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Windows Commands

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

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Windows Commands

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higip48535

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Copyright © PendemVamsi. All rights reserved.

Introduction to Windows Commands(part-1)

Table of contents:
Windows Commands 20
File and Directory Commands: 20
Network Commands: 22
System Information and Management: 23
User Account Management: 24
Disk and Storage Management: 24
Miscellaneous Commands: 24
1. dir - List files and directories in the current directory. 25
1.1. List Files in Current Directory 25
1.2. List Files with Detailed Information 25
1.3. List Files with Hidden and System Files 25
1.4. List Files in Long Format 25
2. Listing Specific File Types 25
2.1. List All .txt Files 25
2.2. List All Files with Specific Extension (e.g., .jpg) 25
2.3. List Files in Subdirectories 25
3. Sorting Directory Listings 26
3.1. Sort by File Size 26
3.2. Sort by Date and Time 26
3.3. Sort in Reverse Order 26
4. Displaying File Attributes 26
4.1. Display File Attributes with File Names 26
4.2. Display Only Directories 26
4.3. Display Only Hidden Files 26
5. Advanced File Listing 26
5.1. List Files with Summary 26
5.2. List Files with Directory Count 26
5.3. Display File Names Only 27
6. Directory Navigation 27
6.1. List Files in Parent Directory 27
6.2. List Files in a Specific Directory 27
7. File Searching 27
7.1. Search for a File in Current Directory 27
7.2. Search for Files with Wildcards 27
7.3. Search for Files in Subdirectories 27
8. Redirecting Output 27
8.1. Redirect Output to a Text File 27

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8.2. Append Output to an Existing File 27

9. Recursive Directory Listing 28
9.1. List Files and Folders in Subdirectories Recursively 28
9.2. List Files in All Subdirectories Including Hidden 28
10. List Files with Specific Time 28
10.1. List Files Modified After a Specific Date 28
10.2. List Files Based on Last Accessed Time 28
11. Pagination and Formatting 28
11.1. Show Directory Listing One Page at a Time 28
11.2. Display Results in Columns 28
12. Displaying File Ownership 28
12.1. List Files with Owner Information 28
12.2. List Files in Long Format with Ownership 28
13. Filtering Files by Size 29
13.1. Display Files Larger than a Specific Size 29
13.2. Display Files Smaller than a Specific Size 29
14. Displaying Time and Date 29
14.1. Display Directory Files and Folders with Date and Time 29
14.2. Display Directory Files Sorted by Date Modified 29
15. File Grouping and Counting 29
15.1. Display Directory Grouped by File Types 29
15.2. Count Total Number of Files in a Directory 29
16. Special File Listings 29
16.1. Display Only Executable Files 29
16.2. Display Only Directories 29
17. Displaying Long Listing with File Sizes 30
17.1. List Files with Detailed File Sizes 30
17.2. Display File Sizes in Bytes 30
18. Directory Size Calculation 30
18.1. List Files and Calculate Total Size 30
18.2. Calculate Size of Directory and Files 30
19. Listing Files with Permissions 30
19.1. List Files with Detailed Permissions 30
19.2. List Files in Directory with Group Permissions 30
20. Excluding Files from Listing 30
20.1. Exclude Files Matching Specific Pattern 30
20.2. Exclude Directories from Listing 31
2. cd - Change the current directory. 31
1.1 Change to a Specific Directory 31
1.2 Change to the Root Directory 31
2. Directory Navigation with Drive Letters 31

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2.1 Change to a Directory on Another Drive 31

2.2 Change to a Directory Using a Relative Path 31
3.1 Navigate Up One Directory Level 31
3.2 Navigate to the Previous Directory 32
4. Viewing Current Directory 32
4.1 Display the Current Directory Path 32
5. Error Handling and Special Cases 32
5.1 Attempt to Change to a Nonexistent Directory 32
5.2 Change Directory with Spaces in Path 32
6. Switching Between Drives 32
6.1 Switch to Another Drive 32
3. mkdir - Create a new directory. 33
1.1 Create a Single Directory 33
1.2 Create a Directory with a Path 33
2. Creating Multiple Directories 33
2.1 Create Multiple Directories at Once 33
2.2 Create Directories with Nested Structure 34
3. Directory Creation with Spaces in Names 34
3.1 Create a Directory with Spaces in the Name 34
3.2 Create Multiple Directories with Spaces 34
4. Error Handling and Special Cases 35
4.1 Attempt to Create an Existing Directory 35
4.2 Invalid Characters in Directory Name 35
5. Creating Parent Directories (with /p Option) 35
5.1 Create Parent Directories if They Do Not Exist 35
6. Viewing Created Directories 36
6.1 List Created Directories 36
7. Creating Hidden Directories 36
7.1 Create a Hidden Directory 36
4. rmdir - Remove a directory. 37
1.1 Remove an Empty Directory 37
1.2 Remove a Directory with a Full Path 37
2. Removing Non-Empty Directories 37
2.1 Remove a Directory and Its Contents (with /s option) 37
2.2 Remove a Directory and Its Contents with a Full Path (with /s option) 38
3. Forcing Removal 38
3.1 Force Removal without Confirmation (with /q option) 38
3.2 Force Removal with Full Path 38
4. Error Handling and Special Cases 39
4.1 Attempt to Remove a Non-Empty Directory Without /s Option 39
4.2 Attempt to Remove a Directory That Doesn't Exist 39

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5. Viewing Directory After Removal 39

5.1 List Remaining Directories 39
6. Removing Hidden Directories 40
6.1 Remove a Hidden Directory 40
5. copy - Copy files or directories. 40
1.1 Copy a File to Another Location 40
1.2 Copy a File with a New Name 40
2. Copy Multiple Files 41
2.1 Copy All Files from a Directory 41
2.2 Copy Files with a Specific Extension 41
3. Overwriting Files 42
3.1 Overwrite Existing Files without Confirmation 42
3.2 Prompt Before Overwriting 42
4. Copying Files with Hidden or System Attributes 42
4.1 Copy Hidden Files 42
4.2 Copy System Files 43
5. Copy Files Across Different Drives 43
5.1 Copy a File Between Different Drives 43
6. Using Wildcards 43
6.1 Copy Files Using Wildcards 43
6. move - Move files or directories 44
1.1 Move a File to Another Location 44
1.2 Move a File with a New Name 44
2. Moving Directories 44
2.1 Move a Directory to Another Location 44
2.2 Move a Directory to a New Location with a New Name 45
3. Overwriting Existing Files 45
3.1 Move and Overwrite Files Without Confirmation 45
3.2 Prompt Before Overwriting Files 45
4. Using Wildcards 46
4.1 Move Files Using Wildcards 46
5. Moving Files Across Different Drives 46
5.1 Move a File Between Different Drives 46
6. Moving Files with Hidden or System Attributes 47
6.1 Move Hidden Files 47
6.2 Move System Files 47
7. del - Delete files. 47
2.1 Delete Multiple Files with Wildcards 47
2.2 Delete All Files in a Folder 48
3. Deleting Files with Confirmation 48
3.1 Prompt Before Deleting Files 48

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4. Deleting Read-Only Files 48

4.1 Force Deletion of Read-Only Files 48
5. Deleting Files Without Confirmation 49
5.1 Delete Files Without Asking for Confirmation 49
5.2 Delete All Files in a Folder Without Confirmation 49
6. Deleting Hidden or System Files 49
6.1 Delete Hidden Files 49
6.2 Delete System Files 50
7. Deleting Files in Subdirectories 50
7.1 Delete Files in All Subdirectories 50
7.2 Delete Files in Subdirectories Without Asking for Confirmation 50
8. Deleting Files with Specific Extensions 51
8.1 Delete All Files with a Specific Extension 51
9. Using del with Batch Files 51
9.1 Delete Files Using a Batch File 51
8. ren - Rename files or directories 51
1.1 Rename a Single File 51
2. Rename Files with Wildcards 52
2.1 Rename Multiple Files with a Pattern 52
2.2 Rename Files with Wildcards (Specific Part of Filename) 52
3. Rename Directory or Folder 52
3.1 Rename a Directory 52
4. Handling Spaces in Filenames 53
4.1 Rename a File or Folder with Spaces in Its Name 53
5. Batch Rename Files Using a Batch File 53
5.1 Rename Multiple Files in a Folder 53
6. Rename Multiple Files with Different Extensions 54
6.1 Rename All Files with a Specific Extension 54
7. Rename Files by Removing Specific Characters 54
7.1 Remove Specific Part of Filename 54
9. type Command: Display the Contents of a Text File 54
9.1 Display the Entire Contents of a Text File 54
9.2 Combine and Display Multiple Files 55
9.3 Redirect Output to Another File 55
9.4 Append Contents to an Existing File 56
10. find - Search for a specific string in a file. 56
1. Search for a Specific String in a File 56
2. Search for a String in All Files of a Folder 57
3. Search for a String with Case Sensitivity 57
4. Search for a String in All Files (Recursive Search) 58
5. Display Only Matching Filenames 58

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6. Search for Multiple Strings 58

7. Search for Exact Matches 59
8. Search for String in Compressed Files 59
9. Show Only Files with Match in Their Name 60
10. Search in All Files Inside a Folder (Recursive) 60
11. Find Files Based on Modified Date 61
12. Display Lines Matching a Specific String 61
13. Search for Specific Keywords 61
14. Search for a Specific String in Specific Files 62
15. Show Lines Matching Specific Pattern 62
16. Display Files with Larger Content 63
17. Search for Specific Line Length 63
18. Find Occurrences Using Word Boundaries 64
19. Limit Search Output to First Few Lines 64
20. Search for Specific File Extension 64
21. Display Lines Containing Any of Multiple Strings 65
22. Search for Files with No Matches 65
11. attrib - Change file attributes. 66
1. Change File Attributes 66
2. Set the Read-Only Attribute 66
3. Remove the Read-Only Attribute 67
4. Set the Hidden Attribute 67
5. Remove the Hidden Attribute 67
6. Set the System Attribute 68
7. Remove the System Attribute 68
8. Set the Archive Attribute 69
9. Remove the Archive Attribute 69
10. Set All Attributes (Read-Only, Hidden, System, Archive) 70
11. Remove All Attributes (Read-Only, Hidden, System, Archive) 70
12. View File Attributes 70
12. tree - Display directory structure as a tree. 71
1. Basic Command Usage 71
2. Display the Directory Structure with File Names 71
3. Display the Directory Structure in Color 72
4. Display Only the Directory Structure (No Files) 72
5. Display the Directory Structure in a Specific Format (ASCII vs. Extended Characters)
73
6. Display the Directory Structure for All Subdirectories 73
7. Limit the Depth of the Directory Tree 74
8. Redirect Output to a File 74
9. Display the Directory Structure for a Remote Server (using a network drive) 75

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10. View the Directory Tree with Directories Only (No Files) 75
13. xcopy - Extended copy command with more options 76
1. Basic Command Usage 76
2. Copy Files and Subdirectories 76
3. Copy Files, Including Empty Subdirectories 77
4. Copy Hidden and System Files 77
5. Copy Only Files That Are Newer 78
6. Prompt Before Overwriting 78
7. Copy Files and Preserve File Attributes 79
8. Copy Files Over a Network (Using UNC Path) 79
9. Display Progress of File Copying 80
10. Exclude Files Based on Criteria 80
11. Display a Brief Summary 81
12. Copy a Directory and All Files, with Detailed Output 81
13. Copy Files with File Attributes and Ignore Errors 82
14. Copy Files with Dateime Criteria 82
15. Copy Files Based on File Size 82
16. Copy Files Overwriting All Files in the Destination 83
14. chkdsk - Check and repair disk errors. 83
1. Basic Command Usage 83
2. Check and Repair Disk Errors 84
3. Check for Bad Sectors and Repair Them 84
4. Display Detailed Information About the Disk Check 85
5. Check for Disk Errors Without Making Changes 85
6. Check for Errors and Log Results to a File 86
7. Schedule a Disk Check on Next System Restart 86
8. Check for File System Integrity 87
9. Check for Errors on External or Unmounted Drives 87
10. Display the Status of the Last Disk Check 88
11. Check for Errors on Remote Disk (Network Drive) 88
12. Check for Specific File System Integrity Issues 89
15. fc - Compare two files or sets of files. 89
1. Basic Command Usage 89
2. Compare Files in ASCII Mode 90
3. Compare Files in Binary Mode 90
4. Display Differences with Line Numbers 91
5. Ignore Whitespace Differences 91
6. Compare Multiple Files in a Directory 92
7. Ignore Case Differences 92
8. Display Only the Differences (No Summary) 93
9. Compare Files and Display a Summary of Differences 93

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10. Display Differences Using a Different Character for Line Separation 94

16. comp - Compare the contents of two files. 94
1. Basic Command Usage 94
2. Compare Files and Display Only Differences 95
3. Display Detailed Information About Differences 95
4. Compare Files and Report the First Difference Only 96
5. Compare Files and Display Only the Number of Differences 96
6. Compare Files and Ignore Case Differences 97
7. Compare Files and Display Hexadecimal Values 97
8. Compare Multiple Files in a Directory 98
9. Display No Output If Files Are Identical 98
17. robocopy - Robust file and directory copying tool. 99
2. Rename Files with Wildcards 99
2.1 Rename Multiple Files with a Pattern 99
2.2 Rename Files with Wildcards (Specific Part of Filename) 99
3. Rename Directory or Folder 99
3.1 Rename a Directory 100
4. Handling Spaces in Filenames 100
4.1 Rename a File or Folder with Spaces in Its Name 100
5. Batch Rename Files Using a Batch File 100
5.1 Rename Multiple Files in a Folder 100
6. Rename Multiple Files with Different Extensions 101
6.1 Rename All Files with a Specific Extension 101
7. Rename Files by Removing Specific Characters 101
7.1 Remove Specific Part of Filename 101
10. find - Search for a specific string in a file. 101
1. Search for a Specific String in a File 102
2. Search for a String in All Files of a Folder 102
3. Search for a String with Case Sensitivity 102
4. Search for a String in All Files (Recursive Search) 103
5. Display Only Matching Filenames 103
6. Search for Multiple Strings 104
7. Search for Exact Matches 104
8. Search for String in Compressed Files 104
9. Show Only Files with Match in Their Name 105
10. Search in All Files Inside a Folder (Recursive) 105
11. Find Files Based on Modified Date 106
12. Display Lines Matching a Specific String 106
13. Search for Specific Keywords 107
14. Search for a Specific String in Specific Files 107
15. Show Lines Matching Specific Pattern 107

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16. Display Files with Larger Content 108

17. Search for Specific Line Length 108
18. Find Occurrences Using Word Boundaries 109
19. Limit Search Output to First Few Lines 109
20. Search for Specific File Extension 110
21. Display Lines Containing Any of Multiple Strings 110
22. Search for Files with No Matches 110
11. attrib - Change file attributes. 111
1. Change File Attributes 111
2. Set the Read-Only Attribute 111
3. Remove the Read-Only Attribute 112
4. Set the Hidden Attribute 112
5. Remove the Hidden Attribute 113
6. Set the System Attribute 113
7. Remove the System Attribute 113
8. Set the Archive Attribute 114
9. Remove the Archive Attribute 114
10. Set All Attributes (Read-Only, Hidden, System, Archive) 115
11. Remove All Attributes (Read-Only, Hidden, System, Archive) 115
12. View File Attributes 116
12. tree - Display directory structure as a tree. 116
1. Basic Command Usage 116
2. Display the Directory Structure with File Names 117
3. Display the Directory Structure in Color 117
4. Display Only the Directory Structure (No Files) 118
5. Display the Directory Structure in a Specific Format (ASCII vs. Extended Characters)
118
6. Display the Directory Structure for All Subdirectories 119
7. Limit the Depth of the Directory Tree 119
8. Redirect Output to a File 120
9. Display the Directory Structure for a Remote Server (using a network drive) 120
10. View the Directory Tree with Directories Only (No Files) 121
13. xcopy - Extended copy command with more options. 121
1. Basic Command Usage 121
2. Copy Files and Subdirectories 122
3. Copy Files, Including Empty Subdirectories 122
4. Copy Hidden and System Files 122
5. Copy Only Files That Are Newer 123
6. Prompt Before Overwriting 123
7. Copy Files and Preserve File Attributes 124
8. Copy Files Over a Network (Using UNC Path) 124

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9. Display Progress of File Copying 125

10. Exclude Files Based on Criteria 125
11. Display a Brief Summary 126
12. Copy a Directory and All Files, with Detailed Output 126
13. Copy Files with File Attributes and Ignore Errors 127
14. Copy Files with Dateime Criteria 127
15. Copy Files Based on File Size 128
16. Copy Files Overwriting All Files in the Destination 128
14. chkdsk - Check and repair disk errors. 129
1. Basic Command Usage 129
2. Check and Repair Disk Errors 129
3. Check for Bad Sectors and Repair Them 130
4. Display Detailed Information About the Disk Check 130
5. Check for Disk Errors Without Making Changes 131
6. Check for Errors and Log Results to a File 131
7. Schedule a Disk Check on Next System Restart 132
8. Check for File System Integrity 132
9. Check for Errors on External or Unmounted Drives 133
10. Display the Status of the Last Disk Check 133
11. Check for Errors on Remote Disk (Network Drive) 134
12. Check for Specific File System Integrity Issues 134
15. fc - Compare two files or sets of files. 135
1. Basic Command Usage 135
2. Compare Files in ASCII Mode 135
3. Compare Files in Binary Mode 136
4. Display Differences with Line Numbers 136
5. Ignore Whitespace Differences 137
6. Compare Multiple Files in a Directory 137
7. Ignore Case Differences 137
8. Display Only the Differences (No Summary) 138
9. Compare Files and Display a Summary of Differences 138
10. Display Differences Using a Different Character for Line Separation 139
16. comp - Compare the contents of two files. 139
1. Basic Command Usage 139
2. Compare Files and Display Only Differences 140
3. Display Detailed Information About Differences 140
4. Compare Files and Report the First Difference Only 141
5. Compare Files and Display Only the Number of Differences 141
6. Compare Files and Ignore Case Differences 142
7. Compare Files and Display Hexadecimal Values 142
8. Compare Multiple Files in a Directory 143

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9. Display No Output If Files Are Identical 143

17. robocopy - Robust file and directory copying tool. 144
1. Basic Command Usage 144
2. Copy Files and Subdirectories 144
3. Copy Only Newer Files 145
4. Retry on Failure 145
5. Skip Existing Files 146
6. Copy Files with Permissions 146
7. Mirror Directories 147
8. Limit the Bandwidth Used During Copying 147
9. Exclude Specific Files 148
10. Exclude Specific Directories 148
11. Perform a Dry Run 149
12. Copy Files with Logging 149
13. Use Robocopy for Network Copying 150
14. Copy Empty Directories Only 150
18. sfc - System File Checker to repair corrupted system files. 151
1. Basic Command Usage 151
2. Check System Files Without Repairing 151
3. Scan a Specific File 152
4. Set the Log File Location 152
5. Check and Repair System Files Without a Restart 153
6. View Detailed Logs of the Scan 153
7. Troubleshoot Problems Using the Windows Recovery Environment 154
8. Repair System Files Using DISM 154
9. Repair Missing or Corrupt Files Using sfc After DISM 155
10. Repair Windows Modules with SFC 155
19. findstr - Search for specific strings in files. 156
1. Basic Command Usage 156
2. Search Multiple Strings 156
3. Search Using Regular Expressions 157
4. Display Line Numbers of Matches 157
5. Search for Whole Words Only 158
6. Case-Insensitive Search 158
7. Exclude Certain Strings (Invert Match) 159
8. Search for Strings in Multiple Files 159
9. Search for Strings Across All Files in a Directory 160
10. Match Full Lines Only 160
11. Search for Multiple Strings in Multiple Files 161
12. Display Only Matching Strings 161
20. more - Display the contents of a text file one page at a time. 162

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1. Basic Command Usage 162

2. Display the Content of Multiple Files 162
3. Navigate Through the File 163
4. View Long Files Line-by-Line 163
5. Display File Content with Line Numbers 163
6. View the Contents of a File Without Pausing 164
7. Skip to the End of the File 164
8. Pause After Each Screenful 165
9. Search for Text While Viewing 165
10. Customize the Paging Behavior 166
21. sort - Sort the contents of a text file. 166
1. Basic Command Usage 166
2. Sort in Reverse Order (Descending) 167
3. Sort Without Removing Duplicate Lines 167
4. Sort Output by Column 168
5. Sort the Contents of Standard Input (Piped Input) 168
6. Redirect Sorted Output to a New File 169
7. Sort by Specific Fields in the File (Delimited Data) 169
8. Sort with Case Insensitivity 170
9. View Sorted Output in Real-Time Using Piping 170
10. View Sorted Content with Line Numbers 171
22. xcopy /e - Copy directories and subdirectories, including empty ones. 171
1. Basic Command Usage 171
2. Copy Directories and Subdirectories, Suppressing Confirmation 172
3. Copy Directories and Subdirectories with File Attributes 172
4. Copy Specific File Types with Subdirectories 173
5. Exclude Certain Files During Copying 173
6. Copy Files and Directories with Verification 174
7. Copy Files and Directories, Including Hidden Files 174
8. Copy Multiple Source Directories to One Destination 175
23. compact - Compress or decompress files on an NTFS partition. 175
1. Compress Files 176
2. Decompress Files 176
3. Display Compression Status 176
4. Compress All Files in a Directory and Subdirectories 177
5. Decompress All Files in a Directory and Subdirectories 177
6. Show All Files with Compression Status in a Directory 178
7. Compress Only Files That Are Not Already Compressed 178
8. Display Compression Information for a File 179
9. Compress Files with Specific File Extensions 179
10. Show the File Compression Ratio 180

