 1 and y = − x + 1

4
(6) A is the x -intercept: (y = 0) (7)* y= + 1 and y = x + 1
x
4 4
∴ +1=0 ∴ +1= x +1
x x
4
∴4=−x ∴ =x
x
∴ x =−4 ∴ x2 − 4 = 0
∴ A(−4 ; 0) ∴ (x − 2)(x + 2) = 0
∴ x = 2 or x = − 2
∴ y = 3 or y = − 1
Points of intersection:
(2 ; 3) and (−2 ; − 1)

8
(c) h(x) = − −4
x
(1) Domain: x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0 (2) x = 0 and y = − 4
Range: y ∈ ℝ, y ≠ − 4

(3) y = x −4

(4) A is the x -intercept: (y = 0)

−8
∴ −4=0
x
−8
∴ =4
x
∴ 4x = − 8
∴ x =−2
∴ A(−2 ; 0)

8
(5)(i) y = − x − 4 (ii)* y =− − 4 and y = − x − 4
x
−8
∴ −4=−x −4
x
−8
∴ =−x
x
∴ x2 = 8
∴ x = 8=2 2
∴ x = − 2 2 or x = 2 2

173
EXERCISE 8
x
1 y
(a) (1) y=
(3 )
y -intercept: (x = 0)
∴y =1 (−1 ; 3) x
−1 1
1 y=
Let x = − 1: y = =3 1 (3 )
(3 )
∴ (−1 ; 3) is on the graph 0 x

(2) f (x) = 4x y
f
y -intercept: (x = 0)
(1 ; 4)
∴y =1
Let x = 1: f (1) = (4)1 = 4
∴ (1 ; 4) is on the graph 1
0 x

x
1 y
(3) y=
(5 ) (−1 ; 5)
y -intercept: (x = 0)
∴y =1 1
x

1
−1 y=
1 (5 )
Let x = − 1: y = =5
(5 ) 0 x
∴ (−1 ; 5) is on the graph

(4) g(x) = 3 ⋅ 2x y
(1 ; 6)
a =3
y -intercept: (x = 0)
∴ y = 3 ⋅ (2)0 = 3 3
g
Let x = 1: g(1) = 3.(2)1 = 6
∴ (1 ; 6) is on the graph 0 x
x
1
(5) y = 4⋅ y
(2 )
a=4 1
x

y -intercept: (x = 0) 4 y = 4( )
0
2
1
∴y =4 =4 (1 ; 2)
(2)
1
1
Let x = 1: y = 4 ⋅ =2 0 x
(2 )
∴ (1 ; 2) is on the graph

(6) y = 2 ⋅ 5x y
a =2 (1 ; 10)
y -intercept: (x = 0)
Let x = 1: y = 2 ⋅ (5)1 = 10
∴ (1 ; 10) is on the graph y = 2 ⋅ 5x 2

0 x

174
(7) y = − 3x y
a =−1
y -intercept: (x = 0) 0 x
y = −3x −1
∴ y = − (3)0 = − 1
Let x = 1: y = − (3)1 = − 3 (1 ; −3)
∴ (1 ; − 3) is on the graph

x
1 y
(8) h(x) = −
(4 )
a =−1 0 x
x
y -intercept: (x = 0) −1 1
0 y =−
1 (4)
y = h(0) = − =−1
(4 )
−1 (−1 ; −4)
1
Let x = − 1: y = − =−4
(4 )
∴ (−1 ; − 4) is on the graph

(9) y = − 5x y
a =−1
y -intercept: (x = 0) 0 x
y = −5x −1
∴ y = − (5)0 = − 1
Let x = 1: y = − (5)1 = − 5
∴ (1 ; − 5) is on the graph (1 ; −5)

(10) y = − 2 ⋅ 3x y
a =−2
y -intercept: (x = 0) 0 x
y = −2 ⋅ 3x −2
∴ y = − 2 ⋅ (3)0 = − 2
Let x = 1: y = − 2.(3)1 = − 6
∴ (1 ; − 6) is on the graph (1 ; −6)

x
1
(11) y =−3
(2) y
a =−3
y -intercept: (x = 0) 0 x
0 x
1 1
∴y =−3 =−3 y =−3
(2) (2)
−3
−1
1
Let x = − 1: y = − 3 =−6
(2)
(−1 ; −6)
∴ (−1 ; − 6) is on the graph

175
 1 x
(12) f (x) = − ⋅2 y
2
1
a =−
2 0 x
y -intercept: (x = 0) 1
1 1 − (1 ; −1)
y = − ⋅ (2)0 = − 2
2 2
1
Let x = − 1: y = − . (2)1 = − 1
2 y = −2x
∴ (1 ; − 1) is on the graph

(b) (1) y = 2x + 1 y y = 2x + 1
q = 1: unit up
y -intercept: (x = 0)
y = (2)0 + 1 = 2 2 (1 ; 3)
Let x = − 1: y = (2)1 + 1 = 3 1
∴ (1 ; 3) is on the graph 0 x

x
1 y
(2) y= +2
(2 )
∴ q = 2: 2 units up (−1 ; 4) 1
x

y -intercept: (x = 0) 3 y= +2
0
(2 )
1 2
y= +2=3
(2 )
−1 0 x
1
Let x = − 1: y = +2= 4
(2 )
∴ (−1 ; 4) is on the graph

(3) f (x) = 3x + 3 y
∴ q = 3: 3 units up f
y -intercept: (x = 0) (1 ; 6)
y = f (0) = (3)0 + 3 = 4
Let x = 1: f (1) = (3)1 + 3 = 6
∴ (1 ; 6) is on the graph 4
3

