Program : Diploma in Civil Engineering

Course Title: Building Drawing and

Course Code : 3018
Estimation Lab
Semester : 3 Credits: 1.5

Course Category: Program Core

Periods per week: 3 (L:0, T:0, P:3) Periods per semester: 45

Course Objectives:

 Impart basic knowledge of the principles of building planning and drawing

 Enable the students to prepare submission drawings and service plans

Course Prerequisites:

Course
Topic Course name Semester
code
Engineering Graphics Engineering Graphics 1

Elementary Mathematics Engineering mathematics 1&2

Building construction and

Building construction 3
construction materials

Course Outcomes:

Description Duration
COn Cognitive Level
(Hours)
Gain knowledge of basic principles of building
CO1 drawing and to estimate the quantity of woodwork 15 Applying
and concrete (elements of buildings).
Apply principles of building planning and prepare
CO2 13 Applying
line plans by following the building rules

CO3 Sketch service plans 8 Applying

CO4 Prepare submission drawings 5 Applying

Lab Tests 4
CO-PO Mapping:

Course
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7
Outcomes
CO1 3
CO2 3
CO3 3
CO4 3

3-Strongly mapped, 2-Moderately mapped, 1-Weakly mapped

Course Outline

On completion of the course student will be able to:

Module Duration
Description Cognitive Level
Outcomes (Hours)
Gain knowledge of basic principles of building drawing and to estimate
CO1
quantity of woodwork and concrete.
Discuss the Conventions (as per IS 962) and
symbols for different materials and Graphical
M1.01 3 Understanding
symbols for Structural elements and sanitary
and electrical installations
Sketch and Estimate quantity (Concrete, and
M1.02 masonry): Strip footing- Wall footing with step 3 Applying
RCC column footing-
Sketch and Estimate quantity (Concrete):
RCC combined footing-
M1.03 3 Applying
Doglegged RCC stair-
Quarter turn RCC stair
Draw Plan of tile roof showing all members of
M1.04 3 Applying
gable and hipped end

M1.05 Draw Elevation of a Steel Truss 3 Understanding

 Apply principles of building planning and prepare line plans following
CO2
building rules
Discuss the Principles of planning for
Residential and Public building- Aspect,
Prospect, Orientation, Grouping, Privacy,
Elegance, Flexibility, Circulation, Furniture
requirements, Sanitation, Economy.
Discuss the Introduction to Rules and bye-laws
of sanctioning authorities for construction work
(KMBR, KPBR, CRZ Act, NBC, KMMCR).
Discuss Space requirement and norms for
minimum dimension of different units in the
residential and public buildings as
M2.01 per Kerala Building Rules Define coverage, 3 Understanding
covered area, floor space index, Parking area,
Ventilation, Headroom, Mezzanine floor,
Setback, Corner Plot, Cul-de-sac, Small plots,
Huts, High rise building. Discuss Provisions for
Persons with Disability and Elderly Persons.
Discuss Approvals from Town and Country
Planning Department,
Read and interpret ready made Architectural
building drawing (To be procured from
Architect, Planning Consultants, Planning
Engineer)
Sketch line plans for residential building of
minimum three rooms including water closet
M2.02 3 Applying
(WC), bath and staircase as per principles of
planning.
Sketch Line plans for public building such as
M2.03 School building/Hostel/Library as per 3 Applying
principles of planning.
Sketch Line plans for public building- Function
M2.04 2 Applying
Hall /Restaurant. as per principles of planning.
Sketch line plans for Primary Health Centre/
M2.05 2 Applying
Bank/ Library as per principles of planning
Lab Test -I 2

CO3 Sketch service plans

Sketch Plumbing layout showing water supply

M3.01 and sanitary fixtures of a residential building 2 Applying
(one BHK Residential Building)
Sketch Electrical layout showing electrical
M3.02 fixtures and control points with example (one 2 Applying
BHK Residential Building)
 Sketch Fire safety plan and evacuation route
M3.03 (For one storey of a high rise building with 2 Applying
typical floor plan)

Sketch HVAC layout for one floor of a

M3.04 2 Understanding
shopping mall

CO4 Prepare submission drawings of buildings

M4.01 Open ended experiment 5 Applying

Lab Test II 2
Text / Reference:

T/R Book Title/Author

T1 Shah. M.G. Kale, CM, Patki, S.Y., Building Drawing, Mcgraw Hill Publishing

Dr. A Achuthan, Dr.Balagopal& T S Prabhu: Building Planning and Drawing ;