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24. xcaccls - Backup and restore NTFS permissions. 180

1. Backup NTFS Permissions 180
2. Restore NTFS Permissions from a Backup 181
3. Display Current NTFS Permissions 181
4. Grant Permissions 182
5. Revoke Permissions 182
6. Set Permissions Recursively 183
7. Remove Inherited Permissions 183
8. Replace Permissions with a Backup 184
9. Grant Permissions to a Group 184
10. Backup Permissions for All Files in a Directory 185
25. subst - Associate a drive letter with a directory. 185
25.1. Remove a Virtual Drive 186
26. cipher - Display or alter file encryption on NTFS volumes. 187
1. Overview of the cipher Command 187
2. Syntax 187
3. Command Options and Their Functions 187
a. /E 187
b. /D 188
c. /S:<directory> 188
d. /F 188
e. /R:<filename> 189
f. /X 189
g. /U 189
h. /W:<folder> 189
i. /Q 190
j. /A 190
4. Detailed Use Cases and Examples 190
a. Encrypt a File 190
b. Decrypt a File 191
c. Encrypt All Files in a Folder 191
d. Force Encryption of Already Encrypted Files 191
e. Create a Backup of the Encryption Certificate 191
f. Securely Wipe Free Space 192
28. openfiles - Display or disconnect open shared files and folders. 192
1. Overview of the openfiles Command 192
3. Command Options and Their Functions 193
a. /query 193
b. /disconnect 193
c. /query /fo [format] 193
d. /query /v 193

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e. /disconnect /id [fileID] 194

f. /help 194
30. ipconfig - Display network configuration information. 194
1. Overview of the ipconfig Command 194
3. Command Options and Their Functions 195
a. /all 195
b. /release 195
c. /renew 196
d. /flushdns 196
e. /registerdns 196
f. /showclassid 197
g. /setclassid 197
h. /displaydns 197
31. ping - Test network connectivity. 197
a. Basic Network Connectivity Test 197
b. Continuous Ping 198
c. Specifying the Number of Echo Requests 198
d. Customizing Packet Size 198
e. Using IPv6 for Ping 198
f. Resolving Hostnames from IP 199
g. Setting the "Don't Fragment" Flag 199
32. tracert - Trace the route to a remote host. 199
1. Overview of the tracert Command 199
What is the tracert Command? 199
2. Syntax of tracert Command 199
General Syntax 199
3. Common Options for tracert Command 200
a. -d - Do Not Resolve Hostnames 200
b. -h [max_hops] - Set Maximum Hops 200
c. -w [timeout] - Set Timeout for Each Reply 200
d. -4 - Force IPv4 201
e. -6 - Force IPv6 201
33. netstat - Display network statistics. 201
1. Overview of the netstat Command 201
What is the netstat Command? 201
2. Syntax of netstat Command 202
General Syntax 202
3. Common Options for netstat Command 202
a. -a - Display All Connections and Listening Ports 202
b. -n - Show Numerical Addresses 202
c. -o - Show PID (Process ID) 203

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d. -p [protocol] - Show Connections for Specific Protocol 203

e. -r - Display Routing Table 203
f. -s - Display Network Statistics for Each Protocol 203
g. -e - Display Ethernet Statistics 204
h. -b - Show Executable Involved in Creating Connections 204
34. nslookup - Look up IP addresses and domain names. 204
1. Overview of the nslookup Command 204
What is the nslookup Command? 204
2. Syntax of nslookup Command 205
General Syntax 205
3. Common Options for nslookup Command 205
a. Without any Arguments 205
b. -type=type - Specify Query Type 205
c. -timeout=seconds - Set Query Timeout 206
d. -debug - Show Debugging Information 206
e. -port=port - Specify Port Number 206
35. hostname - Display or set the computer's hostname. 206
1. Display the Current Hostname 207
2. Set a New Hostname (Requires Root Privileges) 207
3. Display Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) 207
4. Display the Short Hostname 207
5. Display the Domain Name 208
6. Get the IP Address of the Hostname 208
7. Display Network Node (NIS/YP) Domain Name 208
8. Show All IP Addresses Associated with the Host 208
36. arp - Display and modify the ARP cache. 209
1. Display the ARP Table 209
2. Add a New ARP Entry 209
3. Delete an ARP Entry 210
4. Show Specific ARP Entry 210
Options 210
Practical Examples 211
1. View All ARP Entries 211
2. Add a Static ARP Entry 211
3. Remove an ARP Entry 211
4. Lookup a Specific Host 212
ARP Cache Management 212
View the ARP Cache in Linux 212
Flush the Entire ARP Cache 212
List ARP Cache Entries in Windows 213
Delete ARP Entry in Windows 213

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37. route - Display or modify the routing table. 213

1. View the Current Routing Table 213
2. View the Routing Table with Numeric Addresses 214
3. Add a Static Route for a Network 214
4. Add a Static Route to a Host 214
5. Remove a Network Route 215
6. Remove a Host Route 215
7. Add a Default Gateway 216
8. Delete the Default Gateway 216
38. telnet - Connect to remote hosts using Telnet. 216
1. Connect to a Remote Host on Port 23 (Default Telnet Port) 216
2. Connect to a Remote Server on a Specific Port 216
3. Send a Manual HTTP Request 217
4. Enable Debugging Mode 217
5. Specify a Custom Escape Character 217
6. Test an SMTP Server 218
39. ftp - Transfer files to/from remote FTP servers. 218
Usage 218
1. Connect to an FTP Server 218
2. Authenticate on the Server 219
3. Upload or Download Files 219
Options 219
Common Commands Within an FTP Session 219
Practical Examples 221
1. Connect to an FTP Server 221
2. Log in Without Automatic Authentication 221
3. Download a File 222
4. Upload a File 222
5. Download Multiple Files 222
6. Upload Multiple Files 222
7. Enable Binary Transfer Mode 223
8. Change Directory on the Server 223
40. net - Manage network resources. 223
1. net accounts 223
Description 223
Syntax 223
Example 224
2. net computer 224
Description 224
Syntax 224
Example 224

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3. net config 225

Description 225
Syntax 225
Example 225
4. net continue 225
Description 225
Syntax 225
Example 226
5. net file 226
Description 226
6. net group 226
7. net help 227
8. net localgroup 228
9. net name 228
10. net pause 229
11. net print 230
Description 230
Syntax 230
Example 230
12. net send (Deprecated) 230
13. net session 231
14. net share 232
15. net start 232
16. net statistics 233
17. net stop 233
18. net time 234
19. net use 235
20. net user 235
21. net view 236
41. netsh - Network Shell for configuring network-related settings. 237
1. General Commands 237
2. Interface Context 238
3. Firewall Context 239
4. WLAN Context 240
Examples 241
5. IPSec Context 241
6. Routing Context 242
7. Diagnostics Context 243
nbtstat - Display statistics and current connections using NetBIOS over TCP/IP. 244
1. General Syntax 244
2. Commands and Descriptions 245

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3. Examples 246
3.1 View the NetBIOS Name Table of a Remote Machine by Hostname 246
3.2 View the NetBIOS Name Table of a Remote Machine by IP Address 246
3.3 Display the NetBIOS Name Cache 247
3.4 List Local NetBIOS Names 247
3.5 Show Name Resolution Statistics 248
3.6 Purge and Reload the NetBIOS Name Cache 249
3.7 Display Current NetBIOS Sessions (with Hostnames) 249
3.8 Display Current NetBIOS Sessions (with IP Addresses) 250
3.9 Release and Re-register NetBIOS Names 250
55. systeminfo - Display detailed system information. 251
1. General Syntax 251
2. Commands and Options 251
3. Examples 252
3.1 Display Basic System Information 252
3.2 Display System Information for a Remote Computer 253
3.3 Display System Information with Specific User Credentials 253
3.4 Filter Output Based on a Specific Criterion 254
3.5 Display Output in a Specific Format 254
3.6 Exclude Headers in the Output 255
3.7 Display Help Information 256
56. tasklist - List running processes. 256
1. General Syntax 256
2. Commands and Options 257
3. Examples 258
3.1 Display All Running Processes 258
3.2 Display All Running Processes on a Remote Computer 258
3.3 Display All Running Processes for a Specific User 259
3.4 Display Processes Using a Specific Module 259
3.5 Display Detailed Process Information (Verbose Output) 260
3.6 Filter the Process List by Name 260
3.7 Filter the Process List by PID 261
3.8 Display Output in a Specific Format 262
3.9 Exclude Headers from Output 262
3.10 Terminate a Process 263
3.11 Display Help Information 263
57. taskkill - Terminate processes or applications. 264
Basic Syntax 264
Usage 265
1. Terminate a Process by Image Name 265
2. Forcefully Terminate a Process 265

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3. Terminate a Process by PID (Process ID) 265

4. Terminate a Process and Its Child Processes 265
5. Terminate Multiple Processes 266
Options 266
Practical Examples 267
1. Terminate a Process by Image Name 267
2. Forcefully Terminate a Process 267
3. Terminate a Process by PID 267
4. Terminate Multiple Processes 268
5. Terminate a Process and Its Child Processes 268
6. Use a Filter to Terminate a Process 268
7. Terminate Processes on a Remote Computer 268
Filter Options 269
Example: Use Filter to Terminate a Process 269
58. msconfig - System Configuration Utility. 270
1. General Syntax 270
2. Key Sections in msconfig 270
3. Commands and Options 271
4. Examples 271
4.1 Open msconfig in Normal Startup Mode 271
4.2 Open msconfig in Selective Startup Mode 272
4.3 Open msconfig in Diagnostic Startup Mode 273
4.4 Access Boot Configuration Settings 273
4.5 Access System Services Settings 274
4.6 Access Startup Configuration 274
4.7 Access System Tools 275
59. regedit - Registry Editor. 276
Overview of regedit Commands 276
Key Options and Commands 276
1. Open the Registry Editor GUI: 276
2. Export Registry Keys to a .reg File: 277
Additional Export Options: 277
3. Import Registry File: 277
Additional Import Options: 278
4. Delete Registry Keys or Values: 278
Important Notes: 278
5. Silent Export: 278
6. Silent Import: 279
7. Force Operation: 279
8. Open a Specific Registry Hive: 280
9. Open the Registry Editor with Full Access: 280

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10. Access Registry via Command Prompt with Full Administrative Privileges: 281
60. eventvwr - Event Viewer. 281
Common wevtutil Subcommands and Options 282
1. qe (Query Event Logs) 282
2. epl (Export Event Logs) 282
3. el (List Event Logs) 283
4. gl (Get Log Information) 284
Options: 284
5. cl (Clear Event Logs) 284
6. sl (Set Log Properties) 285
7. sd (Set Security Descriptor) 286
8. gp (Get Publisher Information) 287
Additional wevtutil Usage Examples 287
Exporting System Log to an XML File: 287
Query the Last 10 Events from Application Log: 287
Clear the Security Log: 288
List All Available Logs: 288
61. services.msc - Services management console. 288
How to Access services.msc 288
Actions Available in services.msc 289
1. Start a Service 289
2. Stop a Service 289
3. Pause a Service 290
4. Resume a Paused Service 290
5. Restart a Service 290
Service Configuration 291
6. Change Startup Type 291

Windows Commands

File and Directory Commands:

1. dir - List files and directories in the current directory.

2. cd - Change the current directory.

3. mkdir - Create a new directory.

4. rmdir - Remove a directory.

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5. copy - Copy files or directories.

6. move - Move files or directories.

7. del - Delete files.

8. ren - Rename files or directories.

9. type - Display the contents of a text file.

10. find - Search for a specific string in a file.

11. attrib - Change file attributes.

12. tree - Display directory structure as a tree.

13. xcopy - Extended copy command with more options.

14. chkdsk - Check and repair disk errors.

15. fc - Compare two files or sets of files.

16. comp - Compare the contents of two files.

17. robocopy - Robust file and directory copying tool.

18. sfc - System File Checker to repair corrupted system files.

19. findstr - Search for specific strings in files.

20. more - Display the contents of a text file one page at a time.

21. sort - Sort the contents of a text file.

22. xcopy /e - Copy directories and subdirectories, including empty ones.

23. compact - Compress or decompress files on an NTFS partition.

24. xcaccls - Backup and restore NTFS permissions.

25. subst - Associate a drive letter with a directory.

26. deltree - Delete a directory and its subdirectories.

27. cipher - Display or alter file encryption on NTFS volumes.

28. fsutil - File system utility for managing various file system settings.

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29. openfiles - Display or disconnect open shared files and folders.

Network Commands:
30. ipconfig - Display network configuration information.

31. ping - Test network connectivity.

32. tracert - Trace the route to a remote host.

33. netstat - Display network statistics.

34. nslookup - Look up IP addresses and domain names.

35. hostname - Display or set the computer's hostname.

36. arp - Display and modify the ARP cache.

37. route - Display or modify the routing table.

38. telnet - Connect to remote hosts using Telnet.

39. ftp - Transfer files to/from remote FTP servers.

40. net - Manage network resources.

41. netsh - Network Shell for configuring network-related settings.

42. net use - Connect or disconnect a computer from shared resources.

43. net view - Display a list of available network resources.

44. net share - Create, delete, or manage shared folders.

45. net session - View and manage network sessions.

46. net time - Synchronize the computer's time with a network server.

47. netdom - Domain-related management tool.

48. route print - Display the routing table with more details.

49. nbtstat - Display statistics and current connections using NetBIOS over TCP/IP.

50. ipconfig /flushdns - Flush and reset the DNS resolver cache.

51. ipconfig /release - Release the current DHCP configuration.

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52. ipconfig /renew - Renew the DHCP configuration.

53. netsh firewall - Configure the Windows Firewall.

54. netstat -a - Display all active network connections and listening ports.

System Information and Management:

55. systeminfo - Display detailed system information.

56. tasklist - List running processes.

57. taskkill - Terminate processes or applications.

58. msconfig - System Configuration Utility.

59. regedit - Registry Editor.

60. eventvwr - Event Viewer.

61. services.msc - Services management console.

62. shutdown - Shut down or restart the computer.

63. gpupdate - Update Group Policy settings.

64. ver - Display the Windows version.

65. systeminfo - Display detailed system information.

66. gpresult - Display Group Policy settings for the current user.

67. powercfg - Configure power management settings.

68. bcdedit - Boot Configuration Data Editor for managing boot options.

69. dxdiag - DirectX Diagnostic Tool for troubleshooting DirectX issues.

70. driverquery - List installed device drivers.

71. msinfo32 - System Information utility.

72. mmc - Microsoft Management Console for creating custom management tools.

73. taskmgr - Task Manager for managing running processes.

74. perfmon - Performance Monitor for system monitoring.

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75. wmic - Windows Management Instrumentation Command-line tool.

76. schtasks - Schedule tasks to run at specific times or events.

User Account Management:

77. net user - Manage user accounts.

78. net group - Manage user groups.

79. net localgroup - Manage local groups.

80. whoami - Display the current user.

81. runas - Run a program as another user.

82. control userpasswords2 - User Accounts control panel.

Disk and Storage Management:

83. diskpart - Disk Partitioning tool.

84. format - Format a disk drive.

85. defrag - Defragment disk drives.

86. diskmgmt.msc - Disk Management console.

87. cleanmgr - Disk Cleanup utility.

Miscellaneous Commands:
88. cls - Clear the screen.

89. echo - Display text on the screen.

90. date - Display or set the system date.

91. time - Display or set the system time.

92. help - Get help on commands.

93. color - Change the console text and background color.

94. assoc - Display or modify file extension associations.

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95. shutdown - Shutdown or restart the computer.

96. shutdown /s - Shutdown the computer (immediate).

97. shutdown /r - Restart the computer (immediate).

98. shutdown /h - Hibernate the computer (if supported).

1. dir - List files and directories in the current

directory.
1.1. List Files in Current Directory

● Command: dir

1.2. List Files with Detailed Information

● Command: dir /q

1.3. List Files with Hidden and System Files

● Command: dir /a

1.4. List Files in Long Format

● Command: dir /w

2. Listing Specific File Types

2.1. List All .txt Files

● Command: dir *.txt

2.2. List All Files with Specific Extension (e.g., .jpg)

● Command: dir *.jpg

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2.3. List Files in Subdirectories

● Command: dir /s

3. Sorting Directory Listings

3.1. Sort by File Size

● Command: dir /o:s

3.2. Sort by Date and Time

● Command: dir /o:d

3.3. Sort in Reverse Order

● Command: dir /o:-d

4. Displaying File Attributes

4.1. Display File Attributes with File Names

● Command: dir /a

4.2. Display Only Directories

● Command: dir /ad

4.3. Display Only Hidden Files

● Command: dir /ah

5. Advanced File Listing

5.1. List Files with Summary

● Command: dir /b

5.2. List Files with Directory Count

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● Command: dir /s /b

5.3. Display File Names Only

● Command: dir /b /a-d

6. Directory Navigation

6.1. List Files in Parent Directory

● Command: dir ..

6.2. List Files in a Specific Directory

● Command: dir C:\Windows

7. File Searching

7.1. Search for a File in Current Directory

● Command: dir filename*

7.2. Search for Files with Wildcards

● Command: dir .

7.3. Search for Files in Subdirectories

● Command: dir /s filename

8. Redirecting Output

8.1. Redirect Output to a Text File

● Command: dir > output.txt

8.2. Append Output to an Existing File

● Command: dir >> output.txt

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9. Recursive Directory Listing

9.1. List Files and Folders in Subdirectories Recursively

● Command: dir /s /b

9.2. List Files in All Subdirectories Including Hidden

● Command: dir /s /ah

10. List Files with Specific Time

10.1. List Files Modified After a Specific Date

● Command: dir :w

10.2. List Files Based on Last Accessed Time

● Command: dir :a

11. Pagination and Formatting

11.1. Show Directory Listing One Page at a Time

● Command: dir /p

11.2. Display Results in Columns

● Command: dir /w

12. Displaying File Ownership

12.1. List Files with Owner Information

● Command: dir /q

12.2. List Files in Long Format with Ownership

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● Command: dir /q /s

13. Filtering Files by Size

13.1. Display Files Larger than a Specific Size

● Command: dir /s /o:-s /b

13.2. Display Files Smaller than a Specific Size

● Command: dir /s /o:+s /b

14. Displaying Time and Date

14.1. Display Directory Files and Folders with Date and Time

● Command: dir :c

14.2. Display Directory Files Sorted by Date Modified

● Command: dir /o:d

15. File Grouping and Counting

15.1. Display Directory Grouped by File Types

● Command: dir /o:g

15.2. Count Total Number of Files in a Directory

● Command: dir /s /a-d | find /c /i "file"

16. Special File Listings

16.1. Display Only Executable Files

● Command: dir *.exe

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16.2. Display Only Directories

● Command: dir /ad

17. Displaying Long Listing with File Sizes

17.1. List Files with Detailed File Sizes

● Command: dir /s /b /o:s

17.2. Display File Sizes in Bytes

● Command: dir /s /o:s /q

18. Directory Size Calculation

18.1. List Files and Calculate Total Size

● Command: dir /s /a

18.2. Calculate Size of Directory and Files

● Command: dir /s

19. Listing Files with Permissions

19.1. List Files with Detailed Permissions

● Command: dir /q

19.2. List Files in Directory with Group Permissions

● Command: dir /q /a

20. Excluding Files from Listing

20.1. Exclude Files Matching Specific Pattern

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● Command: dir /a-d | findstr /v "*.exe"

20.2. Exclude Directories from Listing

● Command: dir /a /b | findstr /v /c:"\."

2. cd - Change the current directory.

1.1 Change to a Specific Directory

● Command: cd [path]
● Description: Changes the current working directory to the specified path. For
example, cd C:\Users\YourName\Documents will change the directory to
Documents.

1.2 Change to the Root Directory

● Command: cd \
● Description: Changes the current directory to the root directory of the current
drive. For example, on the C: drive, it will navigate to C:\.

2. Directory Navigation with Drive Letters

2.1 Change to a Directory on Another Drive

● Command: cd D:\FolderName
● Description: Navigates to a folder on a different drive (e.g., from C: to D:). You
must specify the drive letter along with the path.

2.2 Change to a Directory Using a Relative Path

● Command: cd FolderName
● Description: Changes the current directory to a subfolder of the current directory.
For example, cd Documents will move to the Documents subfolder in the current
directory.

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3.1 Navigate Up One Directory Level

● Command: cd ..
● Description: Moves up one directory level. For example, if you are in
C:\Users\YourName\Documents, running cd .. will take you to
C:\Users\YourName.

3.2 Navigate to the Previous Directory

● Command: cd -
● Description: Navigates to the last visited directory. This command works similarly
to using a back button in a file explorer.

4. Viewing Current Directory

4.1 Display the Current Directory Path

● Command: cd
● Description: Displays the full path of the current working directory.

5. Error Handling and Special Cases

5.1 Attempt to Change to a Nonexistent Directory

● Command: cd [nonexistentDirectory]
● Description: If you try to change to a directory that doesn't exist, you’ll get an
error message stating, "The system cannot find the path specified."

5.2 Change Directory with Spaces in Path

● Command: cd "C:\Program Files\My Application"

● Description: If the directory path contains spaces, enclose the path in double
quotes to avoid errors.

6. Switching Between Drives

6.1 Switch to Another Drive

● Command: D:

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● Description: To change from C: to another drive like D:, simply type the drive
letter followed by a colon. This will change the current drive to D:.

3. mkdir - Create a new directory.