0 x

176
 x
1 y
(4) y =− −4
(4 )
0 x
∴ q = − 4: 4 units down
y -intercept: (x = 0)
0 −4
1
y =− −4=−5
(4 ) −5
−1
1
Let x = − 1: y = − −4=−8 (−1 ; − 8)
(4 ) x
1
∴ (−1 ; − 8) is on the graph y =− −4
(4 )

x
1
(5) y =− −1 y
(3 ) 0
∴ q = − 1: 1 unit down −1 x
y -intercept: (x = 0)
0 −2
1
∴y =− −1=−2
(3 )
−1 (−1 ; − 4)
1
Let x = − 1: y = − −1=−4 1x
(3 ) y =− −1
3
∴ (−1 ; − 4) is on the graph

y
(6) y = − 4x − 2
∴ q = − 2: 2 units down 0 −2 x
y -intercept: (x = 0)
y = − (4)0 − 2 = − 3 y = −4x − 2 −3
Let x = − 1: y = − (4)1 − 2 = − 6
∴ (1 ; − 6) is on the graph (1 ; −6)

(7) y = 3 ⋅ 2x + 5 y
(1 ; 11)
a = 3 and q = 5
∴ 5 units up y = 3 ⋅ 2x + 5
y -intercept: (x = 0)
y = 3 ⋅ (2)0 + 5 = 8 5
Let x = 1: y = 3.(2)1 + 5 = 11
∴ (1 ; 11) is on the graph 0 x

y
(8) y = − 2 ⋅ 3x − 1
a = − 2 and q = − 1 0 x
∴ 1 unit down −1
y = −2 ⋅ 3x − 1
y -intercept: (x = 0) −3
y = − 2 ⋅ (3)0 − 1 = − 3
Let x = 1: y = − 2.(3)1 − 1 = − 7
∴ (1 ; − 7) is on the graph
(1 ; −7)

177
 x
1 y
(9) h(x) = − 4 ⋅ −2
(2 )
0 x
a = − 4 and q = − 2
∴ 2 units down −2
y -intercept: (x = 0) h
0
1
y = h(0) = − 4 −2=−6 −6
(2)
−1
1
Let x = − 1: y = − 4 − 2 = − 10
(2) (−1 ; − 10)
∴ (1 ; − 10) is on the graph

(c) (1) y = 2x − 4 y
∴ q = − 4: 4 units down y = 2x − 4
y -intercept: (x = 0)
y = (2)0 − 4 = − 3
x -intercept: (y = 0)
0 2 x
∴ 2x − 4 = 0
∴ 2 x = 22 −3
∴x =2 −4

x
1 y
(2) f (x) = −9
(3 )
∴ q = − 9: 9 units down
y -intercept: (x = 0)
0
1
y = f (0) = −9=−8 −2 0 x
(3 )
x -intercept: (y = 0)
x
1 −8 f
∴ −9=0
(3 )
−9
∴ 3−x = 32
∴ x =−2

(3) y = 3x − 27 y
∴ q = − 27: 27 units down
0 3 x
y -intercept: (x = 0)
y = 30 − 27 = − 26
x -intercept: (y = 0)
∴ 3x − 27 = 0
∴ 3x = 33
∴x =3 y = 3x − 27 −26
−27

178
 x
1 y
(4) y =− +4
(4 )
∴ q = 4: 4 units up 4
y -intercept: (x = 0) 1
x

1
0 y =− +4
3 (4 )
∴y =− +4=3
(4 )
x -intercept: (y = 0)
2
1
∴− +4=0
(4 )
−1 0 x
∴ 4−x = 41
∴ x =−1
x
1 y
(5) y =− +8
(2 )
∴ q = 8: 8 units up 8 x
y -intercept: (x = 0) 7 y =− 1
0 +8
1 (2 )
y =− +8=7
(2 )
x -intercept: (y = 0)
x
1
− +8=0
(2 )
−3 0 x
∴ 2−x = 23
∴ x =−3

(6) f (x) = − 3x + 1 y
∴ q = 1: 1 unit up
y -intercept: (x = 0)
∴ y = f (0) = − (3)0 + 1 = 0 1
x -intercept: (y = 0) 0 x
∴ − 3x + 1 = 0
(1 ; −2)
∴ 3x = 30
∴x =0
Let x = 1: f (1) = − (3)1 + 1 = − 2 f
∴ (1 ; − 2) is on the graph

(7) y = 2 ⋅ 3x − 18 y
a = 2 and q = − 18
∴ 18 units down 0 2 x
y -intercept: (x = 0)
∴ y = 2 ⋅ 30 − 18 = − 16
x -intercept: (y = 0)
∴ 2 ⋅ 3x − 18 = 0
∴ 3x = 9 y = 2 ⋅ 3x − 18 −16
∴ 3x = 32
∴x =2 −18

179
(8) y = 5 ⋅ 2x − 10 y
a = 5 and q = − 10 0 1 x
∴ 10 units down
y -intercept: (x = 0)
y = 5 ⋅ 20 − 10 = − 5 −5
x -intercept: (y = 0)
∴ 5 ⋅ 22 − 10 = 0 y = 5 ⋅ 2x − 10
∴ 2 x = 21
∴x =1 −10

x
1
(9) g(x) = 2 ⋅ −6
(3 ) y
a = 2 and q = − 6 g
∴ 6 units down
y -intercept: (x = 0)
0
1
y =2⋅ −6=−4 −1 0 x
(3 )
x -intercept: (y = 0) −4
x
1
∴2 −6=0
(3) −6
∴ 3−x = 31
∴ x =−1
x
1 y
(10) y = − 2. +6
(3) 6
a = − 2 and q = 6
4
∴ 6 units up
y -intercept: (x = 0)
0 −1 0 x
1
y =−2 +6= 4
(3)
x -intercept: (y = 0)
x
1 1
x
∴−2 +6=0 y =−2 +6
(3) (3)
∴ 3−x = 3
∴ x =−1

