A computer’s hardware components are interconnected by bus

subsystem, which is built into a motherboard:

- CPU: central processing unit: is a computer's brain. It retrieves
instructions from memory and executes them. Today, CPU is
built on semiconductor chips that contain millions of transistors,
for processing information.
- Memory: main memory: stores data and program instructions
for the CPU to execute. It is volatile because information is lost
when the power is turned off.
- Storage devices: stores programs and data permanently.
- Input devices
- Output devices
- Communication devices: Modem and NIC
Hardware is the physical aspect of the computer that can be
touched.
Software is the invisible instructions that control the hardware
and make it perform tasks.
CPU:
- Control unit: control and coordinates the actions of the other
components
- Arithmetic/logic unit: performs numeric operations and logical
operations.
- Speed: hertz (Hz), megahertz (MHz), gigahertz (GHz)
- Core: part of the processor that performs the reading and
executing of instructions
Encoding scheme: set of rules that govern how a computer
translates characters and numbers into data that computer can
understand.
Bits: binary digits (0 or 1/ off or on)
Byte (B = 8 bits): minimum storage unit
Kilobyte (KB = 1000 B)
Megabyte (MB = 1 million B)
Gigabyte (GB = 1 billion B)
Terabyte (TB = 1 trillion B)
Memory:
- Memory is like a work area for programs. Before a program is
executed, it is brought into the memory.
- Unique address: every byte in the memory has a unique
address
- RAM: random-access memory because the bytes can be
accessed directly in any order.
- Volatile: Any information in memory is lost when the system’s
power is turned off.
Storage devices:
- Hard disk drives: HDDs: traditional, cheaper
- Solid-State drives: SSDs: new, faster, more efficient
- Soft disk drives
- Optical disc drives
- USB flash drives
Input devices:
- Function keys: f1, f2,..
- Modifier keys: Shift, Alt,…
- Numeric keys
- Arrow keys
Communication devices:
- Dial-up modem: uses a phone line to dial a phone number to
connect Internet (56000 bps bits per second)
- DSL digital subscriber line: phone line without dial, but faster
20 times
- Cable modem: TB cable
- NIC network interface card: connect to LAN local area
network, or INTERNET
- Wireless network
Language:
- Machine Language: computer’s native language (binary codes)
- Assembly language: low-level language (close in nature and
machine dependent) using mnemonic (short descriptive word) to
represent machine-language instructions.
- Assembler: translate assembly to machine
- High-level language: English-like language with
statements(instructions): Ada, BASIC, C, C++, C#, COBOL,
FORTRAN, Java, JavaScript, Pascal, Python, Visual Basic
- Source program or source code: programs written in high-
level language
- Interpreter (Python) or compiler: translate source code into
machine code
- Interpreter: Reads, translates, and executes one statement from
source code into output right away
- Compiler: translates the entire source code into machine code
then execute them into output
OS Operating System: Microsoft Window, Mac os, linux
- Controlling and monitoring system activities
- Allocating and assigning system resources: determine what
computer resources a program need
- Scheduling operation: schedule programs’ activities to make
efficient use of system rsource:
+ Multiprogramming: allow multiple programs run at the same
time by sharing the same CPU
+ Multithreading: allow a single program to execute multiple
tasks at the same time
+ Multiprocessing: same with above, but run multiple programs
at the same time using multiple processors
Python:
- Created by Guido van Rossum in Netherlands 1990
- General-purpose programming language
- Can run on Window, UNIX, and Mac
- Interpreted: is able to be translated and executed by an
interpreter
- OOP object-oriented programming language
- Python 3 cannot backward to python 2
- Console: text entry and display device
- Launching python: command prompt, IDLE interactive
development environment
- >>>: Python statement prompt(Interactive mode)
- Interactive mode: cannot be saved
- Script mode: can be saved
- #: Python comments
- Indentation: matter
- Case sensitive
- Error:
+ Syntax error: code construction, detected by the interpreter
+ Runtime error: cause a program to terminate abnormally
+ Logic error: occurs when a program does not perform its
intended task
- Algorithm: list the actions that need to be taken to solve a
problem and their order
- Pseudocode: natural language mixed with programming code
- IPO: tands for Input, Process, and Output, which are the typical
three steps for most simple programs in the text.
- Variable: value stored in computer’s memory with descriptive
names
- Datatypes: Python auto do it:
+ Python auto convert number into a string for displaying
- Joined implicitly: when a statement is not finished and Python
auto take the following and joint them together. (Or using /)
Identifiers:
- Letters, digits, *, and underscore
- Must start with letter or underscore
- Cannot be keywords
- Case sensitive
- Assignment operator(=)
- Assignment statement: variable = expression
- Expression: x+1
- Chained assignment: x = y = a = 1
- Simultaneous assignment: x, y = y, x
- Scope of a variable: is the part of the program where the
variable can be referenced.
- Constant
- Variable must be created before use
- Unary operator: negative -
- Binary operator: substract –
- True/float division: /
- Floor/interger division: //
- Overflow: when the result of an expression is too large to be
stored in memory
- Underflow: when the result of an expression is too small to be
stored in memory
The UNIX epoch: is the time 00:00:00 on January 1, 1970
GMT.