1.1 Create a Single Directory

● Command: mkdir MyFolder

● Description: Creates a new directory named MyFolder in the current working
directory.

Example:

mkdir MyFolder

● Result: A folder named MyFolder will be created in the current directory.

1.2 Create a Directory with a Path

● Command: mkdir C:\Users\YourName\Documents\NewFolder

● Description: Creates a directory NewFolder at the specified path.

Example:

mkdir C:\Users\YourName\Documents\NewFolder

● Result: The folder NewFolder will be created inside Documents.

2. Creating Multiple Directories

2.1 Create Multiple Directories at Once

● Command: mkdir Folder1 Folder2 Folder3

● Description: Creates Folder1, Folder2, and Folder3 in the current working
directory.

Example:

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mkdir Folder1 Folder2 Folder3

● Result: Three directories (Folder1, Folder2, and Folder3) will be created in the
current directory.

2.2 Create Directories with Nested Structure

● Command: mkdir ParentFolder\ChildFolder1

ParentFolder\ChildFolder2
● Description: Creates a parent folder with child folders inside it.

Example:

mkdir ParentFolder\ChildFolder1 ParentFolder\ChildFolder2

● Result: A folder ParentFolder will be created with two child folders

ChildFolder1 and ChildFolder2.

3. Directory Creation with Spaces in Names

3.1 Create a Directory with Spaces in the Name

● Command: mkdir "My New Folder"

● Description: Creates a folder with spaces in its name by enclosing the name in
double quotes.

Example:

mkdir "My New Folder"

● Result: A folder named My New Folder will be created in the current directory.

3.2 Create Multiple Directories with Spaces

● Command: mkdir "Folder 1" "Folder 2" "Folder 3"

● Description: Creates multiple directories with spaces in their names. The names
should be enclosed in double quotes.

Example:

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mkdir "Folder 1" "Folder 2" "Folder 3"

● Result: Three directories (Folder 1, Folder 2, and Folder 3) will be created in

the current directory.

4. Error Handling and Special Cases

4.1 Attempt to Create an Existing Directory

● Command: mkdir ExistingFolder

● Description: If the directory already exists, an error message will be displayed.

Example:

mkdir ExistingFolder

● Error: "The directory already exists."

4.2 Invalid Characters in Directory Name

● Command: mkdir My*Folder

● Description: Throws an error if the directory name contains invalid characters, like
*, ?, |, etc.

Example:

mkdir My*Folder

● Error: "The directory name is invalid."

5. Creating Parent Directories (with /p Option)

5.1 Create Parent Directories if They Do Not Exist

● Command: mkdir C:\NewFolder\SubFolder\ChildFolder

● Description: Creates parent directories if they do not exist. This is useful when
creating a deeply nested folder structure.

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Example:

mkdir C:\NewFolder\SubFolder\ChildFolder

● Result: If C:\NewFolder and C:\NewFolder\SubFolder do not exist, they will be

created along with ChildFolder.

6. Viewing Created Directories

6.1 List Created Directories

● Command: dir
● Description: After creating a directory with mkdir, use the dir command to list all
directories and files in the current location to verify the creation.

Example:

dir

● Result: Lists the directories, including the newly created ones, in the current
directory.

7. Creating Hidden Directories

7.1 Create a Hidden Directory

● Command: mkdir C:\Users\YourName\Documents\.HiddenFolder

● Description: While Windows doesn't treat directories starting with a period (.) as
hidden by default, this is useful for Unix-like systems or if you want to manually
hide the folder.

Example:

mkdir C:\Users\YourName\Documents\.HiddenFolder

● Result: A hidden directory .HiddenFolder will be created inside Documents.

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4. rmdir - Remove a directory.

1.1 Remove an Empty Directory

● Command: rmdir [DirectoryName]

● Description: Removes an empty directory. If the directory contains files or
subdirectories, it will not be removed.

Example:

rmdir MyFolder

● Result: The folder MyFolder will be removed, but only if it's empty.

1.2 Remove a Directory with a Full Path

● Command: rmdir C:\Users\YourName\Documents\OldFolder

● Description: Removes the specified directory at the given path. It must be empty
to be removed.

Example:

rmdir C:\Users\YourName\Documents\OldFolder

● Result: The empty directory OldFolder located in Documents will be removed.

2. Removing Non-Empty Directories

2.1 Remove a Directory and Its Contents (with /s option)

● Command: rmdir /s [DirectoryName]

● Description: Removes a directory and all of its contents, including subdirectories
and files. Be cautious, as this action is permanent.

Example:

rmdir /s OldFolder

● Result: The OldFolder and everything inside it will be removed.

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2.2 Remove a Directory and Its Contents with a Full Path (with /s option)

● Command: rmdir /s C:\Users\YourName\Documents\OldFolder

● Description: Removes the directory at the specified path and all of its contents.

Example:

rmdir /s C:\Users\YourName\Documents\OldFolder

● Result: The folder OldFolder and everything within it will be deleted from
Documents.

3. Forcing Removal

3.1 Force Removal without Confirmation (with /q option)

● Command: rmdir /s /q [DirectoryName]

● Description: Removes a directory and its contents without asking for
confirmation. This can be useful for automating the process in scripts.

Example:

rmdir /s /q OldFolder

● Result: The OldFolder and its contents will be removed without any prompts or
confirmation messages.

3.2 Force Removal with Full Path

● Command: rmdir /s /q C:\Users\YourName\Documents\OldFolder

● Description: Removes the specified directory and its contents without any
confirmation prompts.

Example:

rmdir /s /q C:\Users\YourName\Documents\OldFolder

● Result: The folder OldFolder and all its contents in Documents will be removed
quietly.

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4. Error Handling and Special Cases

4.1 Attempt to Remove a Non-Empty Directory Without /s Option

● Command: rmdir MyFolder

● Description: Attempts to remove a directory that is not empty will result in an
error.

Example:

rmdir MyFolder

● Error: "The directory is not empty."

4.2 Attempt to Remove a Directory That Doesn't Exist

● Command: rmdir NonExistentFolder

● Description: An error will occur if the specified directory does not exist.

Example:

rmdir NonExistentFolder

● Error: "The system cannot find the path specified."

5. Viewing Directory After Removal

5.1 List Remaining Directories

● Command: dir
● Description: After removing a directory, use the dir command to list the
remaining files and directories in the current location.

Example:

dir

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● Result: Displays the contents of the current directory, confirming that the target
directory has been removed.

6. Removing Hidden Directories

6.1 Remove a Hidden Directory

● Command: rmdir /s /q C:\Users\YourName\Documents\.HiddenFolder

● Description: Hidden directories can be removed in the same way as regular
directories by specifying the full path. Ensure that hidden folder attributes are
removed if necessary.

Example:

rmdir /s /q C:\Users\YourName\Documents\.HiddenFolder

● Result: The hidden directory .HiddenFolder will be removed along with all its
contents.

Here is the copy command guide that you can copy:

5. copy - Copy files or directories.

1.1 Copy a File to Another Location

● Command: copy [SourceFile] [Destination]

● Description: Copies a file from the source location to the specified destination.

Example:

copy C:\Users\YourName\Documents\File1.txt D:\Backup\

● Result: The file File1.txt from the Documents folder will be copied to the
Backup folder on the D: drive.

1.2 Copy a File with a New Name

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● Command: copy [SourceFile] [NewFileName]

● Description: Copies a file and gives it a new name in the destination folder.

Example:

copy C:\Users\YourName\Documents\File1.txt D:\Backup\File1_Copy.txt

● Result: The file File1.txt will be copied and renamed as File1_Copy.txt in the
Backup folder.

2. Copy Multiple Files

2.1 Copy All Files from a Directory

● Command: copy [SourceFolder]\* [Destination]

● Description: Copies all files from the source folder to the specified destination
folder.

Example:

copy C:\Users\YourName\Documents\* D:\Backup\

● Result: All files from the Documents folder will be copied to the Backup folder on
the D: drive.

2.2 Copy Files with a Specific Extension

● Command: copy [SourceFolder]\*.ext [Destination]

● Description: Copies all files of a specific extension from the source folder to the
destination folder.

Example:

copy C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*.txt D:\Backup\

● Result: All .txt files from the Documents folder will be copied to the Backup
folder on the D: drive.

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3. Overwriting Files

3.1 Overwrite Existing Files without Confirmation

● Command: copy /y [SourceFile] [Destination]

● Description: Copies a file and overwrites any existing file in the destination
without asking for confirmation.

Example:

copy /y C:\Users\YourName\Documents\File1.txt D:\Backup\

● Result: The file File1.txt from the Documents folder will be copied to Backup,
overwriting any existing file with the same name.

3.2 Prompt Before Overwriting

● Command: copy /-y [SourceFile] [Destination]

● Description: Prompts for confirmation before overwriting any existing file in the
destination.

Example:

copy /-y C:\Users\YourName\Documents\File1.txt D:\Backup\

● Result: If a file with the same name exists in Backup, it will ask for confirmation
before overwriting it.

4. Copying Files with Hidden or System Attributes

4.1 Copy Hidden Files

● Command: copy /h [SourceFile] [Destination]

● Description: Copies hidden files along with other files.

Example:

copy /h C:\Users\YourName\Documents\HiddenFile.txt D:\Backup\

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● Result: The hidden file HiddenFile.txt will be copied to the Backup folder on
the D: drive.

4.2 Copy System Files

● Command: copy /s [SourceFile] [Destination]

● Description: Copies system files along with regular files.

Example:

copy /s C:\Users\YourName\Documents\SystemFile.sys D:\Backup\

● Result: The system file SystemFile.sys will be copied to the Backup folder on
the D: drive.

5. Copy Files Across Different Drives

5.1 Copy a File Between Different Drives

● Command: copy [SourceFile] [DestinationDrive]:\

● Description: Copies a file from one drive to another.

Example:

copy C:\Users\YourName\Documents\File1.txt D:

● Result: The file File1.txt from the Documents folder will be copied to the root of
the D: drive.

6. Using Wildcards

6.1 Copy Files Using Wildcards

● Command: copy [SourceFolder]\[Wildcard] [Destination]

● Description: Uses wildcards (*, ?) to copy multiple files matching the pattern.

Example:

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copy C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*.txt D:\Backup\

● Result: All .txt files from the Documents folder will be copied to the Backup
folder on the D: drive.

6. move - Move files or directories

1.1 Move a File to Another Location

● Command: move [SourceFile] [Destination]

● Description: Moves a file from the source location to the specified destination.

Example:

move C:\Users\YourName\Documents\File1.txt D:\Backup\

● Result: The file File1.txt from the Documents folder will be moved to the
Backup folder on the D: drive.

1.2 Move a File with a New Name

● Command: move [SourceFile] [DestinationFile]

● Description: Moves a file to the destination folder and optionally renames it.

Example:

move C:\Users\YourName\Documents\File1.txt D:\Backup\File1_Moved.txt

● Result: The file File1.txt will be moved and renamed as File1_Moved.txt in

the Backup folder.

2. Moving Directories

2.1 Move a Directory to Another Location

● Command: move [SourceDirectory] [Destination]

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● Description: Moves a directory and all of its contents from the source location to
the destination.

Example:

move C:\Users\YourName\Documents\OldFolder D:\Backup\

● Result: The entire folder OldFolder from the Documents folder will be moved to
the Backup folder on the D: drive.

2.2 Move a Directory to a New Location with a New Name

● Command: move [SourceDirectory] [DestinationFolder]\NewFolderName

● Description: Moves a directory and renames it in the destination folder.

Example:

move C:\Users\YourName\Documents\OldFolder D:\Backup\NewFolderName

● Result: The folder OldFolder will be moved to the Backup folder and renamed as
NewFolderName.

3. Overwriting Existing Files

3.1 Move and Overwrite Files Without Confirmation

● Command: move /y [SourceFile] [Destination]

● Description: Moves a file and overwrites any existing file in the destination without
asking for confirmation.

Example:

move /y C:\Users\YourName\Documents\File1.txt D:\Backup\

● Result: The file File1.txt from the Documents folder will be moved to the
Backup folder on the D: drive, overwriting any existing file with the same name.

3.2 Prompt Before Overwriting Files

● Command: move /-y [SourceFile] [Destination]

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● Description: Prompts for confirmation before overwriting any existing file in the
destination.

Example:

move /-y C:\Users\YourName\Documents\File1.txt D:\Backup\

● Result: If a file with the same name exists in Backup, it will ask for confirmation
before overwriting it.

4. Using Wildcards

4.1 Move Files Using Wildcards

● Command: move [SourceFolder]\[Wildcard] [Destination]

● Description: Moves files matching the wildcard pattern from the source folder to
the destination folder.

Example:

move C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*.txt D:\Backup\

● Result: All .txt files from the Documents folder will be moved to the Backup
folder on the D: drive.

5. Moving Files Across Different Drives

5.1 Move a File Between Different Drives

● Command: move [SourceFile] [DestinationDrive]:\

● Description: Moves a file from one drive to another.

Example:

move C:\Users\YourName\Documents\File1.txt D:

● Result: The file File1.txt from the Documents folder will be moved to the root of
the D: drive.

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6. Moving Files with Hidden or System Attributes

6.1 Move Hidden Files

● Command: move /h [SourceFile] [Destination]

● Description: Moves hidden files along with regular files.

Example:

move /h C:\Users\YourName\Documents\HiddenFile.txt D:\Backup\

● Result: The hidden file HiddenFile.txt will be moved to the Backup folder on
the D: drive.

6.2 Move System Files

● Command: move /s [SourceFile] [Destination]

● Description: Moves system files along with regular files.

Example:

move /s C:\Users\YourName\Documents\SystemFile.sys D:\Backup\

● Result: The system file SystemFile.sys will be moved to the Backup folder on
the D: drive.

7. del - Delete files.

2.1 Delete Multiple Files with Wildcards

● Command: del [FilePath]\[Wildcard]

● Description: Deletes multiple files matching a wildcard pattern.

Example:

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del C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*.txt

● Result: Deletes all .txt files from the Documents folder.

2.2 Delete All Files in a Folder

● Command: del [FolderPath]\.

● Description: Deletes all files in the specified folder, but does not delete subfolders.

Example:

del C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*.*

● Result: Deletes all files in the Documents folder.

3. Deleting Files with Confirmation

3.1 Prompt Before Deleting Files

● Command: del /p [FilePath]

● Description: Prompts for confirmation before deleting each file.

Example:

del /p C:\Users\YourName\Documents\File1.txt

● Result: Asks for confirmation before deleting File1.txt.

4. Deleting Read-Only Files

4.1 Force Deletion of Read-Only Files

● Command: del /f [FilePath]

● Description: Forces deletion of read-only files, if they exist.

Example:

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del /f C:\Users\YourName\Documents\ReadOnlyFile.txt

● Result: Deletes the read-only file ReadOnlyFile.txt from the Documents folder.

5. Deleting Files Without Confirmation

5.1 Delete Files Without Asking for Confirmation

● Command: del /q [FilePath]

● Description: Deletes files quietly, without asking for confirmation.

Example:

del /q C:\Users\YourName\Documents\File1.txt

● Result: Deletes File1.txt without any confirmation prompt.

5.2 Delete All Files in a Folder Without Confirmation

● Command: del /q [FolderPath]\.

● Description: Deletes all files in the specified folder without confirmation.

Example:

del /q C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*.*

● Result: Deletes all files in the Documents folder without confirmation.

6. Deleting Hidden or System Files

6.1 Delete Hidden Files

● Command: del /h [FilePath]

● Description: Deletes hidden files along with regular files.

Example:

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del /h C:\Users\YourName\Documents\HiddenFile.txt

● Result: Deletes the hidden file HiddenFile.txt from the Documents folder.

6.2 Delete System Files

● Command: del /s [FilePath]

● Description: Deletes system files as well as regular files.

Example:

del /s C:\Users\YourName\Documents\SystemFile.sys

● Result: Deletes the system file SystemFile.sys from the Documents folder.

7. Deleting Files in Subdirectories

7.1 Delete Files in All Subdirectories

● Command: del /s [FolderPath]\.

● Description: Deletes all files in the specified folder and its subdirectories.

Example:

del /s C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*.*

● Result: Deletes all files in the Documents folder and its subdirectories.

7.2 Delete Files in Subdirectories Without Asking for Confirmation

● Command: del /q /s [FolderPath]\.

● Description: Deletes all files in the specified folder and its subdirectories without
confirmation.

Example:

del /q /s C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*.*

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● Result: Deletes all files in the Documents folder and its subdirectories without
asking for confirmation.

8. Deleting Files with Specific Extensions

8.1 Delete All Files with a Specific Extension

● Command: del [FolderPath]\*.ext

● Description: Deletes all files with the specified extension in the given folder.

Example:

del C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*.log

● Result: Deletes all .log files from the Documents folder.

9. Using del with Batch Files

9.1 Delete Files Using a Batch File

● Command: Use del within a batch file (.bat) to delete files.

Example (Batch File):

batch

del C:\Users\YourName\Documents\File1.txt

● Result: The batch file will delete File1.txt from the Documents folder when
executed.

8. ren - Rename files or directories

1.1 Rename a Single File

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● Command: ren [OldFileName] [NewFileName]

● Description: Renames a single file or directory from an old name to a new name.

Example:

ren C:\Users\YourName\Documents\oldFile.txt newFile.txt

● Result: Renames oldFile.txt to newFile.txt in the Documents folder.

2. Rename Files with Wildcards

2.1 Rename Multiple Files with a Pattern

● Command: ren [FolderPath]\[OldPattern] [NewPattern]

● Description: Renames multiple files in a folder using wildcards to match a pattern.

Example:

ren C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*.txt *.doc

● Result: Renames all .txt files in the Documents folder to .doc.

2.2 Rename Files with Wildcards (Specific Part of Filename)

● Command: ren [FolderPath]\[OldPattern] [NewPattern]

● Description: Renames files by replacing part of the filename using wildcards.

Example:

ren C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*2020*.txt *2021*.txt

● Result: Renames all .txt files containing 2020 in their filename to 2021.

3. Rename Directory or Folder

3.1 Rename a Directory

● Command: ren [OldFolderName] [NewFolderName]

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● Description: Renames a directory (folder) from an old name to a new name.

Example:

ren C:\Users\YourName\Documents\oldFolder newFolder

● Result: Renames the folder oldFolder to newFolder in the Documents directory.

4. Handling Spaces in Filenames

4.1 Rename a File or Folder with Spaces in Its Name

● Command: ren "[Old File/Folder Name]" "[New File/Folder Name]"

● Description: Renames a file or folder that contains spaces in its name. Enclose the
file or folder name in quotes.

Example:

ren "C:\Users\YourName\Documents\Old File.txt" "New File.txt"

● Result: Renames Old File.txt to New File.txt in the Documents folder.

5. Batch Rename Files Using a Batch File

5.1 Rename Multiple Files in a Folder

● Command: Use ren in a batch file (.bat) to rename multiple files in a folder.

Example (Batch File):

batch

ren C:\Users\YourName\Documents\file1.txt file1_renamed.txt

ren C:\Users\YourName\Documents\file2.txt file2_renamed.txt

● Result: Renames file1.txt to file1_renamed.txt and file2.txt to

file2_renamed.txt in the Documents folder.

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6. Rename Multiple Files with Different Extensions

6.1 Rename All Files with a Specific Extension

● Command: ren [FolderPath]\*.ext [NewPattern].ext

● Description: Renames all files with a specific extension in the folder.

Example:

ren C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*.jpg *.png

● Result: Renames all .jpg files in the Documents folder to .png.

7. Rename Files by Removing Specific Characters

7.1 Remove Specific Part of Filename

● Command: ren [FolderPath]\[OldPattern] [NewPattern]

● Description: Removes a specific part of a filename using wildcards.
● Example:

ren C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*old*.* *new*.*

9. type Command: Display the Contents of a Text File

9.1 Display the Entire Contents of a Text File

Command:
cmd

type [FilePath]

●
● Description:
Displays the complete contents of a specified text file in the Command Prompt
window.

Example:
cmd

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type C:\Users\YourName\Documents\example.txt

●
● Result:
Outputs the content of example.txt to the console.

9.2 Combine and Display Multiple Files

Command:
cmd

type [FilePath1] [FilePath2] [FilePathN]

●
● Description:
Displays the combined contents of multiple files in sequence.

Example:
cmd

type file1.txt file2.txt

●
● Result:
Outputs the contents of file1.txt followed by file2.txt.

9.3 Redirect Output to Another File

Command:
cmd

type [FilePath] > [NewFilePath]

●
● Description:
Reads the contents of a file and writes it to a new file.

Example:
cmd

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type oldfile.txt > newfile.txt

●
● Result:
Copies the contents of oldfile.txt into newfile.txt.

9.4 Append Contents to an Existing File

Command:
cmd

type [FilePath] >> [ExistingFilePath]

●
● Description:
Appends the contents of one file to another file.

Example:
cmd

type additional.txt >> mainfile.txt

●
● Result:
Adds the content of additional.txt to the end of mainfile.txt.

10. find - Search for a specific string in a file.

1. Search for a Specific String in a File

Command:
cmd

find "[SearchString]" [FilePath]

●
● Description: Finds the specified string in the given file.

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Example:
cmd

find "error" C:\logs\logfile.txt

●

2. Search for a String in All Files of a Folder

Command:
cmd

find "[SearchString]" C:\Folder\*.*

●
● Description: Searches for the string in all files within a folder.

Example:
cmd

find "error" C:\Folder\*.*

●

3. Search for a String with Case Sensitivity

Command:
cmd

findstr /c:"[SearchString]" [FilePath]

●
● Description: Performs a case-sensitive search for the string.