(11) h(x) = − 4 ⋅ 5x + 4 y
a = − 4 and q = 4
4
∴ 4 units up h
y -intercept: (x = 0)
∴ y = h(0) = − 4 ⋅ (5)0 + 4 = 0
x -intercept: (y = 0) 0 x
∴ − 4 ⋅ 5x + 4 = 0
∴ 5x = 1
∴ 5 x = 50
∴x =0
Let x = 1: h(1) = − 4 ⋅ (5)1 + 4 = − 16 (1 ; − 16)
∴ (1 ; − 16) is on the graph

180
 x
1
(12) y =−4 + 16 y
(2)
a = − 4 and q = 16 16 1
x

∴ 16 units up y =−4 + 16
12 (2)
y -intercept: (x = 0)
0
1
∴y =−4 + 16 = 12
(2)
x -intercept: (y = 0)
x
1
∴−4 + 16 = 0 0
(2) −2 x
∴ 2−x = 22
∴ x =−2

(d)* f (x) = 2x+3 − 16

y
3
(1) f (x) = 2 ⋅ 2 − 16
x
0 1 x
∴ f (x) = 8 ⋅ 2x − 16

(2) a = 8 and q = − 16
∴ 16 units down −8
y -intercept: (x = 0)
f
y = f (0) = 8 ⋅ (2)0 − 16 = − 8
x -intercept: (y = 0) −16
∴ 8 ⋅ 2x − 16 = 0
∴ 2 x = 21
∴x =1
x−1
1
(e)* g(x) = − 2 +6
(3)

x −1
1 1
(1) g(x) = − 2 ⋅ ⋅ +6
(3 ) (3 )
x
1
∴ g(x) = − 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ +6
(3 )
x
1
∴ g(x) = − 6 ⋅ +6
(3 )
1
∴ a = − 6 ;b = ;q = 6
3

181
 (2) a = − 6 and q = 6
y
∴ 6 units up
y -intercept: (x = 0) 6 g
0
1
y = g(0) = − 6 ⋅ +6
(3 )
∴y =0 0 x
x -intercept: (y = 0)
x
1
−6 ⋅ +6=0
(3 )
∴ 3−x = 1
∴ 3−x = 30 (−1 ; − 12)
∴x =0
−1
1
Let x = − 1: y = − 6 ⋅ + 6 = − 12
(3 )
∴ (−1 ; − 12) is on the graph

(f)* (1) a >0; 0<b <1; q >0

0 x

(2) a <0; b >1; q <0

y

0 x

(3) b >1; q <0; a+q =0

0 x

182
EXERCISE 9

(a) (1) f (x) = a⋅3x + q (2) f (x) = a⋅3x + q

but q = 4 and y = f (x) but q = 1 and y = f (x)
∴ y = a⋅3x + 4 ∴ y = a⋅3x + 1
Substitute (2 ; 22): Substitute (1 ; − 5):
∴ 22 = a⋅32 + 4 ∴ − 5 = a⋅31 + 1
∴ 9a = 18 ∴ 3a = − 6
∴a =2 ∴ a =−2
∴ f (x) = 2⋅3x + 4 ∴ f (x) = − 2⋅3x + 1
x x
1 1
(b) (1) g(x) = a⋅ +q (2) g(x) = a⋅ +q
(2) (2)
but q = − 3 and y = g(x) but q = − 2 and y = g(x)
x x
1 1
∴ y = a⋅ −3 ∴ y = a⋅ −2
(2) (2)
7
Substitute (0 ; − 1): Substitute 1 ; − :
( 2)
0 1
1 7 1
−1 = a⋅ −3 − = a⋅ −2
(2) 2 (2)
1 3
∴a =2 ∴ a =−
x
2 2
1
∴ g(x) = 2⋅ −3 ∴ a =−3
(2)
x
1
∴ g(x) = − 3⋅ −2
(2)

(c) (1) h(x) = 2⋅b x + q (2) h(x) = 2⋅b x + q

but q = − 18 and y = h(x) but q = − 4 and y = h(x)
∴ y = 2⋅b x − 18 ∴ y = 2⋅b x − 4
Substitute (2 ; 0): Substitute (−1 ; 4):
0 = 2⋅b 2 − 18 4 = 2⋅b −1 − 4
2
∴ b2 − 9 = 0 ∴ =8
b
1
∴ (b − 3)(b + 3) = 0 ∴b=
4 x
1
∴ b = 3 or b = − 3 ∴ h(x) = 2⋅ −4
(4)
N.A.
∴b =3
∴ h(x) = 2⋅3x − 18

(d) y = − bx + q

(1) q =−2 (2) Domain: x ∈ ℝ

∴ y = − bx − 2 Range: y < − 2
Substitute (1 ; − 6):
−6 = − b 1 − 2
∴b=4
∴ y = − 4x − 2
183
 (3) y =−2