T2
Spades publishers
R1 Malik and Mayo, Civil Engineering Drawing, Computech Publication Ltd
Swamy, Kumara; Rao, N, Kameshwara, A ., Building Planning and Drawing,
R2
Charotar Publication, Anand.
R3 Punmia B. C., and Jain A. K., Building Construction ,Firewall Media.
R4 Mohan, G. Muthu Sobha: Principles of Architecture, Oxford University Press
R5 S P Deodar : Building Planning and Science ; Khanna publisher
R6 IS 962: Code of practice for Architectural and Building Drawings
R7 Kerala Municipal Building Rule
R8 Kerala Panchayath Building Rule
R9 National Building Code
R10 Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules
Harmonized guidelines and space standards for barrier free built environment for
R11
persons with disability and elderly persons, 2016
R12 Koenigsberger et-al : Manual of tropical housing and building ; Orient Longman

Online Resources:

Sl. No Website Link

1 https://nptel.ac.in/
http://egyankosh.ac.in/
2
https://www.coursera.org › learn › construction-cost-estimating
3 https://swayam.gov.in/
 Building Drawing & Estimation Lab

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INDEX

Drawing
Date Name of Drawing Page No. Remarks
Number

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PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
The term of a structure by an architect is used to mean the arrangement of all the units of a
building on all floors and at all levels and it not only includes the horizontal layout but also it
takes into consideration the heights and levels to accommodate the space enclosed by walls,
floors and roof. While attempting to plan a building, the main criteria to be constantly kept in
mind by the architect is the general scope or purpose of the building.

There are other factors such as legality of ownership right, financial, etc. which are to be decided
by the owner. But as far as an architect is concerned, he is supposed to give serious thinking on
the functional or utility aspect of the building and his work starts right from the selection of the
site to the completion of the project The architect should decide the type of site required for a
particular structure or alternatively, he must be in a position to suggest the type of structure
which would be desirable on a particular site. This proposition is easy to understand because of
the fact that buildings are required not only for residential units, but also for a variety of uses
such as offices, schools, colleges, hospitals, theatres, libraries, etc. Each type of building has its
own requirements to suit its purpose in the best possible manner.

The architect should consider the favourable and unfavourable circumstances existing at the site
of the proposed work. The favourable conditions include:

(i) availability of water, electricity, gas and drainage;

(ii) development of the surrounding area with respect to amenities such as schools, colleges,
playgrounds, recreation centres, etc.;

(iii) means of transport;

(iv) nearness of police station, fire brigade, etc.;

(v) shopping facilities; etc.

The unfavourable conditions include:

(i) decayed neighbourhood;

(ii) existence of reclaimed soils;

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(iii) pollution of atmosphere due to industrial activities in the surrounding area;

(iv) possibility of heavy floods in rivers; etc.

The natural as well as artificial surroundings of the site are studied in detail by the architect and
then he proceeds to develop the plan of the entire structure with respect to sizes of rooms, their
location, position of passages and other amenities, etc.

ESSENTIAL FACTORS OF PLANNING

The setting of plan of the building on its site with reference to the directions is known as
orientation. There are certain general essential factors which an architect should bear in mind
while planning a structure. These principles are not rigid like the laws of mathematics or physics.
But they are of very general nature and they have to be applied on individual merits only.
Following are such essential factors of planning

(1) Aspect (5) Flexibility (9) Prospect

(2) Circulation (6) Furniture requirements (10) Roominess

(3) Economy (7) Grouping (11) Sanitation.

(4) Elegance (8) Privacy

Each of the above principle of planning will now be briefly described.

(1) Aspect: The term aspect was formerly used to mean the regulation of admitting more or less
sunshine in the room. But its meaning has now been given wider scope and it includes the
arrangement of doors and windows in the external walls of buildings, particularly of residential
buildings, so as to fully enjoy the natural gifts of sunshine, breeze, scenery, etc. However, the
term aspect should not be confused with elevation or external appearance of the building.
Generally the aspect to be given to a building should be such that rays of sun reach all the rooms
during some period of the day. The sunshine develops hygienic conditions and it imparts a
cheerful air to the room.

