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Line Coding

Line coding is the process of converting a sequence of bits into a digital signal, with essential characteristics including signal and data levels, pulse rate, and bit rate. Line codes are classified into unipolar, polar, and bipolar codes, each with specific properties and applications. The document also discusses various types of unipolar and polar codes, highlighting their equations and characteristics.

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16 views6 pages

Line Coding

Line coding is the process of converting a sequence of bits into a digital signal, with essential characteristics including signal and data levels, pulse rate, and bit rate. Line codes are classified into unipolar, polar, and bipolar codes, each with specific properties and applications. The document also discusses various types of unipolar and polar codes, highlighting their equations and characteristics.

Uploaded by

alamryzhra62
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter One Line Coding

1.7 Line Coding:

Line coding: it is defined as the process of converting a sequence of bits to a digital signal.
The data, text, numbers and graphical images, audio are stored in computer memory in the
form of sequences of bit.

0 0 1 0 1 Line coding

Data Signal Digital Signal


Figure. A for Data and signal levels

1.8 Essential Characteristics of Line coding:

There are some important C/s of line coding:


1. Signal Level and data level: Signal Level: number of values permitted in a particular
signal,
Data levels: Number of values used to represent the data.

0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 1

Two data , level two signal level Two data level, three signal level
Figure. b for Data and signal levels
Chapter One Line Coding

Figure. C Examples for Data and signal levels

2. Pulse rate and bit rate:

A pulse: is the time required for a pulse to be transmitted. Pulse rate: is defined as
the number of pulses per second.

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0

pulse

One symbols is a pulse


𝑇𝐵

Two symbols is a pulse


pulse
2𝑇𝐵
Figure. D Examples for Data and signal levels

Note: pulse rate is also called “symbol rate”. It can be the same as binary rate, or it is a group of bits.

Example: For the fig.D If we assume is 0.5msec. Find the pulse rate and bit rate for both
figures.
Chapter One Line Coding

Sol: For the first fig:


The pulse rate is 2 , so q=2

2 2

Bit rate=2000 bit/sec

For the second fig:


The second situation 2 is 1msec. so the pulse rate is . so q=4

Bit rate=2000 bit/sec

Ex: A signal has two data levels with pulse duration of 1Ms, Calculate the pulse rate and bit
rate. Repeat if there are four levels.

Sol:
pulse rate =

1.
2

2.
2

Depending on the number of levels, the bit rate can either be equal to the pulse rate or
greater than the pulse rate.

3. Dc Component : Dc component must be eliminated.


4. Self-Synchronization.

1.9 Classification of Line Codes:

Line codes are classified as :

1. Unipolar codes: use only one level of voltage other than zero Hence the voltage
levels are (0, +A).
2. Polar codes: use two levels of voltage other than zero.
3. Bipolar codes: use three voltage levels positive, negative and zero.
Chapter One Line Coding

1.10 Unipolar codes( return to zero RZ, Non return to zero NRZ)

These are simple codes:

1. Unipolar return to zero RZ: The equation of the unipolar RZ is :

If logic “1”:

{ 2

If logic “0”:

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

𝑇𝐵

Fig. for unipolar (RZ) Line coding

Properties:
 Each pulse in a non-zero voltage is active for 50%.
 The Dc voltage is one fourth the non-zero voltage if we transmit equal probable ones
and zero.

2. Non return to zero (NRZ)

The equation of the unipolar RZ is :

If logic “1”:
{

If logic “0”:
Chapter One Line Coding

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

𝑇𝐵

Fig. for unipolar (NRZ) Line coding


Properties:
 The DC value is present.
 The problem when there are long strings of zero and ones.
 Internal computer waveforms use this type of codes.
 Since this type does not have separation, the receiver requires clock synchronization.

1.11 Polar codes( return to zero RZ, Non return to zero NRZ

1. Polar return to zero (RZ): Symbol “1” is represented by positive voltage polarity
wherease symbol “0” is represented by negative voltage polarity. The equation of the polar
RZ is:
If logic “1”:

{ 2 2

2
If logic “0”:

{ 2 2

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

𝑇𝐵

𝐴
2

𝐴
2
Properties:
Fig. for polar (RZ) Line coding
Chapter One Line Coding

 It is simple.
 The DC value is minimum.
 If the probability of occurrence is the same for zeros and ones, then the average DC
value is zero
 No synchronization is required.
 No correction capability.

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