(e) (1) f (x) = − 3⋅b x + q (2) f (x) = − 3⋅b x + q

Substitute (0 ; 9): Substitute (0 ; 0):
∴ 9 = − 3⋅b 0 + q ∴ 0 = − 3⋅b 0 + q
∴ q = 12 ∴q =3
∴ y = − 3⋅b x + 12 ∴ y = − 3⋅b x + 3
Substitute (2 ; 0): Substitute (1 ; 2):
∴ 0 = − 3⋅b 2 + 12 2 = − 3⋅b 1 + 3
∴ b2 − 4 = 0 ∴ 3b = 1
1
∴ (b − 2)(b + 2) = 0 ∴b=
3 x
1
∴ b = 2 or b = − 2 ∴ f (x) = − 3⋅ +3
(3)
N.A.
∴ f (x) = − 3⋅2x + 12

(f) (1) y = a⋅b x + q (2) y = a⋅b x + q

but q = 1 but q = − 8
∴ y = a⋅b x + 1 ∴ y = a⋅b x − 8
Substitute (0 ; 4): Substitute (0 ; − 6):
4 = a⋅b 0 + 1 ∴ − 6 = a⋅b 0 − 8
∴a =3 ∴a =2
∴ y = 3⋅b x + 1 ∴ y = 2⋅b x − 8
Substitute (1 ; 7): Substitute (−1 ; 0):
∴ 7 = 3⋅b 1 + 1 ∴ 0 = 2⋅b −1 − 8
2
∴ 3b = 6 ∴ =8
b
1
∴b =2 ∴b=
4 x
1
∴ y = 3⋅2x + 1 ∴ y = 2⋅ −8
(4)

184
 (3) y = a⋅b x + q (4) y = a⋅b x + q
but q = 4 but q = 1
∴ y = a⋅b x + 4 ∴ y = a⋅b x + 1
Substitute (0 ; 0): Substitute (1 ; 0):
∴ 0 = a⋅b 0 + 4 ∴ 0 = a⋅b 1 + 1
∴ a =−4 ∴ a b = − 1… 1
∴ y = − 4⋅b x + 4 Substitute (−1 ; − 3):
Substitute (−1 ; 2): ∴ − 3 = a⋅b −1 + 1
a
∴ 2 = − 4⋅b −1 + 4 ∴ =−4
b
4
∴ =2 ∴ a = − 4b… 2
b
∴b =2 2 into 1 :
∴ y = − 4⋅2x + 4 (−4b)(b) = − 1
1
∴ b2 =
4
1
∴b=
2
1
∴ a =−4 =−2
(2)
x
1
∴y =−2 +1
(2)

(g) f (x) = 3⋅2x − 12

(1) Domain: x ∈ ℝ (2) Range: y > − 12

(3) y = − 12

(4)(i) A is the y -intercept (ii) B is the x -intercept

∴ Let x = 0 ∴ Let y = 0
∴ y = f (0) = 3⋅20 − 12 = − 9 ∴ 3⋅2x − 12 = 0
∴ A(0 ; − 9) ∴ 2x = 4
∴ 2 x = 22
∴x =2
∴ B(2 ; 0)

EXERCISE 10
4
(a) f (x) = +1
x
4 4
(1) g(x) = + 1 + 2 = + 3
x x
f is shifted 2 units up to produce g.

4 4
(2) g(x) = − +1 =− −1
(x ) x
f is reflected in the x-axis to produce g.

185
 4 8
(3) g(x) = 2 +1 = +2
(x ) x
f is vertically stretched by factor 2 to produce g.

(b) f (x) = 3x 2 + 2
(1) g(x) = 3x 2 + 2 − 1 = 3x 2 + 1
f is shifted 1 unit down to produce g.

(2) g(x) = 3 (3x 2 + 2) − 1 = 9x 2 + 6 − 1 = 9x 2 + 5

f is vertically stretched by factor 3 and then shifted 1 unit down to produce g.

(3) g(x) = − 4 (3x 2 + 2) = − 12x 2 − 8

f is vertically stretched by factor 4 and then reflected in the x-axis to produce g.

(c) f (x) = 2x + 1
(1) g(x) = 2x + 1 − 2 = 2x − 1

(2) g(x) = − (2x + 1) = − 2x − 1

(3) g(x) = 3 (2x + 1) = 3⋅2x + 3

4
(d) f (x) = − −1
x
(1) Reflect f in the x-axis and shift 2 units up to produce h.

4
(2) y = f (x) + t = − −1+t
x
∴t =−3

(e) f (x) = x 2 + 4
(1) g(x) = x 2 + 4 − 2 = x 2 + 2
T.P. (0; 2)

(2) h(x) = − (x 2 + 4) − 2 = − x 2 − 4 − 2 = − x 2 − 6
Range: y ≤ − 6

(f)* (1) f is shifted 2 units down to produce g.

(2) f is vertically stretched by a factor 2 and then shifted 8 units up.

(3) f is vertically stretched by factor 4 and then shifted 7 units down.

EXERCISE 11

(a) (1) g(x) = 0 (2)(i) f (x) = 0

∴ x +4=0 ∴−x +6=0
∴ x =−4 ∴x =6
∴ A(−4 ; 0) ∴ B(6 ; 0)
∴ AB = xB − xA
∴ AB = 6 − (−4)
∴ AB = 10 units
186
 (ii) C(0 ; 6) and D(4 ; 0) (iii) F(x ; 4)
∴ CD = yC − yD ∴ f (x) = − x + 6 = 4
∴ CD = 6 − 4 ∴−x =−2
∴ CD = 2 units ∴x =2
∴ DF = xF − xD
∴ DF = 2 − 0
∴ DF = 2 units

(3) f (x) = g(x) (4) OR = 5

∴−x +6= x +4 ∴ xR = 5
∴ − 2x = − 2 For P: y = g(5)
∴x =1 = 5 + 4 = 9 units
Substitute x = 1 into g: For Q: y = f (5)
y = g(1) = 1 + 4 = − (5) + 6 = 1 unit
∴y =5 ∴ PQ = yP − yQ
∴ E(1 ; 5) ∴ PQ = 9 − 1
∴ PQ = 8 units

(5) ST = 8
∴ yS − yT = 8
∴ x + 4 − (−x + 6) = 8
∴ x +4+x −6=8
∴ 2x = 10
∴x =5
∴ OU = xU − xO = 5 − 0 = 5 units

(6) h(x) = − f (x) + 2

(i) f is reflected in the x-axis and then shifted 2 units up to produce h.