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(2) Circulation: The term circulation or access or internal thoroughfare is used to mean the link
between the various rooms and floors of building. The proper provision of circulation makes the
building comfortable and convenient. The circulation in a building is of two types:

(i) Horizontal circulation: If the circulation is on the same floor, it is known as horizontal
circulation and it includes passages, corridors, halls and lobbies. All such means of horizontal
circulation should be sufficiently lighted, well ventilated, straight, definite, independent and
short to grant comfort and convenience to the users. They should not intrude upon the privacy
of individual rooms and cause any obstruction. However, these spaces can be fruitfully utilized
for providing shelves, closets, etc., if the situation so permits.

(ii) Vertical circulation: For achieving access to the upper floors, stairs or staircases or lifts are
provided. Even in case of multi-storeyed buildings accommodating electrically operated lifts,
stairs or staircases are provided for use in an emergency such as power failure or fire occurrence.
Thus stairs or staircases still remain as the only unfailing means of vertical circulation. All stairs
and staircases should be well-designed and they should satisfy the minimum requirements
regarding layout, treads, risers, width, pitch, headroom, light, landings, handrail and ventilation.

(3) Economy: As a matter of fact, the economic factor is not one of the principle of planning.
But in actual practice, if the architect is unable to control his scheme within the financial limit
of the client, the project miserably fails. It is, therefore, of utmost importance for an architect to
know well in advance the amount the client intends to spend for the project and advance the
amount the client intends to spend for the project and accordingly, he should proceed to finalize
his scheme. For this purpose, the detailed accurate estimate for the total investment in the project
should be carefully worked out and if the occasion demands, necessary additions and omissions
should be suggested to bring down the total investment within permissible adjustments.

The factor of economy definitely affects the planning of the architect and as such, no definite
rules can be framed to attain economy. But the practical knowledge and experience of the
architect plays an important role in preparing an economical project under given conditions and
circumstances.

(4) Elegance: The term elegance is used to indicate the architectural effect produced by elevation
in relation to width, height position of doors and windows, materials employed in construction

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of exterior walls, etc. The result of elegance is aesthetics and without the aesthetic sense, the
elevation will be devoid of elegance. For creating elegant structures, it is necessary to understand
clearly the principles of architectural design and composition. In general, the elevation of a
structure should be an external statement of the internal facts and design aspects of the building.
(5) Flexibility: The plan of the building should be prepared by keeping in mind the future
requirements. In fact, the design should be such that with minor adjustments, it becomes possible
to satisfy future needs when the occasion arises. It is desirable for an architect to prepare a master
plan of the project and the progress can be achieved stage by stage. Such a practice will smoothen
the process of flexibility without any serious difficulty.

(6) Furniture requirements: The architect should bear in mind the furniture requirements of a
room or space in a structure. For instance, the plans of library buildings, schools, hotels, etc.
should also show the layout of furniture so that the number of persons to be accommodated can
be easily worked out. In the same way, every room of a residential unit has to perform certain
function for which necessary furniture pieces are required. It should be seen that placing, type,
size and extent of such furniture pieces do not obstruct doors, windows and the circulation space.

(7) Grouping: The placing of various rooms or units of a structure in proper correlation of their
functions and in due proximity with each other is known as grouping and the correct grouping
grants the status of a balanced design. The grouping varies according to the type of building. For
instance, in a residential building. kitchen and dining room should be grouped close to each
other. In a similar way, the departments of an industrial unit should be arranged as per flow chart
of the manufacturing process. It is observed that grouping leads to saving in unnecessary
movements, proper correlation, easy control and overall economy.

(8) Privacy: One of the important requirements of good planning is the privacy offered to the
occupants. It should not be confused with seclusion which indicated total isolation and is
desirable only in certain cases such as study rooms, libraries, etc.

The privacy is of the following two types:

(i) External privacy: It indicates the privacy of all parts of the building as a whole from
neighbouring buildings, public streets and byways. The external privacy can be achieved by
screening entrance, planting of trees, etc.

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(ii) Internal privacy: It indicates privacy of different rooms in a structure and it can be achieved
by correctly positioning the openings. The correct grouping of rooms usually lead to proper
privacy and it attains supreme importance in case of residential units. It is desirable to adopt
single shutters in preference to double shutters for achieving maximum privacy. The frosted
glass for windows also help considerably for providing more privacy as compared to the plain
glass.

(9) Prospect: The term prospect is used to mean the external views as seen from certain rooms
of the building and it is thus dictated by the surrounding peculiarities of the site of the project.
In its wide sense, it also includes the concealment of some undesirable views in a given outlook.