Example:
cmd

findstr /c:"ERROR" C:\logs\logfile.txt

●

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4. Search for a String in All Files (Recursive Search)

Command:
cmd

find "[SearchString]" /s [Directory]

●
● Description: Searches in the folder and all subdirectories.

Example:
cmd

find "error" /s C:\logs

●

5. Display Only Matching Filenames

Command:
cmd

findstr /m "[SearchString]" C:\logs\*.*

●
● Description: Lists only the filenames that contain the matching string.

Example:
cmd

findstr /m "error" C:\logs\*.*

●

6. Search for Multiple Strings

Command:
cmd

Command:
cmd

findstr /n "[SearchString]" [FilePath]

●
● Description: Displays the line numbers of matching lines.

Example:
cmd

findstr /n "error" C:\logs\logfile.txt

●

13. Search for Specific Keywords

Command:
cmd

Command:
cmd

findstr "[SearchString]" [FilePath] | head -n 10

●
● Description: Limits search output to the first 10 lines.

Example:
cmd

findstr "error" C:\logs\logfile.txt | head -n 10

●

20. Search for Specific File Extension

Command:
cmd

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find "[SearchString]" C:\*.txt

●
● Description: Searches specific file types (e.g., .txt).

Example:
cmd

find "error" C:\logs\*.txt

●

21. Display Lines Containing Any of Multiple Strings

Command:
cmd

findstr "[String1]\|[String2]" [FilePath]

●
● Description: Displays lines matching any of the specified strings.

Example:
cmd

findstr "error\|warning" C:\logs\logfile.txt

●

22. Search for Files with No Matches

Command:
cmd

find /v "[SearchString]" [FilePath]

●
● Description: Finds files that do not contain the search string.

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Example:
cmd

find /v "error" C:\logs\logfile.txt

11. attrib - Change file attributes.

1. Change File Attributes

Command:
cmd

attrib [Attribute] [FilePath]

●
● Description: Changes the attributes of a file or directory. Attributes control how
files are handled by the operating system, such as whether they are read-only,
hidden, or system files.

2. Set the Read-Only Attribute

Command:
cmd

attrib +r [FilePath]

●
● Description: Sets the file or directory as read-only. This prevents modifications or
deletions of the file.

Example:
cmd

attrib +r C:\Documents\example.txt

●

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3. Remove the Read-Only Attribute

Command:
cmd

attrib -r [FilePath]

●
● Description: Removes the read-only attribute, allowing the file to be edited or
deleted.

Example:
cmd

attrib -r C:\Documents\example.txt

●

4. Set the Hidden Attribute

Command:
cmd

attrib +h [FilePath]

●
● Description: Marks the file or directory as hidden, making it not visible in normal
directory listings.

Example:
cmd

attrib +h C:\Documents\example.txt

●

5. Remove the Hidden Attribute

Command:
cmd

Command:
cmd

attrib -r -h -s -a [FilePath]

●
● Description: Removes all attributes from a file or directory, making it normal (not
hidden, system, or read-only).

Example:
cmd

attrib -r -h -s -a C:\Documents\example.txt

●

12. View File Attributes

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Command:
cmd

attrib [FilePath]

●
● Description: Displays the current attributes of a file or directory.

Example:
cmd

attrib C:\Documents\example.txt

12. tree - Display directory structure as a tree.

1. Basic Command Usage

Command:
cmd

tree [Drive:\Path]

●
● Description: Displays a graphical representation of the directory structure starting
from the specified directory or drive.

Example:
cmd

tree C:\Users\YourName\Documents

●
○ This will display the directory structure of Documents in a tree format.

2. Display the Directory Structure with File Names

Command:
cmd

tree [Drive:\Path] > [FilePath]

●
● Description: Redirects the output of the tree command to a text file instead of
displaying it on the screen.

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Example:
cmd

tree C:\Users\YourName\Documents >
C:\Users\YourName\Documents\directory_structure.txt

●
○ This will save the directory structure of Documents to a text file
directory_structure.txt.

9. Display the Directory Structure for a Remote Server (using a network

drive)

Command:
cmd

tree \\[ServerName]\[ShareName]

●
● Description: Displays the directory structure for a network share or a remote
server.

Example:
cmd

tree \\Server01\SharedDocs

●
○ This will display the directory structure of the shared folder SharedDocs on
the remote server Server01.

10. View the Directory Tree with Directories Only (No Files)

Command:
cmd

tree [Drive:\Path] /a /d

●

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● Description: Shows only the directories in a tree format without displaying any
files.
● Example:
cmd

tree C:\Users\YourName\Documents /a /d

13. xcopy - Extended copy command with more

options
1. Basic Command Usage

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination]

●
● Description: Copies files or directories from the source to the destination.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup

●
○ This copies the Documents folder from C:\Users\YourName to
D:\Backup.

2. Copy Files and Subdirectories

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /s

●
● Description: Copies all files and subdirectories, excluding empty directories.

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Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /s

●
○ This copies the Documents folder and all its contents, excluding empty
directories.

3. Copy Files, Including Empty Subdirectories

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /e

●
● Description: Copies all files and subdirectories, including empty directories.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /e

●
○ This copies the Documents folder and all its contents, including empty
subdirectories.

4. Copy Hidden and System Files

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /h

●
● Description: Copies hidden and system files along with regular files.

Example:
cmd

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xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /h

●
○ This copies all files in Documents, including hidden and system files.

5. Copy Only Files That Are Newer

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /d

●
● Description: Copies only files that are newer than the existing files in the
destination.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /d

●
○ This copies only files from Documents that are newer than those already in
D:\Backup.

6. Prompt Before Overwriting

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /y

●
● Description: Suppresses prompting to confirm you want to overwrite an existing
file. By default, xcopy prompts before overwriting.

Example:
cmd

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xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /y

●
○ This copies Documents to D:\Backup and suppresses any overwrite
prompts.

7. Copy Files and Preserve File Attributes

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /k

●
● Description: Copies files and preserves their file attributes (read-only, hidden,
etc.).

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /k

●
○ This copies the files from Documents to D:\Backup while preserving the
original file attributes.

8. Copy Files Over a Network (Using UNC Path)

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] \\[NetworkDrive]\[Share] [Destination]

●
● Description: Copies files from a local source to a remote network drive or share.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents \\Server01\SharedDocs

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●
○ This copies the Documents folder to the shared network folder SharedDocs
on the server Server01.

9. Display Progress of File Copying

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /v

●
● Description: Verifies each file as it is copied and displays the progress of copying.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /v

●
○ This will display the progress as files are copied from Documents to
D:\Backup.

10. Exclude Files Based on Criteria

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /exclude:[file]

●
● Description: Excludes files that match a pattern defined in the [file] list.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /exclude:exclude.txt

●

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○ This copies all files in Documents to D:\Backup, excluding any files listed
in the exclude.txt file.

11. Display a Brief Summary

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /q

●
● Description: Suppresses the display of file names being copied, showing only a
summary.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /q

●
○ This copies the files from Documents to D:\Backup but only shows the
summary of files copied, not the names of each file.

12. Copy a Directory and All Files, with Detailed Output

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /f

●
● Description: Displays the full source and destination path of each file being
copied.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /f

●

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○ This copies Documents to D:\Backup and displays the full path of each file
as it is copied.

13. Copy Files with File Attributes and Ignore Errors

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /c

●
● Description: Ignores errors during the copy process and continues with the next
files.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /c

●
○ This copies Documents to D:\Backup, and if any errors occur (such as file
permission issues), it ignores them and proceeds with the rest of the files.

14. Copy Files with Dateime Criteria

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination]

●
● Description: Copies the directory structure (including subdirectories) but does not
copy the files.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup

●

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○ This will copy the directory structure of Documents to D:\Backup, but no

files will be copied.

15. Copy Files Based on File Size

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /size:[size]

●
● Description: Copies files that meet the size criteria.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /size:1024

●
○ This copies only files in Documents that are 1024 bytes (1KB) or larger to
D:\Backup.

16. Copy Files Overwriting All Files in the Destination

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /o

●
● Description: Copies files and retains the original owner and permissions.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /o

●
○ This copies files and ensures the original owner and permissions are kept
intact during the copy process.

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14. chkdsk - Check and repair disk errors.

1. Basic Command Usage

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:]

●
● Description: Checks the specified drive for errors and reports if any are found.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C:

●
○ This checks the C: drive for disk errors and displays the results.

2. Check and Repair Disk Errors

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /f

●
● Description: Scans for disk errors and automatically fixes any issues it detects.
You may need to schedule a restart if the drive is in use.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /f

●
○ This checks the C: drive and fixes any errors that are found.

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3. Check for Bad Sectors and Repair Them

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /r

●
● Description: Scans for bad sectors on the disk and attempts to recover readable
information. This option also includes the /f option for fixing errors.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /r

●
○ This checks the C: drive, fixes errors, and attempts to recover any readable
data from bad sectors.

4. Display Detailed Information About the Disk Check

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /v

●
● Description: Provides a detailed list of all files that are checked during the disk
scan, showing more verbose output.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /v

●
○ This checks the C: drive and displays detailed information about the check
process.

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5. Check for Disk Errors Without Making Changes

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /x

●
● Description: Forces the disk to dismount before checking for errors, which may
make the check faster, but it could result in data loss if applications are using the
drive.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /x

●
○ This checks the C: drive by first dismounting it before performing the scan.

6. Check for Errors and Log Results to a File

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /l:[Size]

●
● Description: Logs the results of the chkdsk scan to a file, allowing you to specify
the size of the log.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /l:50

●
○ This logs the output to a file and limits the size of the log file to 50 KB.

7. Schedule a Disk Check on Next System Restart

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Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /f /r /x

●
● Description: Schedules a disk check for the next time the system is restarted, with
automatic fixes for errors and bad sector recovery.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /f /r /x

●
○ This schedules a check for the C: drive on the next restart, fixing errors,
recovering bad sectors, and dismounting the drive if needed.

8. Check for File System Integrity

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /scan

●
● Description: Scans the file system for errors without requiring the system to be
rebooted.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /scan

●
○ This scans the C: drive for file system errors without requiring a restart.

9. Check for Errors on External or Unmounted Drives

Command:
cmd

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chkdsk [Drive:] /f /r

●
● Description: Checks and repairs errors, and checks for bad sectors on an external
drive or unmounted drive.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk E: /f /r

●
○ This checks and repairs errors and attempts to recover data from bad
sectors on the E: drive.

10. Display the Status of the Last Disk Check

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /i

●
● Description: Displays the status of the last check disk operation.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /i

●
○ This shows the results of the last check disk run on the C: drive.

11. Check for Errors on Remote Disk (Network Drive)

Command:
cmd

chkdsk \\[RemoteDrive]\[Path] /f

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●
● Description: Checks for disk errors on a remote drive over the network.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk \\Server01\SharedDrive /f

●
○ This checks for errors on the remote network drive SharedDrive on
Server01 and fixes any detected errors.

12. Check for Specific File System Integrity Issues

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /c

Command:
cmd

fc [Directory1]\* [Directory2]\*

●
● Description: Compares multiple files in two directories.

Example:
cmd

fc C:\Documents\* D:\Backup\*

●
○ This compares all files in C:\Documents\ with all files in D:\Backup\.

7. Ignore Case Differences

Command:
cmd

fc /i [File1] [File2]

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●
● Description: Compares files while ignoring case differences in letters.

Example:
cmd

fc /i file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt, ignoring any case differences
(e.g., "Hello" vs. "hello").

8. Display Only the Differences (No Summary)

Command:
cmd

fc /n [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Displays only the differences between files, without a summary of the
comparison.

Example:
cmd

fc /n file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt, showing only the lines that are
different.

9. Compare Files and Display a Summary of Differences

Command:
cmd

fc /s [File1] [File2]

●

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● Description: Compares files and displays a summary of differences, instead of

showing the entire content.

Example:
cmd

fc /s file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt and provides a summary of the
differences without showing every single change.

10. Display Differences Using a Different Character for Line Separation

Command:
cmd

fc /c [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Displays differences using a specified character for line separation.

Example:
cmd

fc /c file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt and uses a custom character to
separate the lines with differences.

16. comp - Compare the contents of two files.

1. Basic Command Usage

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Command:
cmd

comp [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares two files byte by byte and displays the results, showing
any differences.

Example:
cmd

comp file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt with file2.txt and reports any byte-level
differences.

2. Compare Files and Display Only Differences

Command:
cmd

comp /d [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares two files and only displays the differences, ignoring other
information.

Example:
cmd

comp /d file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt, showing only the differences
between the two files.

3. Display Detailed Information About Differences

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Command:
cmd

comp /a [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares the files and displays a detailed list of differences between
them, including the offset and byte-by-byte differences.

Example:
cmd

comp /a file1.bin file2.bin

●
○ This compares file1.bin and file2.bin, showing detailed information
about their differences at the byte level.

4. Compare Files and Report the First Difference Only

Command:
cmd

comp /c [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares files and stops after displaying the first difference found.

Example:
cmd

comp /c file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt and stops after finding and
displaying the first difference.

5. Compare Files and Display Only the Number of Differences

Command:
cmd

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comp /n [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares two files and displays only the total number of differences.

Example:
cmd

comp /n file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt and shows only the number of
byte-level differences between them.

6. Compare Files and Ignore Case Differences

Command:
cmd

comp /i [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares two text files while ignoring case differences (upper vs.
lower case).

Example:
cmd

comp /i file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt while ignoring any case
differences (e.g., "HELLO" vs. "hello").

7. Compare Files and Display Hexadecimal Values

Command:
cmd

comp /f [File1] [File2]

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●
● Description: Compares the files and displays the differences using hexadecimal
values for the byte comparison.

Example:
cmd

comp /f file1.bin file2.bin

●
○ This compares file1.bin and file2.bin, displaying the differences in
hexadecimal format.

8. Compare Multiple Files in a Directory

Command:
cmd

comp [Directory1]\* [Directory2]\*

●
● Description: Compares multiple files in two directories and reports the
differences.

Example:
cmd

comp C:\Documents\* D:\Backup\*

●
○ This compares all files in C:\Documents with all files in D:\Backup.

9. Display No Output If Files Are Identical

Command:
cmd

comp /q [File1] [File2]

●

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● Description: Suppresses the output if the files being compared are identical,
providing a quieter comparison.

Example:
cmd

comp /q file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt, and if they are identical, no
output is shown.

17. robocopy - Robust file and directory copying

tool.
2. Rename Files with Wildcards

2.1 Rename Multiple Files with a Pattern

● Command: ren [FolderPath]\[OldPattern] [NewPattern]

● Description: Renames multiple files in a folder using wildcards to match a pattern.

Example:

ren C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*.txt *.doc

●
● Result: Renames all .txt files in the Documents folder to .doc.

2.2 Rename Files with Wildcards (Specific Part of Filename)

● Command: ren [FolderPath]\[OldPattern] [NewPattern]

● Description: Renames files by replacing part of the filename using wildcards.

Example:

ren C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*2020*.txt *2021*.txt

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●
● Result: Renames all .txt files containing 2020 in their filename to 2021.

3. Rename Directory or Folder

3.1 Rename a Directory

● Command: ren [OldFolderName] [NewFolderName]

● Description: Renames a directory (folder) from an old name to a new name.

Example:

ren C:\Users\YourName\Documents\oldFolder newFolder

●
● Result: Renames the folder oldFolder to newFolder in the Documents directory.

4. Handling Spaces in Filenames

4.1 Rename a File or Folder with Spaces in Its Name

● Command: ren "[Old File/Folder Name]" "[New File/Folder Name]"

● Description: Renames a file or folder that contains spaces in its name. Enclose the
file or folder name in quotes.

Example:

ren "C:\Users\YourName\Documents\Old File.txt" "New File.txt"

●
● Result: Renames Old File.txt to New File.txt in the Documents folder.

5. Batch Rename Files Using a Batch File

5.1 Rename Multiple Files in a Folder

● Command: Use ren in a batch file (.bat) to rename multiple files in a folder.

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Example (Batch File):

batch

ren C:\Users\YourName\Documents\file1.txt file1_renamed.txt

ren C:\Users\YourName\Documents\file2.txt file2_renamed.txt

●
● Result: Renames file1.txt to file1_renamed.txt and file2.txt to
file2_renamed.txt in the Documents folder.

6. Rename Multiple Files with Different Extensions

6.1 Rename All Files with a Specific Extension

● Command: ren [FolderPath]\*.ext [NewPattern].ext

● Description: Renames all files with a specific extension in the folder.

Example:

ren C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*.jpg *.png

●
● Result: Renames all .jpg files in the Documents folder to .png.

7. Rename Files by Removing Specific Characters

10. Search in All Files Inside a Folder (Recursive)

Command:
cmd

Command:
cmd

dir /S | findstr /c:"[SearchString]"

●
● Description: Displays files larger than a specific size.

Example:
cmd

dir /S | findstr /c:"500MB"

●

17. Search for Specific Line Length

Command:
cmd

●
● Description: Removes the system attribute from a file or directory.

Example:
cmd

attrib -s C:\Windows\System32\example.dll

●

8. Set the Archive Attribute

Command:
cmd

attrib +a [FilePath]

●
● Description: Marks the file for archiving, which typically means it needs to be
backed up.

Example:
cmd

attrib +a C:\Documents\example.txt

●

Characters)

Command:
cmd

tree [Drive:\Path] /a

●

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● Description: By default, the tree command uses extended characters for the tree
structure, but using /a forces it to use ASCII characters instead.

Example:
cmd

tree C:\Users\YourName\Documents /a

●

6. Display the Directory Structure for All Subdirectories

Command:
cmd

tree [Drive:\Path] /f /a /s

●
● Description: Displays the directory structure, including all subdirectories, and
lists the files for each directory.

Example:
cmd

tree C:\ /f /a /s

●
○ This shows the entire directory structure of C:\, including all
subdirectories and files, using ASCII characters.

7. Limit the Depth of the Directory Tree

Command:
cmd

tree [Drive:\Path] /f /a /l [Level]

●
● Description: Limits the depth of the tree display to a specified number of levels.
The Level parameter defines how many levels deep the tree will be shown.

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Example:
cmd

tree C:\Users\YourName\Documents /f /a /l 2

●
○ This limits the tree to display only two levels of directories and files under
Documents.

8. Redirect Output to a File

Command:
cmd

tree [Drive:\Path] > [FilePath]

●
● Description: Redirects the output of the tree command to a text file instead of
displaying it on the screen.

Example:
cmd

tree C:\Users\YourName\Documents >
C:\Users\YourName\Documents\directory_structure.txt

●
○ This will save the directory structure of Documents to a text file
directory_structure.txt.

9. Display the Directory Structure for a Remote Server (using a network

drive)

Command:
cmd

tree \\[ServerName]\[ShareName]

●

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● Description: Displays the directory structure for a network share or a remote

server.

Example:
cmd

tree \\Server01\SharedDocs

●
○ This will display the directory structure of the shared folder SharedDocs on
the remote server Server01.

10. View the Directory Tree with Directories Only (No Files)

Command:
cmd

tree [Drive:\Path] /a /d

●
● Description: Shows only the directories in a tree format without displaying any
files.

Example:
cmd

tree C:\Users\YourName\Documents /a /d

●

13. xcopy - Extended copy command with more

options.
1. Basic Command Usage

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination]

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●
● Description: Copies files or directories from the source to the destination.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup

●
○ This copies the Documents folder from C:\Users\YourName to
D:\Backup.

2. Copy Files and Subdirectories

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /s

●
● Description: Copies all files and subdirectories, excluding empty directories.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /s

●
○ This copies the Documents folder and all its contents, excluding empty
directories.

3. Copy Files, Including Empty Subdirectories

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /e

●
● Description: Copies all files and subdirectories, including empty directories.

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Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /e

●
○ This copies the Documents folder and all its contents, including empty
subdirectories.

4. Copy Hidden and System Files

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /h

●
● Description: Copies hidden and system files along with regular files.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /h

●
○ This copies all files in Documents, including hidden and system files.

5. Copy Only Files That Are Newer

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /d

●
● Description: Copies only files that are newer than the existing files in the
destination.

Example:
cmd

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xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /d

●
○ This copies only files from Documents that are newer than those already in
D:\Backup.

6. Prompt Before Overwriting

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /y

●
● Description: Suppresses prompting to confirm you want to overwrite an existing
file. By default, xcopy prompts before overwriting.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /y

●
○ This copies Documents to D:\Backup and suppresses any overwrite
prompts.

7. Copy Files and Preserve File Attributes

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /k

●
● Description: Copies files and preserves their file attributes (read-only, hidden,
etc.).

Example:
cmd

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xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /k

●
○ This copies the files from Documents to D:\Backup while preserving the
original file attributes.

8. Copy Files Over a Network (Using UNC Path)

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] \\[NetworkDrive]\[Share] [Destination]

●
● Description: Copies files from a local source to a remote network drive or share.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents \\Server01\SharedDocs

●
○ This copies the Documents folder to the shared network folder SharedDocs
on the server Server01.

9. Display Progress of File Copying

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /v

●
● Description: Verifies each file as it is copied and displays the progress of copying.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /v

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●
○ This will display the progress as files are copied from Documents to
D:\Backup.

10. Exclude Files Based on Criteria

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /exclude:[file]

●
● Description: Excludes files that match a pattern defined in the [file] list.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /exclude:exclude.txt

●
○ This copies all files in Documents to D:\Backup, excluding any files listed
in the exclude.txt file.

11. Display a Brief Summary

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /q

●
● Description: Suppresses the display of file names being copied, showing only a
summary.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /q

●

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○ This copies the files from Documents to D:\Backup but only shows the
summary of files copied, not the names of each file.