(ii) h(x) = − (−x + 6) + 2

= x −6+2
= x −4
y-intercept: (x = 0) x-intercept: (y = 0)
∴y =0−4 ∴ x −4=0
∴y =−4 ∴x =4
∴ (0 ; − 4) ∴ (4 ; 0)

(iii) Domain: x ∈ ℝ
Range: y ∈ ℝ

(b) (1)(i) OD = yO − yD (ii) f (x) = 0

∴ OD = 0 − (−8) ∴ 2x 2 − 8 = 0
∴ OD = 8 units ∴ x2 − 4 = 0
∴ (x − 2)(x + 2) = 0
∴ x = 2 or x = − 2
AB = xB − xA
∴ AB = 2 − (−2)
∴ AB = 4 units

187
 (2) b =−4
∴ y = ax − 4
Substitute (−2 ; 0):
0 = a(−2) − 4
∴ 2a = − 4
∴ a =−2

(3) f (x) = g(x) (4) OR=1

∴ 2x 2 − 8 = − 2x − 4 ∴ xR = − 1
∴ 2x 2 + 2x − 4 = 0 For P: y = f (−1)
∴ x2 + x − 2 = 0 = 2(−1)2 − 8
∴ (x + 2)(x − 1) = 0 =−6
∴ x = − 2 or x = 1 For Q: y = g(−1)
N.A. = − 2(−1) − 4
Substitute x = 1 into g: =−2
y = g(1) = − 2(1) − 4 ∴ PQ = yQ − yP
∴y =−6 ∴ PQ = − 2 − (−6)
∴ C(1 ; − 6) ∴ PQ = 4 units

(5) x =0 (6) Domain of f : x ∈ ℝ

Range of g: y ≥ − 8

(7)(i) h(x) = 2⋅f (x) + 6 (ii) T.P. (0 ; − 10)

= 2(2x 2 − 8) + 6
= 4x 2 − 16 + 6
= 4x 2 − 10

(8)(i) x > − 2 (ii) x < − 2 or x > 2

(iii) x ≤ − 2 or x ≥ 1 (iv) x ≥ 2 or x = − 2

(c) (1) x-intercept: (y = 0) y-intercept: (x = 0)

1
∴− x −2=0 ∴ y = g(0)
2
1 1
∴− x =2 ∴y =− (0) − 2
2 2
∴x =4 ∴y =−2
∴ A(−4 ; 0) ∴ B(0 ; − 2)
OA = xO − xA OB = yO − yB
= 0 − (−4) = 0 − (−2)
= 4 units = 2 units

188
 a
(2) f (x) = +q (3) f (x) = g(x)
x
−2 1
y = f (x) and q = − 2 ∴ − 2 = − x − 2 (× 2x)
x 2
a
∴y = −2 ∴ − 4 − 4x = − x 2 − 4x
x
Substitute (−1 ; 0): ∴ x2 − 4 = 0
a
0= −2 ∴ (x − 2)(x + 2) = 0
−1
∴ a =−2 ∴ x = 2 or x = − 2
−2
∴ f (x) = −2 N.A.
x
Substitute x = − 2 into g:
1
y = g(−2) = − (−2) − 2
2
∴y =−1
∴ C(−2 ; − 1)

(4) D(2 ; y) (5) Domain of f : x ∈ ℝ; x ≠ 0

1
y = g(2) = − (2) − 2 Range of f : y ∈ ℝ; y ≠ − 2
2
∴y =−3
∴ D(2 ; − 3) and E(2 ; − 2)
∴ DE = yE − yD
= − 2 − (−3)
= 1 unit

(6) h(x) = f (x) + 3

−2
= −2+3
x
−2
= +1
x
Axis of symmetry: y = x + q and y =−x +q
∴y = x +1 ∴y =−x +1

(7)(i) x < − 1 or x > 0 (ii) x ≤ − 2 or 0 < x ≤ 2

(iii) −4 ≤ x ≤ − 1 or x > 0

(8)* y =−x +q
−2
∴ y = − x − 2 and f (x) = −2
x
−2
∴−x −2= −2
x
−2
∴−x =
x
∴ − x2 = − 2
∴ x2 = 2
∴x =± 2
∴ x = − 2 or x = 2

189
 3x − 2 3x 2 2
(9)* k (x) = = − =− +3
x x x x
(i) f shifted 5 units up to produce k. (ii) y =3

(d) (1) x-intercept: (y = 0) y-intercept: (x = 0)

∴ x −1=0 ∴ y = g(0)
∴x =1 ∴y =−1
∴ B(1 ; 0) ∴ A(0 ; − 1)
OB = xB − xO OA = yO − yA
=1−0 = 0 − (−1)
= 1 unit = 1 unit