Sofware development process:
- Requirement specification (IPO): is a formal process that seeks
to understand the problem that the software will address and to
document in detail what the software system needs to do.
- System analysis (IPO): seeks to analyze the data flow and to
identify the system's input and output.
- System design (IPO): is to design a process for obtaining the
output from the input.
- Implementation: involves translating the system design into
programs.
- Testing: ensures that the code meets the requirements
specification and weeds out bugs.
- Deployment: makes the software available for use.
- Maintenance: is concerned with updating and improving the
product.
Boolean: True or False
- ==: if =
- not
- and
- or
Order in expression:
- positive, negative
- **
- not
-*/
-+-
-<>
- = !=
- and
- or
- +=,…
- Conditional expression: Expression1 if boolean expression else
expression2
Y = 1 if x > 0 else -1
Short-circuit evaluation: and/or
Escape sequence: \
- \b: backspace
- \t: tab
- \n: linefeed
- \f: force the printer to print from the next page
- r\: move the cursor to first position on the same line
- \\: \
- \’
- \”
- x in y: return true or false
- not in
- Index operator: []
- s[start:end]: the position of a character in a string with start and
end-1
- s[x]: only 1 character
ASCII: stands for American Standard Code for Information
Interchange, an 8-bit encoding scheme for representing all
uppercase and lowercase letters, digits, punctuation marks, and
control characters.
- Encoding: is to map a character to its binary representation.
- Escape sequence: \
- Escape character: \n,…
- Whitespace Character: ‘ ‘
Loop:
While loop
- While loop-continuation-condition:
 Loop body
- Loop count from 0
- Loop Body: is the part of the body that contains the statements
to be repeated.
- Iteration: is one time execution of the loop body.
- Loop Continuation Condition: is a Boolean expression that
controls the execution of the loop.
- Infinite Loop: is a loop that runs forever due to an error in the
code.
- Off-by-one: is an error in the program that causes the loop
body to be executed one more or less time.
- Sentinel Value: is a special value that signifies the end of the
input.
- Sentinel-Controlled Loop: is a loop that uses a sentinel value to
control its execution is called a sentinel-controlled loop.
- Input Redirection: is to redirect the input from a data file rather
from the keyboard.The file is specified at the command line
after the symbol <.
- Output Redirection: is to redirect the input from a data file
rather from the keyboard.The file is specified at the command
line after the symbol >.
For loop: a count-controlled loop used to execute a loop body in
a predictable number of times
For var in range(initial,end,step)
Continue: break out of an iteration
Break: break out of the loop
- Function:
+ print( , end= “ ”): print(x,y,z) = x y z
+ exit()
+ input()
+ str(): return a string
+ len(string): return the numbers of characters in a string
+ max(string): return the largest character in a string
+ min(string): return the smallest character in a string
+ lower(): lower case
+ upper(): upper case
+ isalnum(): return True if all characters are number and
alphabet
+ isalpha(): returns True if all character are alphabet
+ isdigit(): returns True if all character are number
+ isidentifier()
+ islower(): returns True if all lowercase
+ isupper(): returns True if all uppercase
+ isspace(): returns True if only whitespace
+ endswith()
+ startswith()
+ find(): return the lowest index(position), if cannot find return
-1
+ rfind(): return the highest index(position), if cannot find return
-1
+ count(): return the number of the character occurred in the
string
+ capitalize(): return only first character capitalized
+ lower(): return all lowercase
+ upper(): return all uppercase
+ title(): return the string with the first letter capitalized in each
word
+ swapcase()
+ replace(old, new)
+ replace(old, new, n): replace in only n times
+ lstrip(): remove left whitespace
+ rstrip(): remove right whitespace
+ strip(): remove both left and right white space
+ id(object):
+ type(object):
+ float(): float(input())
+ int(): int(input()): cut the fractional part, not rounding up
+ round(x): round up/down to nearest. If .5, return the EVEN
one
+ round(x, n): return float value rounded to n digits after decimal
point(ko return Even)
+ format(x, “field.precisionnotation”): return x with precision
number after decimal point. Field will auto increase if need.
+ time()
+ randint(a,b): generate a random integer between a and b
+ randrange(a,b): generate a random integer between a and b-1.
If randrange(7) = randrange(0,7)
+ random(): generate a random float between 0 and 1
+ if: elif: else: nest(if in if), multi(if with multi elif)
+ match: case
+ range(first, end, step): interger only, end -1
+ abs(): returns the absolute value
+ math.fabs(): returns the absolute value as a float
+ max(x1, x2): Return the largest
+ min(x1, x2): Return the smallest
+ pow(a,b): a ** b
+ math.ceil(): round up to integer
+ math.floor(): round down to integer
+ math.exp(x): e ** x
+ math.log()
+ math.log(x, base): return for the specified base
+ math.sqrt(): square root
+ math.hypot(): return sqrt(x**2 + y**2)
+ math.sin(),…
+ math.asin(),…: return the reversed
+ math.degrees()
+ math.radians()
+ ord(): return ASCII code from character(ASCII code between
upper and lower case(larger than upper) is 32)
+ chr(): return character from ASCII code