12. Copy a Directory and All Files, with Detailed Output

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /f

●
● Description: Displays the full source and destination path of each file being
copied.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /f

●
○ This copies Documents to D:\Backup and displays the full path of each file
as it is copied.

13. Copy Files with File Attributes and Ignore Errors

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /c

●
● Description: Ignores errors during the copy process and continues with the next
files.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /c

●

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○ This copies Documents to D:\Backup, and if any errors occur (such as file
permission issues), it ignores them and proceeds with the rest of the files.

14. Copy Files with Dateime Criteria

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination]

●
● Description: Copies the directory structure (including subdirectories) but does not
copy the files.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup

●
○ This will copy the directory structure of Documents to D:\Backup, but no
files will be copied.

15. Copy Files Based on File Size

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /size:[size]

●
● Description: Copies files that meet the size criteria.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /size:1024

●

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○ This copies only files in Documents that are 1024 bytes (1KB) or larger to
D:\Backup.

16. Copy Files Overwriting All Files in the Destination

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /o

●
● Description: Copies files and retains the original owner and permissions.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents D:\Backup /o

●
○ This copies files and ensures the original owner and permissions are kept
intact during the copy process.

14. chkdsk - Check and repair disk errors.

1. Basic Command Usage

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:]

●
● Description: Checks the specified drive for errors and reports if any are found.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C:

●

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○ This checks the C: drive for disk errors and displays the results.

2. Check and Repair Disk Errors

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /f

●
● Description: Scans for disk errors and automatically fixes any issues it detects.
You may need to schedule a restart if the drive is in use.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /f

●
○ This checks the C: drive and fixes any errors that are found.

3. Check for Bad Sectors and Repair Them

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /r

●
● Description: Scans for bad sectors on the disk and attempts to recover readable
information. This option also includes the /f option for fixing errors.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /r

●
○ This checks the C: drive, fixes errors, and attempts to recover any readable
data from bad sectors.

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4. Display Detailed Information About the Disk Check

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /v

●
● Description: Provides a detailed list of all files that are checked during the disk
scan, showing more verbose output.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /v

●
○ This checks the C: drive and displays detailed information about the check
process.

5. Check for Disk Errors Without Making Changes

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /x

●
● Description: Forces the disk to dismount before checking for errors, which may
make the check faster, but it could result in data loss if applications are using the
drive.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /x

●
○ This checks the C: drive by first dismounting it before performing the scan.

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6. Check for Errors and Log Results to a File

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /l:[Size]

●
● Description: Logs the results of the chkdsk scan to a file, allowing you to specify
the size of the log.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /l:50

●
○ This logs the output to a file and limits the size of the log file to 50 KB.

7. Schedule a Disk Check on Next System Restart

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /f /r /x

●
● Description: Schedules a disk check for the next time the system is restarted, with
automatic fixes for errors and bad sector recovery.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /f /r /x

●
○ This schedules a check for the C: drive on the next restart, fixing errors,
recovering bad sectors, and dismounting the drive if needed.

8. Check for File System Integrity

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Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /scan

●
● Description: Scans the file system for errors without requiring the system to be
rebooted.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /scan

●
○ This scans the C: drive for file system errors without requiring a restart.

9. Check for Errors on External or Unmounted Drives

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /f /r

●
● Description: Checks and repairs errors, and checks for bad sectors on an external
drive or unmounted drive.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk E: /f /r

●
○ This checks and repairs errors and attempts to recover data from bad
sectors on the E: drive.

10. Display the Status of the Last Disk Check

Command:
cmd

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chkdsk [Drive:] /i

●
● Description: Displays the status of the last check disk operation.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /i

●
○ This shows the results of the last check disk run on the C: drive.

11. Check for Errors on Remote Disk (Network Drive)

Command:
cmd

chkdsk \\[RemoteDrive]\[Path] /f

●
● Description: Checks for disk errors on a remote drive over the network.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk \\Server01\SharedDrive /f

●
○ This checks for errors on the remote network drive SharedDrive on
Server01 and fixes any detected errors.

12. Check for Specific File System Integrity Issues

Command:
cmd

chkdsk [Drive:] /c

●

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● Description: Disables the checking of cycles within the folder structure. Use this
when you know the file system is intact and you want to speed up the check.

Example:
cmd

chkdsk C: /c

●
○ This checks the C: drive without checking for cycles in the folder structure.

15. fc - Compare two files or sets of files.

1. Basic Command Usage

Command:
cmd

fc [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares two files line by line and displays any differences between
them.

Example:
cmd

fc file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt and shows the lines that differ
between them.

2. Compare Files in ASCII Mode

Command:
cmd

fc /a [File1] [File2]

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●
● Description: Compares files in ASCII mode (text files). It displays line-by-line
differences between two text files.

Example:
cmd

fc /a file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt in ASCII mode and displays the
differences.

3. Compare Files in Binary Mode

Command:
cmd

fc /b [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares files in binary mode, which is used for non-text (binary)
files. It compares files byte by byte.

Example:
cmd

fc /b file1.exe file2.exe

●
○ This compares file1.exe and file2.exe in binary mode, showing
byte-by-byte differences.

4. Display Differences with Line Numbers

Command:
cmd

fc /l [File1] [File2]

●

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● Description: Displays the differences between files in ASCII mode, with the line
numbers of each difference.

Example:
cmd

fc /l file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt in ASCII mode and shows the
line numbers where differences occur.

5. Ignore Whitespace Differences

Command:
cmd

fc /w [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Ignores differences in whitespace (spaces or tabs) while comparing
files.

Example:
cmd

fc /w file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt, ignoring any differences in
whitespace.

6. Compare Multiple Files in a Directory

Command:
cmd

fc [Directory1]\* [Directory2]\*

●
● Description: Compares multiple files in two directories.

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Example:
cmd

fc C:\Documents\* D:\Backup\*

●
○ This compares all files in C:\Documents\ with all files in D:\Backup\.

7. Ignore Case Differences

Command:
cmd

fc /i [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares files while ignoring case differences in letters.

Example:
cmd

fc /i file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt, ignoring any case differences
(e.g., "Hello" vs. "hello").

8. Display Only the Differences (No Summary)

Command:
cmd

fc /n [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Displays only the differences between files, without a summary of the
comparison.

Example:
cmd

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fc /n file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt, showing only the lines that are
different.

9. Compare Files and Display a Summary of Differences

Command:
cmd

fc /s [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares files and displays a summary of differences, instead of
showing the entire content.

Example:
cmd

fc /s file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt and provides a summary of the
differences without showing every single change.

10. Display Differences Using a Different Character for Line Separation

Command:
cmd

fc /c [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Displays differences using a specified character for line separation.

Example:
cmd

fc /c file1.txt file2.txt

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●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt and uses a custom character to
separate the lines with differences.

16. comp - Compare the contents of two files.

1. Basic Command Usage

Command:
cmd

comp [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares two files byte by byte and displays the results, showing
any differences.

Example:
cmd

comp file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt with file2.txt and reports any byte-level
differences.

2. Compare Files and Display Only Differences

Command:
cmd

comp /d [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares two files and only displays the differences, ignoring other
information.

Example:
cmd

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comp /d file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt, showing only the differences
between the two files.

3. Display Detailed Information About Differences

Command:
cmd

comp /a [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares the files and displays a detailed list of differences between
them, including the offset and byte-by-byte differences.

Example:
cmd

comp /a file1.bin file2.bin

●
○ This compares file1.bin and file2.bin, showing detailed information
about their differences at the byte level.

4. Compare Files and Report the First Difference Only

Command:
cmd

comp /c [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares files and stops after displaying the first difference found.

Example:
cmd

comp /c file1.txt file2.txt

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●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt and stops after finding and
displaying the first difference.

5. Compare Files and Display Only the Number of Differences

Command:
cmd

comp /n [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares two files and displays only the total number of differences.

Example:
cmd

comp /n file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt and shows only the number of
byte-level differences between them.

6. Compare Files and Ignore Case Differences

Command:
cmd

comp /i [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares two text files while ignoring case differences (upper vs.
lower case).

Example:
cmd

comp /i file1.txt file2.txt

●

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○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt while ignoring any case

differences (e.g., "HELLO" vs. "hello").

7. Compare Files and Display Hexadecimal Values

Command:
cmd

comp /f [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Compares the files and displays the differences using hexadecimal
values for the byte comparison.

Example:
cmd

comp /f file1.bin file2.bin

●
○ This compares file1.bin and file2.bin, displaying the differences in
hexadecimal format.

8. Compare Multiple Files in a Directory

Command:
cmd

comp [Directory1]\* [Directory2]\*

●
● Description: Compares multiple files in two directories and reports the
differences.

Example:
cmd

comp C:\Documents\* D:\Backup\*

●
○ This compares all files in C:\Documents with all files in D:\Backup.

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9. Display No Output If Files Are Identical

Command:
cmd

comp /q [File1] [File2]

●
● Description: Suppresses the output if the files being compared are identical,
providing a quieter comparison.

Example:
cmd

comp /q file1.txt file2.txt

●
○ This compares file1.txt and file2.txt, and if they are identical, no
output is shown.

17. robocopy - Robust file and directory copying

tool.
1. Basic Command Usage

Command:
cmd

robocopy [Source] [Destination]

●
● Description: Copies all files from the source directory to the destination directory.

Example:
cmd

robocopy C:\Source D:\Backup

●

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○ This command copies all files from C:\Source to D:\Backup.

2. Copy Files and Subdirectories

Command:
cmd

robocopy [Source] [Destination] /E

●
● Description: Copies all files and subdirectories, including empty directories.

Example:
cmd

robocopy C:\Source D:\Backup /E

●
○ This copies all files and subdirectories from C:\Source to D:\Backup,
including any empty directories.

3. Copy Only Newer Files

Command:
cmd

robocopy [Source] [Destination] /XO

●
● Description: Copies only the files that are newer in the source directory than in the
destination directory.

Example:
cmd

robocopy C:\Source D:\Backup /XO

●
○ This copies only the newer files from C:\Source to D:\Backup, skipping
older files.

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4. Retry on Failure

Command:
cmd

robocopy [Source] [Destination] /R:[NumberOfRetries]

●
● Description: Sets the number of retries on failed copies. By default, robocopy
retries 1 million times, but you can specify a custom number.

Example:
cmd

robocopy C:\Source D:\Backup /R:5

●
○ This will retry copying up to 5 times if a file cannot be copied.

5. Skip Existing Files

Command:
cmd

robocopy [Source] [Destination] /XC /XN /XO

●
● Description: Skips files that already exist at the destination. It checks for files that
are the same in both locations and skips copying them.

Example:
cmd

robocopy C:\Source D:\Backup /XC /XN /XO

●
○ This command will skip existing, newer, or unchanged files when copying
from C:\Source to D:\Backup.

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6. Copy Files with Permissions

Command:
cmd

robocopy [Source] [Destination] /COPYALL

●
● Description: Copies all file attributes and permissions (including timestamps and
ACLs).

Example:
cmd

robocopy C:\Source D:\Backup /COPYALL

●
○ This copies all files from C:\Source to D:\Backup, including all
permissions, attributes, and timestamps.

7. Mirror Directories

Command:
cmd

robocopy [Source] [Destination] /MIR

●
● Description: Mirrors a directory, copying all files and subdirectories from the
source to the destination, and deleting files at the destination that are no longer in
the source.

Example:
cmd

robocopy C:\Source D:\Backup /MIR

●
○ This creates an exact mirror of C:\Source in D:\Backup, deleting any files
in the destination that do not exist in the source.

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8. Limit the Bandwidth Used During Copying

Command:
cmd

robocopy [Source] [Destination] /IPG:[Delay]

●
● Description: Sets the inter-packet gap (IPG) in milliseconds to limit the bandwidth
used during file copying.

Example:
cmd

robocopy C:\Source D:\Backup /IPG:50

●
○ This limits the copying speed by introducing a 50 millisecond delay
between packets.

9. Exclude Specific Files

Command:
cmd

robocopy [Source] [Destination] /XF [FileName]

●
● Description: Excludes specific files from being copied.

Example:
cmd

robocopy C:\Source D:\Backup /XF *.log

●
○ This copies everything from C:\Source to D:\Backup, but skips any .log
files.

10. Exclude Specific Directories

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Command:
cmd

robocopy [Source] [Destination] /XD [DirectoryName]

●
● Description: Excludes specific directories from being copied.

Example:
cmd

robocopy C:\Source D:\Backup /XD C:\Source\Temp

●
○ This copies everything from C:\Source to D:\Backup, excluding the Temp
directory.

11. Perform a Dry Run

Command:
cmd

robocopy [Source] [Destination] /L

●
● Description: Simulates the copy operation without actually making any changes
(dry run).

Example:
cmd

robocopy C:\Source D:\Backup /L

●
○ This simulates the copying process from C:\Source to D:\Backup but
does not actually copy any files.

12. Copy Files with Logging

Command:
cmd

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robocopy [Source] [Destination] /LOG:[LogFile]

●
● Description: Logs the output of the copying process to a specified log file.

Example:
cmd

robocopy C:\Source D:\Backup /LOG:C:\BackupLog.txt

●
○ This copies from C:\Source to D:\Backup and logs the details to
C:\BackupLog.txt.

13. Use Robocopy for Network Copying

Command:
cmd

robocopy \\[NetworkSource] \\[NetworkDestination]

●
● Description: Uses robocopy to copy files over a network to a shared folder.

Example:
cmd

robocopy \\Server\Share D:\Backup

●
○ This copies files from the network share \\Server\Share to the
D:\Backup directory.

14. Copy Empty Directories Only

Command:
cmd

robocopy [Source] [Destination] /E /LEV:1

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●
● Description: Copies only empty directories from the source to the destination.

Example:
cmd

robocopy C:\Source D:\Backup /E /LEV:1

●
○ This copies only empty directories from C:\Source to D:\Backup.

18. sfc - System File Checker to repair corrupted

system files.

1. Basic Command Usage

Command:
cmd

sfc /scannow

●
● Description: Scans all protected system files and repairs any corrupted or missing
files.

Example:
cmd

sfc /scannow

●
○ This command scans all system files for integrity issues and attempts to fix
any detected corruption.

2. Check System Files Without Repairing

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Command:
cmd

sfc /verifyonly

●
● Description: Scans protected system files but does not perform any repair
actions, useful for checking the integrity of files without making changes.

Example:
cmd

sfc /verifyonly

●
○ This command checks the system files for integrity but does not attempt
any repairs.

3. Scan a Specific File

Command:
cmd

sfc /scanfile=[Path to File]

●
● Description: Scans a specific file for integrity issues. This command allows you to
check the status of a specific system file rather than scanning the entire system.

Example:
cmd

sfc /scanfile=C:\Windows\System32\kernel32.dll

●
○ This scans the file kernel32.dll in the System32 folder for corruption.

4. Set the Log File Location

Command:
cmd

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sfc /offbootdir=[Boot Drive] /offwindir=[Windows Directory]

●
● Description: Specifies the boot directory and Windows directory when running
sfc on an offline system (such as when using Windows recovery environment).

Example:
cmd

sfc /offbootdir=D:\ /offwindir=D:\Windows

●
○ This command runs sfc on an offline Windows installation located on drive
D:.

5. Check and Repair System Files Without a Restart

Command:
cmd

sfc /scanfile=[FilePath] /offbootdir=[BootDrive]
/offwindir=[WindowsDir]

●
● Description: This command is used to check and repair system files on an offline
system without the need for a restart.

Example:
cmd

sfc /scanfile=C:\Windows\System32\user32.dll /offbootdir=C:\
/offwindir=C:\Windows

●
○ This checks and repairs the user32.dll file located in
C:\Windows\System32.

6. View Detailed Logs of the Scan

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Command:
cmd

sfc /log

●
● Description: Displays a detailed log of the results from the sfc scan, which can
help identify issues that the tool has found and fixed.

Example:
cmd

sfc /log

●
○ This command displays a detailed log of the sfc scan results, useful for
advanced troubleshooting.

7. Troubleshoot Problems Using the Windows Recovery Environment

Command:
cmd

sfc /scannow /offbootdir=[Boot Drive] /offwindir=[Windows Directory]

●
● Description: Runs sfc in the Windows Recovery Environment to scan and repair
system files without starting the Windows operating system.

Example:
cmd

sfc /scannow /offbootdir=C:\ /offwindir=C:\Windows

●
○ This command scans and repairs system files from the Windows Recovery
Environment.

8. Repair System Files Using DISM

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Sometimes sfc might not be able to repair the system files if the source files are also
corrupted. In such cases, the DISM (Deployment Imaging Service and Management Tool)
can be used to restore the files.

Command:
cmd

dism /online /cleanup-image /restorehealth

●
● Description: This command uses DISM to repair the Windows image and restore
missing or corrupted system files before running sfc.

Example:
cmd

dism /online /cleanup-image /restorehealth

●
○ This command repairs the system image and prepares it for sfc to
complete its repair process.

9. Repair Missing or Corrupt Files Using sfc After DISM

After using DISM, you can run sfc to complete the file repair process:

Command:
cmd

sfc /scannow

●
● Description: Scans and repairs system files after running DISM to restore the
Windows image.

Example:
cmd

sfc /scannow

●

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○ This command runs the System File Checker to fix any remaining file
integrity issues after DISM has restored the system image.

10. Repair Windows Modules with SFC

Command:
cmd

sfc /scannow /offbootdir=[Boot Drive] /offwindir=[Windows Directory]
/modules

●
● Description: Scans and repairs specific Windows modules, ensuring that all
components are working correctly.

Example:
cmd

sfc /scannow /offbootdir=C:\ /offwindir=C:\Windows /modules

●
○ This command repairs specific modules of Windows during the sfc scan.

19. findstr - Search for specific strings in files.

1. Basic Command Usage

Command:
cmd

findstr [String] [FilePath]

●
● Description: Searches for the specified string in a file and displays the matching
lines.

Example:
cmd

findstr "error" C:\Logs\logfile.txt

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●
○ This command searches for the string "error" in logfile.txt located in
the C:\Logs\ directory and displays all lines containing the word "error."

2. Search Multiple Strings

Command:
cmd

findstr [String1] [String2] [FilePath]

●
● Description: Searches for multiple strings in a file. Any line containing at least one
of the strings will be returned.

Example:
cmd

findstr "error" "warning" C:\Logs\logfile.txt

●
○ This searches for lines containing either "error" or "warning" in
logfile.txt.

3. Search Using Regular Expressions

Command:
cmd

findstr /r [RegularExpression] [FilePath]

●
● Description: Uses regular expressions to search for patterns in a file.

Example:
cmd

findstr /r "^[A-Za-z]*" C:\Logs\logfile.txt

●

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○ This searches for lines starting with any alphabetic characters in

logfile.txt.

4. Display Line Numbers of Matches

Command:
cmd

findstr /n [String] [FilePath]

●
● Description: Displays the line numbers along with the lines that match the search
string.

Example:
cmd

findstr /n "error" C:\Logs\logfile.txt

●
○ This command shows all lines containing "error" along with their line
numbers in logfile.txt.

5. Search for Whole Words Only

Command:
cmd

findstr /w [String] [FilePath]

●
● Description: Searches for whole words only, ignoring partial matches.

Example:
cmd

findstr /w "error" C:\Logs\logfile.txt

●
○ This command searches for the exact word "error" in logfile.txt and
does not match words like "errors" or "erroneous."

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6. Case-Insensitive Search

Command:
cmd

findstr /i [String] [FilePath]

●
● Description: Searches for the string in a case-insensitive manner.

Example:
cmd

findstr /i "ERROR" C:\Logs\logfile.txt

●
○ This searches for "ERROR", "error", or any case variation of "error" in
logfile.txt.

7. Exclude Certain Strings (Invert Match)

Command:
cmd

findstr /v [String] [FilePath]

●
● Description: Excludes lines that contain the specified string.

Example:
cmd

findstr /v "error" C:\Logs\logfile.txt

●
○ This command displays all lines in logfile.txt that do not contain the
word "error."

8. Search for Strings in Multiple Files

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Command:
cmd

findstr [String] [FolderPath]\*.txt

●
● Description: Searches for a string in all text files in a specified folder.

Example:
cmd

findstr "critical" C:\Logs\*.txt

●
○ This searches for the string "critical" in all .txt files within the C:\Logs\
directory.

9. Search for Strings Across All Files in a Directory

Command:
cmd

findstr /s [String] [FolderPath]\*

●
● Description: Searches for a string in all files within a directory and its
subdirectories.

Example:
cmd

findstr /s "error" C:\Logs\*

●
○ This command searches for "error" in all files under the C:\Logs\
directory, including subdirectories.

10. Match Full Lines Only

Command:
cmd

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findstr /x [String] [FilePath]

●
● Description: Searches for the exact match of the entire line.

Example:
cmd

findstr /x "This is an error" C:\Logs\logfile.txt

●
○ This searches for lines that are exactly "This is an error" in logfile.txt.

11. Search for Multiple Strings in Multiple Files

Command:
cmd

findstr /c:"[String1]" /c:"[String2]" [FolderPath]\*.log

●
● Description: Searches for multiple specific strings in multiple files using the /c:
option to treat the strings as literal patterns.

Example:
cmd

findstr /c:"timeout" /c:"failure" C:\Logs\*.log

●
○ This command searches for both "timeout" and "failure" in all .log files in
the C:\Logs\ directory.

12. Display Only Matching Strings

Command:
cmd

findstr /o [String] [FilePath]

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●
● Description: Displays only the matching string in the file, along with its offset
(position) in the line.