(2) f (x) = a⋅b x + q (3) R(x ; − 3)

but q = − 3 and y = f (x) Substitute y = − 3 into g:
∴ y = a⋅b x − 3 ∴ x −1=−3
Substitute (0 ; − 1): ∴ x =−2
∴ − 1 = a⋅b 0 − 3 ∴ P(−2 ; 0)
∴a =2 OP = x0 − xP
∴ y = 2⋅b x − 3 = 0 − (−2)
Substitute (1 ; 0): = 2 units
∴ 0 = 2⋅b 1 − 3
3
∴b=
2 x
3
∴ f (x) = 2⋅ −3
(2)

(4) h(x) = − f (x) + t

x
3
= − 2⋅ −3 +t
[ (2) ]
x
3
= − 2⋅ +3+t
(2)

0
3
(i) (0 ; 0): 0 = − 2⋅ +3+t (ii) Range of h: y < 2
(2)
∴t =−1

(5) k (x) = 2⋅f (x) + 1

x
3
= 2 2⋅ −3 +1
[ (2) ]
x
3
= 4⋅ −6+1
(2)
x
3
= 4⋅ −5
(2)
Asymptote: y = − 5

(6)(i) x ≥ 1 (ii) x<1

190
 (iii) x < 0 or x > 1 (iv) 0≤x ≤1

(v)* x >0

(e) (1)(i) A(0 ; 18) and L(0 ; 9) (ii) f (x) = 0

∴ AL = yA − yL ∴ x2 − 9 = 0
= 18 − 9 ∴ (x − 3)(x + 3) = 0
= 9 units ∴ x = 3 or x = − 3
BC = xC − xB
= 3 − (−3)
= 6 units

(2) D(0 ; − 9) (3) Range of g: y ≤ 18

(4) x =0 (5) g(x) = a x 2 + q

but q = 18
∴ g(x) = a x 2 + 18
Substitute (3 ; 0):
0 = a(3)2 + 18
∴ a =−2
∴ g(x) = − 2x 2 + 18

(6) IJ = 6 (7) f (x) = h(x)

∴ I (x ; 6) is on h ∴ x 2 − 9 = − 3x + 9
∴ y = h(x) = 6 ∴ x 2 + 3x − 18 = 0
∴ − 3x + 9 = 6 ∴ (x + 6)(x − 3) = 0
∴x =1 ∴ x = − 6 or x = 3
H(1 ; y) is on g N.A.
∴ y = g(1) = − 2(1)2 + 18 y = h(−6)
∴ y = 16 y = − 3(−6) + 9
∴ H(1 ; 16) ∴ y = 27
∴ HK = yH − yK ∴ G(−6 ; 27)
∴ HK = 16 − (−8)
∴ HK = 24 units

191
(8) g(x) = h(x)
∴ − 2x 2 + 18 = − 3x + 9
∴ − 2x 2 + 3x + 9 = 0
∴ 2x 2 − 3x − 9 = 0
∴ (2x + 3)(x − 3) = 0
3
∴ x = − or x = 3
2
N.A.
3
E − ; y is on h
( 2 )
3 3
∴y =h − =−3 − +9
( 2) ( 2)
27
∴y =
2
3 27
∴E − ;
( 2 2)
3
F − ; y is on f
( 2 )
2
3 3
y =f − = − −9
( 2) ( 2)
27
∴y =−
4
3 27
∴ F − ;−
( 2 4)
∴ EF = yE − yF
27 27
∴ EF = − −
2 ( 4)
81
∴ EF = units
4

(9) f (x) = x 2 − 9 and g(x) = − 2x 2 + 18

∴ g(x) = − 2 (x 2 − 9)

f is vertically stretched by a factor of −2 to produce g.

(10)(i) x < − 3 or x > 3 (ii) −3 < x < 3

3
(iii) −6 ≤ x ≤ 3 (iv) − ≤x ≤3
2
f (x)
(v)* −3 < x < 3 or x > 3 (vi)* =1
h(x)
∴ f (x) = h(x)
∴ x = − 6 or x = 3
N.A.
∴ x =−6

192
COSOLIDATIO AD EXTESIO EXERCISE

(a) (1) y = 5x − 5 y
y-intercept: y = − 5 y = 5x − 5
x-intercept: (y = 0)
0 1 x
∴ 5x − 5 = 0
∴ 5x = 5
∴x =1 −5

9
(2) y =− −3 h y
x
a = − 9 and q = − 3
−3 0 x
Horizontal asymptote: y = − 3
x-intercept: (y = 0)
9 −3
∴− −3=0
x
9
∴ − 9 = 3x y =− −3
∴ x =−3 x

x
1
(3) y =− + 16 y
(2)
16
a = − 1 and q = 16 x
∴ 16 units up 1
15 y =− + 16
y-intercept: (x = 0) (2 )
0
1
∴y =− + 16 = 15
(2)
x-intercept: (y = 0)
x
1
∴− = − 16 0
(2) −4 x
∴ 2−x = 24
∴ x =−4

(4) y = 9x 2 − 1 y
y = 9x 2 − 1
a = 9 and q = − 1
∴T.P. (0 ; − 1)
x-intercepts: (y = 0) 1 1
−
∴ 9x 2 − 1 = 0 3 0 3
∴ (3x − 1)(3x + 1) = 0 x
1 1 −1
∴x= or x = −
3 3

(5) x =2 y
x =2

O
2 x

193
 4 y
(6) f (x) = +1 f
x
a = 4 and q = 1
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1
x-intercept: (y = 0)
4
∴ +1=0 −4 0 x
x
∴4=−x
∴ x =−4

(7) y = − 2⋅3x + 6 y
a = − 2 and q = 6 6
∴ 6 units up 4
y-intercept: (x = 0)
∴ y = − 2⋅30 + 6 = 4
x-intercept: (y = 0) 0 1 x
∴ − 2⋅3x + 6 = 0 y = − 2 ⋅ 3x + 6
∴ 3x = 3
∴x =1

(8) y = 2x 2 + 4 y
a = 2 and q = 4 y = 2x 2 + 4 (1 ; 6)
∴T.P. (0 ; 4)
Let x = 1: y = 2(1)2 + 4
∴y =6
∴ (1 ; 6) is on the graph. x

1
(9) y =− x 1 y
3 y =− x
3
Graph passes through (0 ; 0) 0 1
1 1 x
Let x = 1: y = − (1) −
3 3
1 1
∴y =− 1;−
3 ( 3)
1
∴ 1;− is on the graph.
( 3)

10 y
(10) y= −5
x
a = 10 and q = − 5
Horizontal asymptote: y = − 5
x-intercept: (y = 0) 0 2 x
10
∴ −5=0
x
∴ 10 = 5x
−5
∴x =2 10
y= −5
x

194
 x
1
(11) y= +4 y
(4) 1
x

a = 1 and q = 4 5 y= +4
(4 )
∴ 4 units up
4
y-intercept: (x = 0)
0
1
∴y = +4=5 0 x
(4)
No x-intercepts.
y
(12) y = − 2x 2 + 18 18
a = − 2 and q = 18
∴T.P. (0 ; 18)
x-intercepts: (y = 0) y = − 2x 2 + 18
∴ − 2x 2 + 18 = 0
∴ x2 − 9 = 0
∴ (x − 3)(x + 3) = 0
∴ x = 3 or x = − 3 −3 0 3 x

(13) y =−4 y

O x

y =−4
−4
2
(14) y =− −4 y
x
a = − 2 and q = − 4
1 x
Horizontal asymptote: y = − 4 −
x-intercept: (y = 0) 2
2
∴− −4=0 −4
x
∴ − 2 = 4x 2
y =− −4
1 x
∴x =−
2

(15) y = 5⋅2x − 5
y
a = 5 and q = − 5
∴ 5 units down y = 5 ⋅ 2x − 5
x-intercept: (y = 0)
∴ 5⋅2x − 5 = 0
∴ 2x = 1 5 0 x
∴ 2 x = 20 (
−1;−
2)
∴x =0
y-intercept: (x = 0)
−5
∴ y = 5⋅20 − 5 = 0
Let x = − 1: y = 5⋅2−1 − 5
5 5
y =− ∴ −1 ; − is on the graph.
2 ( 2)

195
(b) (1)(i) y = a x + q (ii) y = ax + q
y − y1 −3 − 5
but q = − 6 a= 2 = =1
x 2 − x1 −4 − 4
∴ y = ax − 6 ∴y = x +q
Substitute (−3 ; 0): Substitute (4 ; 5):
0 = a(−3) − 6 ∴5= 4+q
∴ 3a = − 6 ∴q =1
∴ a =−2 ∴ g(x) = x + 1
∴ f (x) = − 2x − 6

(2) Domain of f : x ∈ ℝ (3) Range of g: y ∈ ℝ

(4)(i) g(x) = 0 (ii) y = g(0) = 0 + 1 = 1

∴ x +1=0 ∴ B(0 ; 1)
∴ x =−1
∴ A(−1 ; 0)

(iii) f (x) = g(x)

∴ − 2x − 6 = x + 1
∴ − 3x = 7
7
∴x =−
3
7 4
Substitute x = − + 1 = −
3 3
7 4
∴C − ;−
( 3 3)

(c) (1)(i) y = a x 2 + q (ii) y = a(x − x1)(x − x 2 )

but q = 5 x1 = − 2 and x 2 = 2
∴ y = a x2 + 5 ∴ y = a(x − 2)(x + 2)
Substitute (−2 ; 9): Substitute (3 ; − 10):
∴ 9 = a(−2)2 + 5 ∴ − 10 = a(3 − 2)(3 + 2)
∴ 4a = 4 ∴ 5a = − 10
∴a =1 ∴ a =−2
∴ f (x) = x 2 + 5 ∴ g(x) = − 2 (x 2 − 4)
∴ g(x) = − 2x 2 + 8

(2) Domain of g: x ∈ ℝ (3) Range of f : y ≥ 5

(4) T.P. (0 ; 5) (5) Axis of symmetry: x = 0

(6) f (x) = g(x)

∴ x 2 + 5 = − 2x 2 + 8
∴ 3x 2 − 3 = 0
∴ x2 − 1 = 0
∴ (x − 1)(x + 1) = 0
∴ x = 1 or x = − 1
Substitute x = 1 and x = − 1 into f :
y = f (1) = (1)2 + 5 = 6 and y = f (−1) = (−1)2 + 5 = 6
∴ A(−1 ; 6) and B(1 ; 6)

196
(d) (1) Domain: x ∈ ℝ; x ≠ 0 (2) x = 0 and y = − 2
Range: y ∈ ℝ; y ≠ − 2

(3) y = x +q and y =−x +5

∴ y = x − 2 and y =−x −2

4
(4) x-intercept: (y = 0) (5)* − 2 and y = x − 2
h(x) =
x
4
∴ y = h(x) = 0 ∴ −2= x −2
x
4 4
∴ −2=0 ∴ =x
x x
4
∴ =2 ∴ x2 − 4 = 0
x
∴x =2 ∴ (x − 2)(x + 2) = 0
∴ A(2 ; 0) ∴ x = 2 or x = − 2
∴ y = 2 − 2 or y = − 2 − 2
∴y =0 ∴y =−4
∴ Points of intersection is:
(2 ; 0) and (−2 ; − 4)