Example:
cmd

findstr /o "error" C:\Logs\logfile.txt

●
○ This command displays the position of the word "error" in each matching
line from logfile.txt.

20. more - Display the contents of a text file one

page at a time.
1. Basic Command Usage

Command:
cmd

more [FilePath]

●
● Description: Displays the content of a file, one page at a time. Press Enter to
advance one line at a time or Space to move to the next page.

Example:
cmd

more C:\Logs\logfile.txt

●
○ This command shows the contents of logfile.txt in the C:\Logs\
directory one page at a time.

2. Display the Content of Multiple Files

Command:
cmd

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more [File1] [File2] ...

●
● Description: Displays the contents of multiple files, one page at a time.

Example:
cmd

more C:\Logs\logfile1.txt C:\Logs\logfile2.txt

●
○ This command shows the contents of both logfile1.txt and
logfile2.txt one page at a time.

3. Navigate Through the File

While using more, you can use the following keys to navigate:

● Enter: Display one line at a time.

● Space: Display one page at a time.
● Q: Quit and exit the more command.
● /: Search for a string in the file (e.g., /error to find "error").
● B: Go back one page.

4. View Long Files Line-by-Line

Command:
cmd

more /e [FilePath]

●
● Description: Displays the contents of the file one line at a time, waiting for user
input before showing each line.

Example:
cmd

more /e C:\Logs\logfile.txt

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●
○ This command will display the file content one line at a time. You will need
to press Enter to display the next line.

5. Display File Content with Line Numbers

Command:
cmd

more /n [FilePath]

●
● Description: Displays the contents of the file with line numbers at the beginning of
each line.

Example:
cmd

more /n C:\Logs\logfile.txt

●
○ This command will display logfile.txt with line numbers, making it
easier to reference specific lines.

6. View the Contents of a File Without Pausing

Command:
cmd

type [FilePath] | more

●
● Description: Uses the type command to display the contents of the file and pipes
it to more for paging, especially useful when the file is long.

Example:
cmd

type C:\Logs\logfile.txt | more

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●
○ This command displays the file content page by page, even if the type
command itself would display the entire file at once.

7. Skip to the End of the File

Command:
cmd

more +[Number] [FilePath]

●
● Description: Starts displaying the file from the specified line number. Use this
option to skip the first few lines and begin from a specific point in the file.

Example:
cmd

more +10 C:\Logs\logfile.txt

●
○ This command starts showing the file content from the 10th line onwards.

8. Pause After Each Screenful

Command:
cmd

more /p [FilePath]

●
● Description: Pauses after each screenful of text, allowing the user to press Enter
or Space to continue.

Example:
cmd

more /p C:\Logs\logfile.txt

●

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○ This command pauses after each screenful, waiting for the user to continue
to the next page.

9. Search for Text While Viewing

Command:
cmd

more /s [FilePath]

●
● Description: Allows you to search for a specified string while viewing the file.

Example:
cmd

more /s "error" C:\Logs\logfile.txt

●
○ This command allows searching for the word "error" while viewing the file
content.

10. Customize the Paging Behavior

Command:
cmd

more /c [FilePath]

●
● Description: Clears the screen before displaying each page of the file content.

Example:
cmd

more /c C:\Logs\logfile.txt

●
○ This command clears the screen each time it displays a new page of
content.

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21. sort - Sort the contents of a text file.

1. Basic Command Usage

Command:
cmd

sort [FilePath]

●
● Description: Sorts the lines in the specified text file in ascending order
(alphabetically or numerically based on the content).

Example:
cmd

sort C:\Documents\data.txt

●
○ This command sorts the contents of data.txt in ascending order and
displays the output.

2. Sort in Reverse Order (Descending)

Command:
cmd

sort /r [FilePath]

●
● Description: Sorts the lines of the text file in reverse (descending) order.

Example:
cmd

sort /r C:\Documents\data.txt

●
○ This command sorts the contents of data.txt in descending order.

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3. Sort Without Removing Duplicate Lines

Command:
cmd

sort /u [FilePath]

●
● Description: Removes duplicate lines while sorting the file contents.

Example:
cmd

sort /u C:\Documents\data.txt

●
○ This command sorts the file contents and removes any duplicate lines,
showing only unique entries.

4. Sort Output by Column

Command:
cmd

sort /+n [FilePath]

●
● Description: Sorts the file content starting from the nth character of each line.
Useful for sorting based on columns.

Example:
cmd

sort /+5 C:\Documents\data.txt

●
○ This command sorts the contents of data.txt, starting from the 5th
character of each line.

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5. Sort the Contents of Standard Input (Piped Input)

Command:
cmd

echo [Text] | sort

●
● Description: Sorts the input provided via the command line or piped input.

Example:
cmd

echo Apple Banana Orange | sort

●
○ This command sorts the words "Apple", "Banana", and "Orange" in
ascending order and displays the result: "Apple Banana Orange".

6. Redirect Sorted Output to a New File

Command:
cmd

sort [FilePath] > [NewFilePath]

●
● Description: Redirects the sorted output to a new file, rather than displaying it on
the screen.

Example:
cmd

sort C:\Documents\data.txt > C:\Documents\sorted_data.txt

●
○ This command sorts the contents of data.txt and saves the sorted output
to sorted_data.txt.

7. Sort by Specific Fields in the File (Delimited Data)

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Command:
cmd

sort [Delimiter] /+n [FilePath]

●
● Description: Sorts a file with a specified delimiter (e.g., comma or tab) starting
from the nth column.

Example:
cmd

sort , /+2 C:\Documents\data.csv

●
○ This command sorts the data.csv file based on the second column,
assuming a comma delimiter.

8. Sort with Case Insensitivity

Command:
cmd

sort /f [FilePath]

●
● Description: Sorts the file contents in a case-insensitive manner, so "apple" and
"Apple" will be treated as equivalent.

Example:
cmd

sort /f C:\Documents\data.txt

●
○ This command sorts the contents of data.txt without considering case
sensitivity.

9. View Sorted Output in Real-Time Using Piping

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Command:
cmd

[Command] | sort

●
● Description: Sorts the output of any command in real-time. You can pipe any
command’s output into sort to sort it.

Example:
cmd

dir | sort

●
○ This command lists the directory contents and sorts them alphabetically.

10. View Sorted Content with Line Numbers

Command:
cmd

sort [FilePath] | nl

●
● Description: Sorts the file content and displays line numbers along with the sorted
output.

Example:
cmd

sort C:\Documents\data.txt | nl

●
○ This command sorts the file data.txt and displays each line with a line
number.

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22. xcopy /e - Copy directories and

subdirectories, including empty ones.
1. Basic Command Usage

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /e

●
● Description: Copies all directories and subdirectories, including empty
directories, from the source to the destination path.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents\* D:\Backup\ /e

●
○ This command copies all files and subdirectories from Documents to
D:\Backup, including any empty subdirectories.

2. Copy Directories and Subdirectories, Suppressing Confirmation

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /e /y

●
● Description: Copies directories and subdirectories (including empty ones) and
automatically confirms overwriting of files without prompting.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents\* D:\Backup\ /e /y

●

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○ This command copies all files and directories, including empty directories,
and automatically overwrites any existing files in the destination without
confirmation.

3. Copy Directories and Subdirectories with File Attributes

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /e /a

●
● Description: Copies directories and subdirectories, including empty ones, and
preserves the file attributes (such as read-only, hidden, system).

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents\* D:\Backup\ /e /a

●
○ This command copies all files, subdirectories, and empty directories from
Documents to D:\Backup, preserving the file attributes.

4. Copy Specific File Types with Subdirectories

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /e *.txt

●
● Description: Copies only specific file types (in this case .txt files) from the
source directory, including any empty subdirectories.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents\*.txt D:\Backup\ /e

●

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○ This command copies only .txt files from the Documents directory, along
with any empty subdirectories, to D:\Backup.

5. Exclude Certain Files During Copying

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /e /exclude:[FileWithExcludedPatterns]

●
● Description: Copies directories and subdirectories, including empty ones, but
excludes files that match the patterns specified in the exclude file.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents\* D:\Backup\ /e /exclude:exclude.txt

●
○ This command copies all files and directories, including empty ones,
except for files matching the patterns listed in exclude.txt.

6. Copy Files and Directories with Verification

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /e /v

●
● Description: Copies directories and subdirectories, including empty ones, and
verifies that the files are copied correctly.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents\* D:\Backup\ /e /v

●

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○ This command copies files and subdirectories, including empty directories,

from Documents to D:\Backup and verifies that each file is copied
correctly.

7. Copy Files and Directories, Including Hidden Files

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source] [Destination] /e /h

●
● Description: Copies all files, directories, and subdirectories, including hidden files
and folders, from the source to the destination.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents\* D:\Backup\ /e /h

●
○ This command copies all files, hidden files, subdirectories, and empty
directories from Documents to D:\Backup.

8. Copy Multiple Source Directories to One Destination

Command:
cmd

xcopy [Source1] [Source2] [Destination] /e

●
● Description: Copies multiple source directories and subdirectories (including
empty ones) into one destination directory.

Example:
cmd

xcopy C:\Users\YourName\Documents\* C:\Users\YourName\Pictures\*
D:\Backup\ /e

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●
○ This command copies the contents of both Documents and Pictures
directories (including empty subdirectories) to the D:\Backup directory.

23. compact - Compress or decompress files on

an NTFS partition.

1. Compress Files

Command:
cmd

compact [File/Directory Path] /c

●
● Description: Compresses the specified file or directory on an NTFS partition.

Example:
cmd

compact C:\Users\YourName\Documents\LargeFile.txt /c

●
○ This command compresses LargeFile.txt in the Documents folder,
reducing its disk usage on an NTFS partition.

2. Decompress Files

Command:
cmd

compact [File/Directory Path] /u

●
● Description: Decompresses the specified file or directory that was previously
compressed.

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Example:
cmd

compact C:\Users\YourName\Documents\CompressedFile.txt /u

●
○ This command decompresses CompressedFile.txt in the Documents
folder, restoring its original size.

3. Display Compression Status

Command:
cmd

compact [File/Directory Path]

●
● Description: Displays the current compression status of a specified file or
directory. It shows whether the file is compressed or uncompressed.

Example:
cmd

compact C:\Users\YourName\Documents\LargeFile.txt

●
○ This command displays whether LargeFile.txt is currently compressed
or not.

4. Compress All Files in a Directory and Subdirectories

Command:
cmd

compact [Directory Path] /c /s

●
● Description: Compresses all files in the specified directory and all its
subdirectories.

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Example:
cmd

compact C:\Users\YourName\Documents\ /c /s

●
○ This command compresses all files in the Documents folder and its
subdirectories.

5. Decompress All Files in a Directory and Subdirectories

Command:
cmd

compact [Directory Path] /u /s

●
● Description: Decompresses all files in the specified directory and all its
subdirectories.

Example:
cmd

compact C:\Users\YourName\Documents\ /u /s

●
○ This command decompresses all files in the Documents folder and its
subdirectories.

6. Show All Files with Compression Status in a Directory

Command:
cmd

compact [Directory Path] /s /q

●
● Description: Displays the compression status of all files in the specified directory
and its subdirectories without making any changes.

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Example:
cmd

compact C:\Users\YourName\Documents\ /s /q

●
○ This command shows the compression status of all files in the Documents
folder and its subdirectories without modifying them.

7. Compress Only Files That Are Not Already Compressed

Command:
cmd

compact [Directory Path] /c /a

●
● Description: Compresses files in the specified directory and subdirectories, but
only those that are not already compressed.

Example:
cmd

compact C:\Users\YourName\Documents\ /c /a

●
○ This command compresses only the uncompressed files in the Documents
folder and its subdirectories.

8. Display Compression Information for a File

Command:
cmd

compact /i [File Path]

●
● Description: Displays detailed compression information for a specified file.

Example:
cmd

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compact /i C:\Users\YourName\Documents\LargeFile.txt

●
○ This command provides detailed information about the compression status
of LargeFile.txt.

9. Compress Files with Specific File Extensions

Command:
cmd

compact [Directory Path] /c *.txt

●
● Description: Compresses only files with a specific file extension (e.g., .txt) in the
specified directory.

Example:
cmd

compact C:\Users\YourName\Documents\ /c *.txt

●
○ This command compresses only .txt files in the Documents folder.

10. Show the File Compression Ratio

Command:
cmd

compact /r [File Path]

●
● Description: Displays the compression ratio for a compressed file, showing how
much space was saved.

Example:
cmd

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compact /r C:\Users\YourName\Documents\LargeFile.txt

●
○ This command shows the compression ratio for LargeFile.txt,
indicating the amount of space saved by compression.

24. xcaccls - Backup and restore NTFS

permissions.
1. Backup NTFS Permissions

Command:
cmd

xcacls [File/Folder Path] /backup:[Backup File Path]

●
● Description: Backs up the NTFS permissions of a specified file or folder to a
backup file.

Example:
cmd

xcacls C:\Users\YourName\Documents\ /backup:C:\Backup\permissions.bak

●
○ This command backs up the NTFS permissions of the Documents folder to
permissions.bak in the C:\Backup directory.

2. Restore NTFS Permissions from a Backup

Command:
cmd

xcacls [File/Folder Path] /restore:[Backup File Path]

●
● Description: Restores NTFS permissions to a file or folder from a previously
created backup file.

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Example:
cmd

xcacls C:\Users\YourName\Documents\ /restore:C:\Backup\permissions.bak

●
○ This command restores the NTFS permissions of the Documents folder
from the permissions.bak backup file.

3. Display Current NTFS Permissions

Command:
cmd

xcacls [File/Folder Path]

●
● Description: Displays the current NTFS permissions of a specified file or folder.

Example:
cmd

xcacls C:\Users\YourName\Documents\

●
○ This command displays the current NTFS permissions for the Documents
folder.

4. Grant Permissions

Command:
cmd

xcacls [File/Folder Path] /grant:[UserName]:[Permission]

●
● Description: Grants specific permissions to a user or group for a file or folder.

Example:
cmd

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xcacls C:\Users\YourName\Documents\ /grant:JohnDoe:F

●
○ This command grants full control (F) to the user JohnDoe for the
Documents folder.

5. Revoke Permissions

Command:
cmd

xcacls [File/Folder Path] /remove:[UserName]

●
● Description: Removes the specified user’s permissions from a file or folder.

Example:
cmd

xcacls C:\Users\YourName\Documents\ /remove:JohnDoe

●
○ This command removes all permissions for the user JohnDoe from the
Documents folder.

6. Set Permissions Recursively

Command:
cmd

xcacls [Folder Path] /grant:[UserName]:[Permission]

●
● Description: Grants specific permissions recursively to all files and subfolders
within a folder.

Example:
cmd

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xcacls C:\Users\YourName\Documents\ /grant:JohnDoe:F

●
○ This command grants full control (F) to JohnDoe for the Documents folder
and all its subdirectories and files.

7. Remove Inherited Permissions

Command:
cmd

xcacls [File/Folder Path] /inheritance:r

●
● Description: Removes inherited permissions from a file or folder. After this, only
explicit permissions will apply.

Example:
cmd

xcacls C:\Users\YourName\Documents\ /inheritance:r

●
○ This command removes inherited permissions from the Documents folder.

8. Replace Permissions with a Backup

Command:
cmd

xcacls [File/Folder Path] /replace:[Backup File Path]

●
● Description: Replaces the current NTFS permissions on a file or folder with the
permissions from a backup file.

Example:
cmd

xcacls C:\Users\YourName\Documents\ /replace:C:\Backup\permissions.bak

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●
○ This command replaces the current permissions of the Documents folder
with those from permissions.bak.

9. Grant Permissions to a Group

Command:
cmd

xcacls [File/Folder Path] /grant:[GroupName]:[Permission]

●
● Description: Grants specific permissions to a group for a file or folder.

Example:
cmd

xcacls C:\Users\YourName\Documents\ /grant:AdminGroup:F

●
○ This command grants full control (F) to the AdminGroup for the Documents
folder.

10. Backup Permissions for All Files in a Directory

Command:
cmd

xcacls [Directory Path] /backup:[Backup File Path]

●
● Description: Backs up the NTFS permissions of all files and subdirectories within
a directory.

Example:
cmd

xcacls C:\Users\YourName\Documents\ /backup:C:\Backup\permissions.bak

●

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○ This command backs up the permissions for all files and subfolders within
the Documents directory to permissions.bak.

25. subst - Associate a drive letter with a

directory.
Command:

cmd

subst [Drive Letter]: [Directory Path]

Description:
Associates a drive letter with a specified directory, making the directory appear as if it
were a separate drive. This is useful for creating virtual drives for easy access to
directories.

Example:

cmd

subst X: C:\Users\YourName\Documents

This command associates the X: drive with the Documents folder located at
C:\Users\YourName\Documents. Now, you can access that folder via the X: drive.

25.1. Remove a Virtual Drive

Command:

cmd

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subst [Drive Letter]: /d

Description:
Removes the virtual drive associated with the specified drive letter.

Example:

cmd

subst X: /d

This command removes the virtual drive X:, disassociating it from the folder it was
pointing to.

26. cipher - Display or alter file encryption on

NTFS volumes.

1. Overview of the cipher Command

The cipher command is a tool used in Windows to manage the encryption of files and
directories. It can encrypt and decrypt files, view the encryption status, securely erase
data, and create backups of encryption certificates and keys.

2. Syntax

cipher [options] [drive:][path]

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● [options]: Various command options that specify what actions you want to
perform.
● [drive:][path]: Path to the file, directory, or drive where encryption is applied.

3. Command Options and Their Functions

a. /E

● Description: Encrypts the specified file or directory.

● Use Case: Encrypt files and folders to protect sensitive data.

Example:

cipher /E C:\Users\YourName\Documents\file.txt

●

b. /D

● Description: Decrypts the specified file or directory.

● Use Case: Decrypt files or folders that were previously encrypted.

Example:

cipher /D C:\Users\YourName\Documents\file.txt

●

c. /S:<directory>

● Description: Encrypts all subdirectories within the specified directory.

● Use Case: Encrypt all files and subdirectories under a given directory.

Example:

cipher /E /S:C:\Users\YourName\Documents

●

d. /F

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● Description: Forces the encryption or decryption of files that are already

encrypted or decrypted.
● Use Case: Re-encrypt files that are already encrypted.

Example:

cipher /E /F C:\Users\YourName\Documents

●

e. /R:<filename>

● Description: Creates a recovery agent certificate and key.

● Use Case: Create a recovery certificate and key that can be used to recover
encrypted files.

Example:

cipher /R:RecoveryAgent

●

f. /X

● Description: Back up the encryption certificate and key.

● Use Case: Save the encryption certificate and key for later use or recovery.

Example:

cipher /X C:\Backup

●

g. /U

● Description: Updates the encryption on all files and directories in the specified
directory.
● Use Case: Ensure that all files in a directory are properly encrypted.

Example:

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cipher /U C:\Users\YourName\Documents

●

h. /W:<folder>

● Description: Overwrites unused disk space to securely erase deleted files.

● Use Case: Securely wipe free space to make sure deleted files cannot be
recovered.

Example:

cipher /W:C:\Users\YourName\Documents

●

i. /Q

● Description: Suppresses the display of the status messages. Quiet mode.

● Use Case: Use this option when you want to run the command without showing
the progress or results.

Example:

cipher /E /Q C:\Users\YourName\Documents\file.txt

●

j. /A

● Description: Displays all files in the directory, including encrypted files.

● Use Case: View both encrypted and unencrypted files in a directory.

Example:

cipher /A C:\Users\YourName\Documents

●

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4. Detailed Use Cases and Examples

a. Encrypt a File

To encrypt a specific file, use the /E option followed by the file path.

Example:

cipher /E C:\Users\YourName\Documents\file.txt

●
○ Explanation: This encrypts the file file.txt in the specified path.

b. Decrypt a File

To decrypt a previously encrypted file, use the /D option followed by the file path.

Example:

cipher /D C:\Users\YourName\Documents\file.txt

●
○ Explanation: This decrypts the file file.txt.

c. Encrypt All Files in a Folder

To encrypt a directory and all of its subdirectories, use the /E option with /S.

Example:

cipher /E /S:C:\Users\YourName\Documents

●
○ Explanation: Encrypts all files and subdirectories under Documents.

d. Force Encryption of Already Encrypted Files

If you want to re-encrypt a file that is already encrypted, you can use the /F option.

Example:

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cipher /E /F C:\Users\YourName\Documents\file.txt

●
○ Explanation: Forces the encryption of file.txt, even if it’s already
encrypted.

e. Create a Backup of the Encryption Certificate

To create a backup of the encryption certificate, use the /X option.

Example:

cipher /X C:\Backup

●
○ Explanation: Backs up the encryption certificate and key to the specified
folder.

f. Securely Wipe Free Space

To securely erase deleted files and make them unrecoverable, use the /W option.

Example:

cipher /W:C:\Users\YourName\Documents

●
○ Explanation: Overwrites the unused disk space in Documents to prevent
file recovery.

28. openfiles - Display or disconnect open

shared files and folders.

1. Overview of the openfiles Command

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The openfiles command allows users to display information about open shared files,
as well as disconnect users who have files open on the system. It can be used to
troubleshoot file access issues or disconnect unwanted users from shared resources.

2. Syntax

openfiles [option] [parameters]

d. /query /v

● Description: Displays additional details, such as the path and type of access (read
or write).
● Use Case: View detailed information about the open files.

Example:

openfiles /query /v

●

e. /disconnect /id [fileID]

● Description: Disconnects a file based on its ID.

● Use Case: Disconnect a specific open file based on its ID to free resources or
resolve conflicts.

Example:

openfiles /disconnect /id 125

●

f. /help

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● Description: Displays help information for the openfiles command.

● Use Case: Get more information about how to use the openfiles command.

Example:

openfiles /help

●

30. ipconfig - Display network configuration

information.
1. Overview of the ipconfig Command

The ipconfig command is used to display the current network configuration of a

computer’s network interfaces. It provides valuable information for troubleshooting
connectivity issues, checking IP address assignments, and managing network adapters.

2. Syntax

ipconfig [option] [parameters]

● [option]: Specifies the action you want to perform (e.g., display information,
release/renew IP, etc.).
● [parameters]: Additional arguments that refine the command (e.g., specific
network adapter details).

3. Command Options and Their Functions

●

g. /setclassid

● Description: Configures a DHCP Class ID for a specified network adapter.

● Use Case: Used when manually setting the DHCP Class ID on a network adapter.

Example:

ipconfig /setclassid "Ethernet" 1

●

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h. /displaydns

● Description: Displays the current DNS resolver cache contents.

● Use Case: Useful for checking the entries cached on the system by the DNS
resolver.

Example:

ipconfig /displaydns

31. ping - Test network connectivity.

a. Basic Network Connectivity Test

● Description: Verifies if a system is reachable by pinging a target host.

Example:

ping google.com

●

b. Continuous Ping

● Description: Continuously pings a host until manually stopped (Ctrl + C).

Example:

ping -t google.com

●

c. Specifying the Number of Echo Requests

● Description: Sends a specific number of Echo Requests to the target host.

Example:

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ping -n 5 google.com

●

d. Customizing Packet Size

● Description: Customizes the size of the packets being sent.

Example:

ping -l 1500 google.com

●

e. Using IPv6 for Ping

● Description: Forces the ping to use IPv6 instead of IPv4.

Example:

ping -6 google.com

●

f. Resolving Hostnames from IP

● Description: Resolves and shows the hostname for the given IP address.

Example:

ping -a 8.8.8.8

●

g. Setting the "Don't Fragment" Flag

● Description: Ensures the packet is not fragmented during transmission.

● Example:

ping -f google.com

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32. tracert - Trace the route to a remote host.

1. Overview of the tracert Command

What is the tracert Command?

The tracert command traces the route that data packets follow from the source
computer to a destination host, showing each router (hop) along the way and measuring
the round-trip time for each hop. This information can be valuable for diagnosing
network issues, such as delays or packet loss.

2. Syntax of tracert Command

General Syntax

tracert [hostname or IP address] [options]

● [hostname or IP address]: The domain name (e.g., google.com) or IP address (e.g.,

8.8.8.8) of the target host.
● [options]: Additional flags or parameters to modify the behavior of the command.

3. Common Options for tracert Command

a. -d - Do Not Resolve Hostnames

● Description: Prevents the command from resolving IP addresses to hostnames,

which speeds up the trace.

Example:

tracert -d google.com

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●

b. -h [max_hops] - Set Maximum Hops

● Description: Specifies the maximum number of hops (routers) to trace before

stopping.

Example:

tracert -h 15 google.com

●

c. -w [timeout] - Set Timeout for Each Reply

● Description: Sets the timeout value (in milliseconds) for each hop before it is
considered a failure.

Example:

tracert -w 1000 google.com

●

d. -4 - Force IPv4

● Description: Forces the trace route to use IPv4, even if the destination host
supports IPv6.

Example:

tracert -4 google.com

●

e. -6 - Force IPv6

● Description: Forces the trace route to use IPv6, even if the destination host
supports IPv4.

Example:

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tracert -6 google.com

●

33. netstat - Display network statistics.

1. Overview of the netstat Command

What is the netstat Command?

The netstat command provides information about network connections (both incoming
and outgoing), listening ports, and other network statistics. It can be used to display a
variety of network-related details, such as open ports, current connections, and their
associated IP addresses.

2. Syntax of netstat Command

General Syntax

netstat [options]

● [options]: Flags or parameters that modify the output of the command.

3. Common Options for netstat Command

a. -a - Display All Connections and Listening Ports

● Description: Shows all active connections and listening ports.

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Example:

netstat -a

●

b. -n - Show Numerical Addresses

● Description: Displays addresses and port numbers in numerical format instead of

resolving them to hostnames.

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● Description: Displays the routing table of the system, showing the paths network
traffic takes.

Example:

netstat -r

●

f. -s - Display Network Statistics for Each Protocol

● Description: Shows detailed statistics for each network protocol (TCP, UDP, ICMP,
etc.).

Example:

netstat -s

●

g. -e - Display Ethernet Statistics

● Description: Displays Ethernet statistics, such as the number of bytes, packets,

and errors.

Example:

netstat -e

●

h. -b - Show Executable Involved in Creating Connections

● Description: Displays the executable (program) associated with each connection

or listening port.

Example:

netstat -b

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34. nslookup - Look up IP addresses and domain

names.
1. Overview of the nslookup Command

What is the nslookup Command?

The nslookup (Name Server Lookup) command is used to query Domain Name System
(DNS) to obtain information about domain names and IP addresses. It allows you to look
up domain names to find corresponding IP addresses, and vice versa, and is a helpful
tool for troubleshooting DNS-related issues.

The nslookup command is commonly used to:

● Resolve domain names to IP addresses.

● Query DNS records (e.g., A records, MX records).
● Troubleshoot DNS server issues.
● Verify the availability of a domain name.

2. Syntax of nslookup Command

General Syntax

nslookup [domain-name] [dns-server]

● [domain-name]: The domain name you want to look up.

● [dns-server]: (Optional) The DNS server to use for the lookup. If not specified, the
default DNS server of the system will be used.

3. Common Options for nslookup Command

a. Without any Arguments

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● Description: Running nslookup without any arguments enters interactive mode,

allowing you to perform multiple queries.

Example:

nslookup

● This starts the interactive mode where you can enter domain names to query.

b. -type=type - Specify Query Type

● Description: Allows you to specify the type of DNS record you wish to look up
(e.g., A, MX, CNAME).

Example:

nslookup -type=mx example.com

● This command queries the MX (Mail Exchange) records for example.com.

c. -timeout=seconds - Set Query Timeout

● Description: Specifies the timeout duration in seconds for the DNS query. By
default, nslookup waits for 5 seconds before it times out.

Example:

nslookup -timeout=10 example.com

● This sets the timeout to 10 seconds for the query.

d. -debug - Show Debugging Information

● Description: Provides detailed debugging information about the DNS query

process, including the query’s result and the DNS server's response.

Example:

nslookup -debug example.com

●

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e. -port=port - Specify Port Number

● Description: Allows you to specify the port number to use for querying the DNS
server. By default, DNS queries are sent over port 53.

Example:

nslookup -port=5353 example.com

35. hostname - Display or set the computer's

hostname.
The hostname command is used to display or set the system's hostname, which
identifies the system on a network.

Basic Syntax

hostname [OPTION] [NEW_HOSTNAME]

1. Display the Current Hostname

hostname

● Outputs the system's current hostname.

2. Set a New Hostname (Requires Root Privileges)

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sudo hostname new-hostname

● Temporarily sets the hostname until the next reboot.

3. Display Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)

hostname -f

4. Display the Short Hostname

hostname -s

5. Display the Domain Name

hostname -d

6. Get the IP Address of the Hostname

hostname -i

7. Display Network Node (NIS/YP) Domain Name

hostname -y

8. Show All IP Addresses Associated with the Host

hostname -I

36. arp - Display and modify the ARP cache.

The arp (Address Resolution Protocol) command is used to view and manipulate the
ARP table on a system. It is primarily used to map IP addresses to MAC (Media Access
Control) addresses.

Basic Syntax

arp [OPTION] [hostname]

Usage

1. Display the ARP Table

arp -a

● Lists all current ARP entries, showing IP addresses and their corresponding MAC
addresses.

2. Add a New ARP Entry

sudo arp -s <IP_ADDRESS> <MAC_ADDRESS>

● Manually adds a static ARP entry to the table.

3. Delete an ARP Entry

sudo arp -d <IP_ADDRESS>

● Removes a specific entry for the given IP address.

4. Show Specific ARP Entry

arp <hostname>

● Displays the ARP entry for the specified hostname or IP address.

Options

Option Description

-a Display all ARP entries or a specific one if the hostname is

[hostname] provided.

-d Delete the ARP entry for the specified IP address.

<IP_ADDRESS>

-s <IP> Add a new static ARP entry for the given IP and MAC
<MAC> addresses.

-v Enable verbose mode to show additional details.

-n Display numerical addresses instead of resolving hostnames.

Practical Examples
1. View All ARP Entries

arp -a

● Shows the ARP cache with associated IP-MAC address mappings.

2. Add a Static ARP Entry

sudo arp -s 192.168.1.10 00:14:22:01:23:45

● Maps the IP 192.168.1.10 to the MAC address 00:14:22:01:23:45.

3. Remove an ARP Entry

sudo arp -d 192.168.1.10

● Deletes the ARP cache entry for the IP address 192.168.1.10.

4. Lookup a Specific Host

arp 192.168.1.1

● Displays the ARP information for the IP address 192.168.1.1.

ARP Cache Management

View the ARP Cache in Linux

ip neigh show

● Modern systems use the ip command for viewing the ARP table.

Flush the Entire ARP Cache

sudo ip -s -s neigh flush all

List ARP Cache Entries in Windows

cmd

arp -a

Delete ARP Entry in Windows

cmd

arp -d <IP_ADDRESS>

37. route - Display or modify the routing table.

The route command is used to view and manipulate the IP routing table. It allows
network administrators to define and manage static routes for a system to determine how
packets are sent across a network.

Basic Syntax

route [OPTION] [COMMAND] [TARGET]

1. View the Current Routing Table

route

● Displays the system’s current routing table.

2. View the Routing Table with Numeric Addresses

route -n

● Displays the routing table without resolving IP addresses to hostnames.

3. Add a Static Route for a Network

Syntax:

sudo route add -net <NETWORK> netmask <NETMASK> gw <GATEWAY>

sudo route add -net 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.1.1

● Adds a static route to the 192.168.2.0/24 network via the gateway

192.168.1.1.

4. Add a Static Route to a Host

Syntax:

sudo route add -host <IP_ADDRESS> gw <GATEWAY>

sudo route add -host 10.0.0.5 gw 192.168.1.1

● Adds a static route to the host 10.0.0.5 via the gateway 192.168.1.1.

5. Remove a Network Route

Syntax:

sudo route del -net <NETWORK> netmask <NETMASK>

sudo route del -net 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0

● Deletes the route to the 192.168.2.0/24 network.

6. Remove a Host Route

sudo route del -host 10.0.0.5

● Deletes the route to the host 10.0.0.5.

7. Add a Default Gateway

sudo route add default gw 192.168.1.1

● Sets 192.168.1.1 as the default gateway for the system.

8. Delete the Default Gateway

sudo route del default

● Removes the default gateway.

38. telnet - Connect to remote hosts using

Telnet.
1. Connect to a Remote Host on Port 23 (Default Telnet Port)

telnet 192.168.1.1

● Connects to the host with IP 192.168.1.1 on the default Telnet port.

2. Connect to a Remote Server on a Specific Port

telnet example.com 80

● Connects to example.com on port 80 to test HTTP services.

3. Send a Manual HTTP Request

telnet example.com 80

GET / HTTP/1.1

Host: example.com

● Sends an HTTP request to example.com and retrieves the response.

4. Enable Debugging Mode

telnet -d 192.168.1.1

● Enables debugging to show connection details while connecting to 192.168.1.1.

5. Specify a Custom Escape Character

telnet -e ^C 192.168.1.1

● Sets the escape character to Ctrl + C.

6. Test an SMTP Server

telnet mail.example.com 25

● Connects to an SMTP server on port 25 to test mail server communication.

39. ftp - Transfer files to/from remote FTP

servers.

The ftp command is used to transfer files between a local and a remote system over the
File Transfer Protocol. It provides an interactive text interface to manage file uploads,
downloads, and directory navigation on the remote server.

Basic Syntax

ftp [OPTIONS] [hostname or IP address]

Usage
1. Connect to an FTP Server

ftp <hostname_or_IP>

● Connects to the specified FTP server.

2. Authenticate on the Server

● Once connected, provide the required username and password when prompted.

3. Upload or Download Files

Use commands like put to upload files or get to download files during the session.

Options

Optio Description
n

-v Enables verbose mode, displaying detailed responses from the FTP

server.

-n Prevents automatic login upon connection.

-i Disables interactive prompts for each file transfer.

-g Disables wildcard expansion in filenames.

-d Enables debugging to show all FTP commands sent to the server.

-p Enables passive mode for data transfer.

Common Commands Within an FTP Session

Comman Description
d

open Connects to a different FTP server.

close Disconnects from the current FTP server.

quit Exits the FTP session.

get Downloads a file from the remote server to the local

machine.

mget Downloads multiple files using wildcards (e.g., mget

*.txt).

put Uploads a file from the local machine to the remote

server.

mput Uploads multiple files using wildcards (e.g., mput

*.csv).

ls Lists files and directories on the remote server.

dir Displays a detailed listing of files and directories.

pwd Shows the current working directory on the remote

server.

cd Changes the directory on the remote server.

lcd Changes the local working directory.

delete Deletes a file on the remote server.

mkdir Creates a directory on the remote server.

rmdir Removes a directory on the remote server.

ascii Switches to ASCII transfer mode (for text files).

binary Switches to binary transfer mode (for binary files).

status Displays the current FTP settings.

Practical Examples
1. Connect to an FTP Server

ftp ftp.example.com

● Connects to the server ftp.example.com.

2. Log in Without Automatic Authentication

ftp -n ftp.example.com

● Connects without auto-login; credentials must be entered manually.

3. Download a File

ftp> get example.txt

● Downloads the file example.txt from the remote server to the local system.

4. Upload a File

ftp> put localfile.txt

● Uploads the file localfile.txt from the local machine to the remote server.

5. Download Multiple Files

ftp> mget *.jpg

● Downloads all files with the .jpg extension.

6. Upload Multiple Files

ftp> mput *.csv

● Uploads all .csv files to the remote server.

7. Enable Binary Transfer Mode

ftp> binary

● Ensures files are transferred in binary mode to prevent corruption.

8. Change Directory on the Server

ftp> cd /patho/directory

● Navigates to the specified directory on the remote server.

40. net - Manage network resources.

The net command is used in Windows to manage network resources, services, user
accounts, and more. It provides a suite of subcommands to perform administrative tasks
on local and remote computers.

1. net accounts

Description

Manages user account policies and password settings.

Syntax

net accounts [/minpwlen:length] [/maxpwage:days]

[/lockoutthreshold:number] [/domain]

14. net share

Description

Manages shared resources.

Syntax

net share [sharename] [=path] [/delete]

Example

net share PublicShare=C:\Public

net use Z: \\Server01\SharedFolder

net use Z: /delete

● Maps the shared folder to drive Z: and deletes the mapping.

20. net user

Description

Manages user accounts.

Syntax

net user <username> [password | *] [/add | /delete]

Example

net user JohnDoe password123 /add

net user JohnDoe /delete

● Adds and deletes the user JohnDoe.

21. net view

Description

Lists shared resources or computers.

Syntax

net view [\\<computername>]

Example

net view

net view \\Server01

● Displays shared resources or computers.

41. netsh - Network Shell for configuring

network-related settings.
netsh (Network Shell) is a powerful command-line utility for managing and configuring
network-related settings on a Windows machine. It supports various contexts like
interface, firewall, IP, routing, and more.

1. General Commands

These commands are used to navigate or reset netsh configurations.

Syntax and Commands

netsh

netsh show commands

netsh <context> show help

netsh -c <context>

netsh reset

Examples

Enter netsh interactive mode:

netsh

●

Show available commands in a context:

netsh interface show commands

●

Reset network settings:

netsh int ip reset

●

2. Interface Context

Description

Manages network interfaces, including enabling/disabling interfaces, configuring IP

addresses, and viewing interface details.

Syntax

netsh interface show interface

netsh interface set interface name="<InterfaceName>" admin=enabled

netsh interface ip set address name="<InterfaceName>" source=dhcp

netsh interface ip set address name="<InterfaceName>" source=static

addr=<IP> mask=<SubnetMask> gateway=<Gateway>

Examples

List all interfaces:

netsh interface show interface

●

Enable a specific interface:

netsh interface set interface name="Ethernet" admin=enabled

●

Set a static IP:

netsh interface ip set address name="Ethernet" source=static
addr=192.168.1.10 mask=255.255.255.0 gateway=192.168.1.1

●

Set IP to DHCP:

netsh interface ip set address name="Ethernet" source=dhcp

●

3. Firewall Context

Description

Manages Windows Firewall rules and configurations.

Syntax

netsh advfirewall show allprofiles

netsh advfirewall set allprofiles state on

netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="<RuleName>" dir=in

action=allow protocol=TCP localport=<Port>

netsh advfirewall firewall delete rule name="<RuleName>"

Examples

Enable Windows Firewall:

netsh advfirewall set allprofiles state on

●

Add a firewall rule:

netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="Allow_HTTP" dir=in
action=allow protocol=TCP localport=80

●

Delete a firewall rule:

netsh advfirewall firewall delete rule name="Allow_HTTP"

●

4. WLAN Context

Description

Manages wireless network settings, including profiles, connections, and configurations.

Syntax

netsh wlan show profiles

netsh wlan connect name="<ProfileName>"

netsh wlan set hostednetwork mode=allow ssid=<SSID> key=<Password>

netsh wlan start hostednetwork

netsh wlan stop hostednetwork

Examples

Show all saved Wi-Fi profiles:

netsh wlan show profiles

●

Connect to a specific Wi-Fi network:

netsh wlan connect name="HomeWiFi"

●

Create a Wi-Fi hotspot:

netsh wlan set hostednetwork mode=allow ssid=MyHotspot key=Password123

netsh wlan start hostednetwork

●

5. IPSec Context

Description

Configures IP Security policies for network traffic.

Syntax

netsh ipsec static show policy

netsh ipsec static add policy name="<PolicyName>"

description="<Description>"

netsh ipsec static delete policy name="<PolicyName>"

Examples

Show all IPSec policies:

Syntax

netsh routing ip show config

netsh routing ip add persistentroute destination=<IP>

mask=<SubnetMask> gateway=<Gateway> metric=<Metric>

netsh routing ip delete persistentroute destination=<IP>

Examples

Show routing configuration:

netsh routing ip show config

●

Add a static route:

netsh routing ip add persistentroute destination=192.168.2.0
mask=255.255.255.0 gateway=192.168.1.1 metric=1

●

Delete a static route:

netsh routing ip delete persistentroute destination=192.168.2.0

●

7. Diagnostics Context

Description

Performs network diagnostics and troubleshooting.

Syntax

netsh diag show test

netsh diag ping ipaddress=<IP>

netsh diag connect ipaddress=<IP>

Examples

Run a full diagnostics test:

netsh diag show test

●

Ping a specific IP:

netsh diag ping ipaddress=8.8.8.8

●

nbtstat - Display statistics and current

connections using NetBIOS over TCP/IP.

nbtstat is a Windows command-line utility used to display and troubleshoot NetBIOS over
TCP/IP (NetBT) statistics and connections. It provides information about NetBIOS names,
sessions, and caches.

1. General Syntax

nbtstat [options]

Where [options] are specific flags or parameters used to perform tasks like listing the
name table, cache, or active sessions.

2. Commands and Descriptions

Command Description

nbtstat -a Displays the NetBIOS name table of a remote machine, specified

<hostname> by <hostname>.

nbtstat -A Displays the NetBIOS name table of a remote machine using its
<IP> IP address.

nbtstat -c Displays the contents of the NetBIOS name cache, which maps
NetBIOS names to IP addresses.

nbtstat -n Lists local NetBIOS names that have been registered on the
machine.

nbtstat -r Displays the count of NetBIOS names resolved by broadcast and

via WINS.

information.
systeminfo is a command-line tool that provides detailed information about the
computer system's configuration, including OS version, memory, disk space, network
adapters, and more.

1. General Syntax

systeminfo [options]

Where [options] are flags or parameters used to modify or customize the output.

2. Commands and Options

Command/Optio Description
n

systeminfo Displays detailed system information about the local computer.

/s <hostname> Specifies a remote computer (hostname or IP address) to retrieve

system information.

/u <username> Runs the command with the specified username (for remote
machines).

/p <password> Specifies the password for the username (for remote machines).

/fi <filter> Filters the output based on specified criteria (e.g., OS, memory).

/fo <format> Specifies the output format (TABLE, LIST, CSV).

/nh No header, used with /fo to exclude column headers in the output.

/? Displays help information for the command.

3. Examples

3.1 Display Basic System Information

Command:

systeminfo

Example:

systeminfo

Description:
Displays detailed information about the local computer system, including OS version,
manufacturer, memory, and more.

3.2 Display System Information for a Remote Computer

Command:

systeminfo /s <hostname>

Example:

systeminfo /fo csv /nh

Description:
Displays the output in CSV format but without the header row.

3.7 Display Help Information

Command:

systeminfo /?

Example:

systeminfo /?

Description:
Displays help information about the systeminfo command and its options.

56. tasklist - List running processes.

tasklist provides a snapshot of all running processes on a machine, which can be
useful for system monitoring, troubleshooting, or process management. It allows you to
filter the list of tasks based on various criteria, such as memory usage or process name.

1. General Syntax

tasklist [options]

Where [options] are flags or parameters used to modify or filter the output of the
command.

2. Commands and Options

Command/Optio Description
n

tasklist Displays a list of currently running processes on the local

computer.