(e) (1) f (x) = a⋅b x + q

but q = 4
∴ y = f (x) = a⋅b x + 4
Substitute (0 ; 0):
0 = a⋅b 0 + 4
∴ a =−4
∴ y = − 4⋅b x + 4
Substitute (1 ; 2):
2 = − 4⋅b 1 + 4
∴ 4b = 2
1
∴b=
2 x
1
∴ f (x) = − 4⋅ +4
(2)

(2) Domain: x ∈ ℝ (3) y=4

(4)(i) g(x) = − f (x) − 4 (ii) x-intercept: (y = 0)

x x
1 1
∴ g(x) = − −4⋅ +4 −4 ∴ 4⋅ −8=0
( (2) ) (2)
x x
1 1
∴ g(x) = 4⋅ −4−4 ∴ =2
(2) (2)
x
1
∴ g(x) = 4⋅ −8 ∴ 2−x = 21
(2)
∴ x =−1
∴ x-intercept: (−1 ; 0)

197
 x
1
(5)(i) f (x) = − 4⋅ +4
(2)
h(x) = 2⋅f (x) − 6
f is vertically stretched by factor 2 and then shifted 6 units down.

x
1
(ii) h(x) = 2 −4⋅ +4 −6
[ (2) ]
x
1
∴ h(x) = − 8⋅ +8−6
(2)
x
1
∴ h(x) = − 8⋅ +2
(2)
Range of g: y < 2

(f) (1)(i) f (x) = − x 2 + 9 (ii) f (x) = 0

∴ f (0) = − (0)2 + 9 = 9 ∴ − x2 + 9 = 0
∴ OQ = 9 units ∴ x2 − 9 = 0
∴ (x − 3)(x + 3) = 0
∴ x = 3 or x = − 3
∴ A(−3 ; 0); B(3 ; 0)
∴ AB = 6 units
(2) Range: y > 9

(3) y = a⋅b x + q (4) h(x) = g(x) + t

but q = 9 ∴ h(x) = 2⋅3x + 9 + t
∴ y = a⋅b x + 9 Substitute (0 ; 0):
Substitute P(0 ; 11): 0 = 2⋅30 + 9 + t
11 = a⋅b 0 + 9 ∴ 0 = 11 + t
∴a =2 ∴ t = − 11
∴ y = 2⋅b x + 9
Substitute (1 ; 15):
15 = 2⋅b 1 + 9
∴ 2b = 6
∴b =3
∴ g(x) = 2⋅3x + 9

(5) h(x) = − f (x) + 4

= − (−x 2 + 9) + 4
= x2 − 9 + 4
= x2 − 5
Range of h: y ≥ − 5

(g) (1) For A: g(x) = 0 For B:

x x
∴− +1=0 g(x) = − + 1
4 4
∴−x =−4 ∴q =1
∴x =4 ∴ B(0 ; 1)
∴ A(4 ; 0) ∴ OB = 1 unit
∴ OA = 4 units

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 (2) y = 1 and x = 0
a
(3) y= +q (4) OM = 8 units
x
but q = 1 ∴ xM = − 8
a
∴y = +1 For L: y = f (−8)
x
−4 3
Substitute A(4 ; 0): = +1=
−8 2
a
0= +1 For K: y = g(−8)
4
−8
∴ a =−4 =− +1=3
( 4 )
4
∴ f (x) = − +1 ∴ KL = yK − yL
x
3
∴ KL = 3 −
2
3
∴ KL = units
2
(5) f (x) = g(x)
−4 x
∴ +1=− +1
x 4
−4 x
∴ =−
x 4
2
∴ x − 16 = 0
∴ (x − 4)(x + 4) = 0
∴ x = 4 or x = − 4
N.A.
∴ x = − 4 into g:
−4
∴ y = 9(−4) = − +1=2
( 4 )
∴ P(−4 ; 2)

(6)(i) x < 0 or x ≥ 4 (ii) x >4

(iii) x ≤ − 4 or 0 < x ≤ 4 (iv)* x > 0; x ≠ 4
(v)* x > 0

2 2 + 3x
(h)** (1) f (x) = − −1 g(x) =
x x
2
g(x) = + 3
x
∴ g(x) = − f (x) + 2
∴ f is reflected in x-axis and then shifted 2 units up to produce g.
x
1
(2) f (x) = −1 g(x) = 21−x + 1
(2)
∴ g(x) = 21 ⋅2−x + 1
x
1
∴ g(x) = 2⋅ +1
(2)
∴ g(x) = 2 f (x) + 3
∴ f is vertically stretched by factor 2 and then shifted 3 units up.

199
 (3) f (x) = 4x + 1 g(x) = 22x+2 − 2
∴ g(x) = 22x ⋅22 − 2
∴ g(x) = 4⋅4x − 2
∴ g(x) = 4⋅f (x) − 6
∴ f is vertically stretched by factor 4 and then shifted 6 units down.

(i)** y = − x 2 + 8x
(1) A(0 ; 0) (2) At B: (y = 0)
∴ − x 2 + 8x = 0
∴ x (−x + 8) = 0
∴ x = 0 or x = 8
N.A.
∴ After 8 seconds.

(3) At 4 seconds. (4) Max height at x = 4:

y = − (4)2 + 8(4)
∴ y = − 16 + 32
∴ y = 16
∴ Max height = 16 m

200