/s <hostname> Specifies the name or IP address of a remote machine to query

tasks.

/u <username> Runs the command using the specified username (for remote
machines).

/p <password> Specifies the password for the username (for remote machines).

/m <module> Lists all tasks that are using a specific module or DLL.

/v Displays verbose information about each process (including

memory usage).

/fi <filter> Filters the output based on specified criteria (e.g., process name,
PID).

/fo <format> Specifies the output format (TABLE, LIST, CSV).

/nh Excludes the column headers in the output (used with /fo).

Terminates the specified process along with any child processes.

/? Displays help information for the command.

3. Examples

3.1 Display All Running Processes

Command:

tasklist

Example:

tasklist

Description:
Displays a list of all currently running processes on the local computer.

3.2 Display All Running Processes on a Remote Computer

Command:

tasklist /s <hostname>

Example:

tasklist /s 192.168.1.10

Description:
Displays a list of running processes on a remote machine at IP address 192.168.1.10.

3.3 Display All Running Processes for a Specific User

Command:

tasklist /u <username> /p <password>

Example:

tasklist /u Administrator /p P@ssw0rd

Description:
Displays all running processes on the local computer or a remote machine while using
the provided username and password.

3.4 Display Processes Using a Specific Module

Command:

tasklist /m <module>

Example:

tasklist /m kernel32.dll

Description:
Displays all tasks that are using the specified module (in this case, kernel32.dll).

3.5 Display Detailed Process Information (Verbose Output)

Command:

tasklist /v

Example:

tasklist /fi "imagename eq notepad.exe"

Description:
Terminates the process notepad.exe and any associated child processes.

3.11 Display Help Information

Command:

tasklist /?

Example:

tasklist /?

Description:
Displays help information about the tasklist command and its available options.

57. taskkill - Terminate processes or

applications.
The taskkill command in Windows is used to terminate processes by their process ID
(PID) or image name. This command allows you to stop applications and processes from
running on your system.

Basic Syntax

taskkill [/f] [/im <imagename>] [/pid <pid>] [] [/fi <filter>]

● /f: Forces the process to terminate.

● /im <imagename>: Specifies the image name of the process to be terminated
(e.g., notepad.exe).
● /pid <pid>: Specifies the process ID to be terminated.
● : Terminates the specified process and all its child processes.
● /fi <filter>: Specifies a filter to select a set of tasks, such as processes
running as a certain user.

Usage
1. Terminate a Process by Image Name

taskkill /im notepad.exe

● Terminates all processes named notepad.exe.

2. Forcefully Terminate a Process

taskkill /f /im notepad.exe

● Forcefully terminates notepad.exe without prompting for confirmation.

3. Terminate a Process by PID (Process ID)

taskkill /pid 1234

● Terminates the process with PID 1234.

4. Terminate a Process and Its Child Processes

taskkill /im notepad.exe

● Terminates notepad.exe along with any child processes spawned by it.

5. Terminate Multiple Processes

taskkill /im notepad.exe /im calc.exe

● Terminates both notepad.exe and calc.exe processes.

Options

Option Description

/f Forcefully terminates the process, ignoring any warning or prompt.

/im Specifies the name of the executable (image) of the process to

<imagename> terminate.

/pid <pid> Specifies the PID of the process to terminate.

Terminates the specified process and all of its child processes.

/fi <filter> Allows you to filter tasks based on specific criteria (e.g., status eq
running).

/s Specifies the remote computer to execute the command on.

/u Specifies the username to use for authentication on the remote

<username> computer.

/p Specifies the password to use for authentication.

Practical Examples
1. Terminate a Process by Image Name

taskkill /im firefox.exe

● Terminates all instances of firefox.exe.

2. Forcefully Terminate a Process

taskkill /f /im chrome.exe

● Forcefully terminates chrome.exe without asking for confirmation.

3. Terminate a Process by PID

taskkill /pid 4567

● Terminates the process with PID 4567.

4. Terminate Multiple Processes

taskkill /f /im notepad.exe /im mspmsnsv.exe

● Forcefully terminates both notepad.exe and mspmsnsv.exe.

5. Terminate a Process and Its Child Processes

taskkill /im explorer.exe

● Terminates explorer.exe and any processes launched by it, including Windows

Explorer.

6. Use a Filter to Terminate a Process

taskkill /fi "status eq running" /f

● Forcefully terminates all processes with a running status.

7. Terminate Processes on a Remote Computer

taskkill /s remotePC /u user /p password /im notepad.exe

● Terminates the notepad.exe process on the remote computer remotePC using

the specified user credentials.

Filter Options
The /fi option allows you to specify various filters to narrow down the list of processes.
Some common filters include:

Filter Description

status eq Filters processes that are currently running.

running

status eq Filters processes that are currently stopped.

stopped

imagename eq Filters processes by their image name (e.g., imagename eq

<name> chrome.exe).

pid eq <pid> Filters processes by their PID.

username eq Filters processes by the user who is running them.

<name>

Example: Use Filter to Terminate a Process

taskkill /fi "imagename eq notepad.exe"

● Terminates all processes named notepad.exe.

58. msconfig - System Configuration Utility.

msconfig is a tool that helps you configure the startup environment of the system. It
allows users to modify startup programs, system services, boot options, and more. It is
often used to troubleshoot performance issues or diagnose system problems by
controlling which programs and services are loaded during startup.

1. General Syntax

msconfig

This command will open the System Configuration Utility window.

2. Key Sections in msconfig

When you launch msconfig, you will find several tabs to configure the system:

1. General Tab: Choose the type of startup you want (Normal, Diagnostic, or
Selective startup).
2. Boot Tab: Configure boot settings, including advanced options and Safe Mode.
3. Services Tab: Manage services that start with Windows (you can disable or enable
specific services).
4. Startup Tab: Manage programs that start automatically when Windows starts (in
Windows 7 and later, this is replaced by the Task Manager).
5. Tools Tab: Provides shortcuts to various system tools for advanced configuration.

3. Commands and Options

The msconfig utility itself does not have specific command-line arguments, but it has
several configurable options once opened through the utility's interface.

Command/Optio Description
n

msconfig Opens the System Configuration Utility window.

/selective Opens msconfig in Selective Startup mode, allowing you to

choose which services and programs to disable.

/diagnostic Opens msconfig in Diagnostic Startup mode, loading only

essential services and drivers.

/boot Opens the Boot tab for configuring boot options, like Safe Mode.

/services Opens the Services tab for managing services.

Overview of regedit Commands

General Syntax:

regedit [options]

The regedit command is primarily used for accessing, exporting, importing, and
modifying the Windows registry.

Key Options and Commands

1. Open the Registry Editor GUI:

This is the most common usage of regedit to launch the Windows Registry Editor.

regedit

● Opens the GUI where you can browse and modify registry keys and values.

2. Export Registry Keys to a .reg File:

To back up the registry or specific keys:

regedit /e <filename> <key_path>

Example:

regedit /e "C:\Backup\myregistry.reg"
"HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft"

●
○ Exports the Microsoft registry key under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE to a file.

Additional Export Options:

● /s - Silent mode, no confirmation.

● /f - Forces the export even if the file already exists.

3. Import Registry File:

Import a .reg file back into the registry. This is typically used for restoring settings or
applying registry tweaks:

regedit /s <filename>

Example:

regedit /s "C:\Backup\myregistry.reg"

●
○ Imports the myregistry.reg file silently without any prompts.

Additional Import Options:

● /f - Forces import, overwriting any conflicting registry keys.

4. Delete Registry Keys or Values:

To delete a registry key or value:

regedit /d <key_path>

Example:

regedit /d "HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\MyApp"

●
○ Deletes the MyApp registry key under HKEY_CURRENT_USER.

Important Notes:

● Be cautious when deleting registry keys. Deleting critical keys can cause system
issues.
● Use regedit to perform manual clean-ups of orphaned registry entries.

5. Silent Export:

Export the registry or specific keys silently (no UI confirmation).

regedit /e <filename> /s

Example:

regedit /e "C:\Backup\system.reg" /s

●
○ Exports the registry silently to system.reg.

6. Silent Import:

Import registry settings without any user confirmation (silent mode).

regedit /s <filename>

Example:

regedit /s "C:\Backup\system.reg"

●
○ Imports the registry settings from system.reg without user interaction.

7. Force Operation:

Use /f to force operations like export or import, even if the file already exists.

regedit /e "C:\Backup\myregistry.reg" /f

Example:

regedit /e "C:\Backup\myregistry.reg" /f

●
○ Forces the export even if the file myregistry.reg already exists.

8. Open a Specific Registry Hive:

Use regedit to open a specific registry hive (e.g., HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE) directly.

regedit /s "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software"

Example:

regedit /s "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software"

●
○ This command opens the Software registry key under
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE without launching the GUI.

9. Open the Registry Editor with Full Access:

You can open the Registry Editor with full administrative privileges using the following
steps:

● Open Command Prompt as Administrator (right-click > Run as Administrator).

● Then enter:

regedit

● This ensures that the registry editor opens with full access to modify all registry
keys and values.

10. Access Registry via Command Prompt with Full Administrative Privileges:

You can also access the Registry Editor through Command Prompt with administrative
access:

1. Press Windows + R to open the Run dialog.

2. Type cmd and press Ctrl + Shift + Enter to run Command Prompt as administrator.

In the Command Prompt window, type:

regedit

3.
○ This gives you full access to edit any registry key, as you are operating in
Administrator mode.

60. eventvwr - Event Viewer.

Description: The wevtutil utility is used to manage event logs and event log
subscriptions. It provides a set of commands that allow for querying, exporting, and
clearing event logs, among other tasks.

Syntax:

wevtutil <subcommand> [options]

Common wevtutil Subcommands and Options

1. qe (Query Event Logs)

This subcommand is used to query event logs based on specific criteria.

Syntax:

wevtutil qe <LogName> [/f:<Format>] [/c:<NumberOfEvents>] [/rd:<Days>]

[/k:<Key>]

Options:

● <LogName>: Name of the log (e.g., System, Application).

● /f:<Format>: Specifies the output format. Options are text or xml.

● /c:<NumberOfEvents>: Specifies the number of events to return.

● /rd:<Days>: Filters events generated within the last specified number of days.
● /k:<Key>: Filters events containing the specified keyword.

Example:

Query the last 5 events from the System log in text format:

wevtutil qe System /f:text /c:5

2. epl (Export Event Logs)

This subcommand is used to export event logs to a file in XML format.

Syntax:

wevtutil epl <LogName> <FileName>

Options:

● <LogName>: Name of the log (e.g., Application, Security).

● <FileName>: Path and filename for the exported log (e.g., C:\Logs\log.xml).

Example:

Export the Application log to a file named app_log.xml:

wevtutil epl Application C:\Logs\app_log.xml

3. el (List Event Logs)

This subcommand lists all available event logs on the system.

Syntax:

wevtutil el

Example:

List all event logs on the system:

wevtutil el

4. gl (Get Log Information)

This subcommand provides detailed information about a specified event log.

Syntax:

wevtutil gl <LogName>

Options:

● <LogName>: Name of the log (e.g., System, Security).

Example:

Get detailed information about the Security log:

wevtutil gl Security

5. cl (Clear Event Logs)

This subcommand is used to clear an event log.

Syntax:

wevtutil cl <LogName>

Options:

● <LogName>: Name of the log (e.g., Application, System).

Example:

Clear the System log:

wevtutil cl System

6. sl (Set Log Properties)

This subcommand is used to set properties on event logs, such as maximum size and
retention policy.

Syntax:

wevtutil sl <LogName> /ms:<MaxSize> [/rt:<RetentionPolicy>]

Options:

● <LogName>: Name of the log (e.g., System, Application).

● /ms:<MaxSize>: Specifies the maximum size (in bytes) of the log file.
● /rt:<RetentionPolicy>: Specifies the retention policy (e.g., AutoBackup).

Example:

Set the maximum size of the Application log to 20 MB:

wevtutil sl Application /ms:20971520

7. sd (Set Security Descriptor)

This subcommand is used to set security descriptors for event logs.

Syntax:

wevtutil sd <LogName> <SecurityDescriptor>

Options:

● <LogName>: Name of the log (e.g., System, Security).

● <SecurityDescriptor>: Security descriptor in the standard SDDL (Security
Descriptor Definition Language) format.

Example:

Set the security descriptor for the Application log:

wevtutil sd Application D:(A;;0x1f01ff;;;SY)(A;;0x1f01ff;;;BA)

8. gp (Get Publisher Information)

This subcommand retrieves information about event log publishers, which are
responsible for writing events to the logs.

Syntax:

wevtutil gp <PublisherName>

Example:

Get information about a specific event log publisher:

wevtutil gp Microsoft-Windows-Security-Auditing

Additional wevtutil Usage Examples

Exporting System Log to an XML File:

wevtutil epl System C:\Logs\system_log.xml

Query the Last 10 Events from Application Log:

wevtutil qe Application /f:text /c:10

Clear the Security Log:

wevtutil cl Security

List All Available Logs:

wevtutil el

61. services.msc - Services management

console.
services.msc is a Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in that provides a graphical
interface for managing Windows services. While there are no direct command-line commands
for services.msc itself, you can manage the services using several actions within the
Services window, and also via command-line tools like net, sc, and PowerShell.

Here's an overview of the actions available within services.msc, including both GUI actions
and command-line equivalents:

How to Access services.msc

To open the Services window (via services.msc):

1. Press Win + R to open the Run dialog.

2. Type services.msc and press Enter.

4. Resume a Paused Service

You can resume a paused service:

● Right-click on the service and select Resume.

Command-Line Equivalent:

sc control <ServiceName> continue

5. Restart a Service

You can restart a service (stop and start):

● Right-click on the service and select Restart.

Command-Line Equivalent:

net stop <ServiceName> && net start <ServiceName>

Or using sc:

sc stop <ServiceName> && sc start <ServiceName>

Service Configuration
6. Change Startup Type

You can change the Startup Type of a service to one of the following:

● Automatic: Starts the service when the system boots.

● Manual: Starts the service when needed by another process.
● Disabled: The service is completely disabled and will not start.

To change this:

● Right-click on the service, select Properties, and change the Startup type under the
General tab.

Command-Line Equivalent: To change the startup type of a service:

sc config <ServiceName> start= <StartupType>

For example:

sc config <ServiceName> start= automatic

Where <StartupType> can be:

● auto (Automatic)
● manual
● disabled

7. View Service Dependencies

You can view the dependencies of a service (services that depend on this service, and services
that this service depends on):

● Right-click on the service and select Properties, then go to the Dependencies tab.

293

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Windows Commands

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Windows Commands

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Introduction to Windows Commands(part-1)

8.2. Append Output to an Existing File​ 27

2.1 Change to a Directory on Another Drive​ 31

5. Viewing Directory After Removal​ 39

4. Deleting Read-Only Files​ 48

6. Search for Multiple Strings​ 58

10. Display Differences Using a Different Character for Line Separation​ 94

16. Display Files with Larger Content​ 108

9. Display Progress of File Copying​ 125

9. Display No Output If Files Are Identical​ 143

1. Basic Command Usage​ 162

24. xcaccls - Backup and restore NTFS permissions.​ 180

e. /disconnect /id [fileID]​ 194

d. -p [protocol] - Show Connections for Specific Protocol​ 203

37. route - Display or modify the routing table.​ 213

3. net config​ 225

3. Terminate a Process by PID (Process ID)​ 265

File and Directory Commands:

2.​ cd - Change the current directory.

3.​ mkdir - Create a new directory.

4.​ rmdir - Remove a directory.

5.​ copy - Copy files or directories.

6.​ move - Move files or directories.

7.​ del - Delete files.

8.​ ren - Rename files or directories.

9.​ type - Display the contents of a text file.

10.​ find - Search for a specific string in a file.

11.​ attrib - Change file attributes.

12.​ tree - Display directory structure as a tree.

13.​ xcopy - Extended copy command with more options.

14.​ chkdsk - Check and repair disk errors.

15.​ fc - Compare two files or sets of files.

16.​ comp - Compare the contents of two files.

17.​ robocopy - Robust file and directory copying tool.

18.​ sfc - System File Checker to repair corrupted system files.

19.​ findstr - Search for specific strings in files.

21.​ sort - Sort the contents of a text file.

22.​ xcopy /e - Copy directories and subdirectories, including empty ones.

23.​ compact - Compress or decompress files on an NTFS partition.

24.​ xcaccls - Backup and restore NTFS permissions.

25.​ subst - Associate a drive letter with a directory.

26.​ deltree - Delete a directory and its subdirectories.

27.​ cipher - Display or alter file encryption on NTFS volumes.

29.​ openfiles - Display or disconnect open shared files and folders.

31.​ ping - Test network connectivity.

32.​ tracert - Trace the route to a remote host.

33.​ netstat - Display network statistics.

34.​ nslookup - Look up IP addresses and domain names.

35.​ hostname - Display or set the computer's hostname.

36.​ arp - Display and modify the ARP cache.

37.​ route - Display or modify the routing table.

38.​ telnet - Connect to remote hosts using Telnet.

39.​ ftp - Transfer files to/from remote FTP servers.

40.​ net - Manage network resources.

41.​ netsh - Network Shell for configuring network-related settings.

42.​ net use - Connect or disconnect a computer from shared resources.

43.​ net view - Display a list of available network resources.

44.​ net share - Create, delete, or manage shared folders.

45.​ net session - View and manage network sessions.

47.​ netdom - Domain-related management tool.

51.​ ipconfig /release - Release the current DHCP configuration.

52.​ ipconfig /renew - Renew the DHCP configuration.

53.​ netsh firewall - Configure the Windows Firewall.

System Information and Management:

56.​ tasklist - List running processes.

57.​ taskkill - Terminate processes or applications.

58.​ msconfig - System Configuration Utility.

59.​ regedit - Registry Editor.

60.​ eventvwr - Event Viewer.

61.​ services.msc - Services management console.

62.​ shutdown - Shut down or restart the computer.

63.​ gpupdate - Update Group Policy settings.

64.​ ver - Display the Windows version.

65.​ systeminfo - Display detailed system information.

67.​ powercfg - Configure power management settings.

8.2. Append Output to an Existing File 27

2.1 Change to a Directory on Another Drive 31

5. Viewing Directory After Removal 39

4. Deleting Read-Only Files 48

6. Search for Multiple Strings 58

10. Display Differences Using a Different Character for Line Separation 94

16. Display Files with Larger Content 108

9. Display Progress of File Copying 125

9. Display No Output If Files Are Identical 143

1. Basic Command Usage 162

24. xcaccls - Backup and restore NTFS permissions. 180

e. /disconnect /id [fileID] 194

d. -p [protocol] - Show Connections for Specific Protocol 203

37. route - Display or modify the routing table. 213

3. net config 225

3. Terminate a Process by PID (Process ID) 265

2. cd - Change the current directory.

3. mkdir - Create a new directory.

4. rmdir - Remove a directory.

5. copy - Copy files or directories.

6. move - Move files or directories.

7. del - Delete files.

8. ren - Rename files or directories.

9. type - Display the contents of a text file.

10. find - Search for a specific string in a file.

11. attrib - Change file attributes.

12. tree - Display directory structure as a tree.

13. xcopy - Extended copy command with more options.

14. chkdsk - Check and repair disk errors.

15. fc - Compare two files or sets of files.

16. comp - Compare the contents of two files.

17. robocopy - Robust file and directory copying tool.

18. sfc - System File Checker to repair corrupted system files.

19. findstr - Search for specific strings in files.

21. sort - Sort the contents of a text file.

22. xcopy /e - Copy directories and subdirectories, including empty ones.

23. compact - Compress or decompress files on an NTFS partition.

24. xcaccls - Backup and restore NTFS permissions.

25. subst - Associate a drive letter with a directory.

26. deltree - Delete a directory and its subdirectories.

27. cipher - Display or alter file encryption on NTFS volumes.

29. openfiles - Display or disconnect open shared files and folders.

31. ping - Test network connectivity.

32. tracert - Trace the route to a remote host.

33. netstat - Display network statistics.

34. nslookup - Look up IP addresses and domain names.

35. hostname - Display or set the computer's hostname.

36. arp - Display and modify the ARP cache.

37. route - Display or modify the routing table.

38. telnet - Connect to remote hosts using Telnet.

39. ftp - Transfer files to/from remote FTP servers.

40. net - Manage network resources.

41. netsh - Network Shell for configuring network-related settings.

42. net use - Connect or disconnect a computer from shared resources.

43. net view - Display a list of available network resources.

44. net share - Create, delete, or manage shared folders.

45. net session - View and manage network sessions.

47. netdom - Domain-related management tool.

51. ipconfig /release - Release the current DHCP configuration.

52. ipconfig /renew - Renew the DHCP configuration.

53. netsh firewall - Configure the Windows Firewall.

56. tasklist - List running processes.

57. taskkill - Terminate processes or applications.

58. msconfig - System Configuration Utility.

59. regedit - Registry Editor.

60. eventvwr - Event Viewer.

61. services.msc - Services management console.

62. shutdown - Shut down or restart the computer.

63. gpupdate - Update Group Policy settings.

64. ver - Display the Windows version.

65. systeminfo - Display detailed system information.

67. powercfg - Configure power management settings.

69. dxdiag - DirectX Diagnostic Tool for troubleshooting DirectX issues.

70. driverquery - List installed device drivers.

71. msinfo32 - System Information utility.

73. taskmgr - Task Manager for managing running processes.

74. perfmon - Performance Monitor for system monitoring.

75. wmic - Windows Management Instrumentation Command-line tool.

76. schtasks - Schedule tasks to run at specific times or events.

78. net group - Manage user groups.