It is sometimes observed that the considerations of aspect and prospect are conflicting with each
other. Under such circumstances, the architect should exercise his skill and knowledge to bring
an acceptable solution with regard to aspect and prospect of the proposed building. It is an
accepted principle that desired vista, vision or concealment of undesired views play a great role
for human beings to enjoy the property.

(10) Roominess: The term roominess is used to refer the effect derived from space of a room ie.
its length, width and height.

The planning of room should be such that maximum benefit is obtained from the minimum
dimensions of the room. For instance, in case of residential buildings, a square room is found to
be inconvenient as compared to the rectangular room of the same area from the view point of
utility, furniture layout, etc.

The height also plays a significant role in developing the desired effect of roominess. A small
room with more height looks awkward. For a club where the atmosphere of fellowship is
prevailing, the ceiling height may be kept low. On the other hand, for public buildings like
monumental buildings, temples, high courts, etc., the excess height will help in granting a grand
appearance to such buildings.

(11) Sanitation: As a principle of planning, the term sanitation is used to mean architectural
hygiene and it includes broadly the following four components:

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(i) Cleanliness: The accumulation of dust is injurious to health and it allows the growth of
bacteria and spread of disease. It is therefore necessary to have a very plain treatment for the
interiors of rooms and provision of ornamental mouldings. Skirtings, cornices, etc, should be
made in such a way that they can be easily cleaned.

(ii) Lighting: The provision of ample light is of primary significance as it serves two purposes,
namely, for illumination and for granting hygienic conditions. The lighting in the interiors of
buildings may be provided by the following three types:

(a) Natural lighting

(b) Assisted natural lighting

(c) Artificial lighting..

There should be sufficient and uniform distribution of light and direct glare should be avoided.
The glare not only distracts but it also disables the vision. The provision of vertical windows is
preferred to horizontal windows of the same area. The artificial lighting may be sub-divided into
two categories:

(a) General lighting: The light is diffused as much as possible over the room and it is for general
movement or for rest and conversation. (b) Localized or concentrated lighting: The light is
provided with greater degree of illumination over a limited area for the purpose of writing,
reading, dressing, etc.

It should however be noted that the requirement of the lighting are different for different types
of buildings.

(iii) Sanitary units: These include sanitary conveniences such as water closets, bath rooms,
urinals, toilets, etc. They should be provided with suitable flooring and dado materials so that
they can be easily maintained clean.

(iv) Ventilation: Sufficient number of windows and ventilations should be accommodated to

facilitate renewal of fresh air. It is desirable to provide cross ventilation for structures like
schools, hospitals, factories, etc. The concept of ventilation indicates sensation of comfort,
reduction in humidity and proper supply of oxygen. If ventilation is bad, it leads to nausea,

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headache, sleepiness, etc. The ventilation may either be achieved by natural means or artificial
means.

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BUILDING COMPONENTS

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Usually a building is divided into three parts:

(1) Foundation (2) Plinth and (3) Superstructure.

(1) Foundation: It is the part of a building constructed below ground level and which is in direct
contact with sub-strata and transmits all the loads to the sub-soil.

(2) Plinth: It is the building above the ground level and upto the floor level immediately above
the ground. The built-up area measures at the plinth level is known as plinth area.

(3) Superstructure: It is the part of the building constructed above the plinth level.
Following are the structural components of a building:
(i) Foundation
(ii) Plinth
(iii) Masonry or R.C.C. walls and columns in superstructure
(iv) Basement, Ground floor and upper floors
(v) Sills, lintels and weather sheds
(vi) Doors, windows and ventilators
(vii) Roofs
(viii) Stairs, lifts, ramps, etc.
(ix) Building finishes like plastering, painting, whitewashing, flooring, etc.
(x) Utility fixtures.
Figure shows important building components:
(i) Foundation: Foundation is also known as substructure of the building. It is the most critical
part of the building which transmits the entire load of the building to the subsoil in which it rests
in such a way that settlement of the soil does not fail in shear. Foundation of a building should
be designed very carefully as most of the failures are probably due to faulty design of foundation
rather than any other cause. Various types of foundations, their purpose and design principles
are discussed in detail in the chapter of Foundations in this book.
(ii) Plinth: A part of superstructure located between the ground level and the floor level is known
as the plinth. The height of the plinth should not be less than 45 cm. The height of the plinth
depends upon architectural elevation, ground level, highest flood level, etc. Usually coping,

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plinth beam and damp proof course are provided at the top of the plinth.
(iii) Masonry or R.C.C. walls and columns in superstructure: Walls are used to enclose or divide
the floor space. Load bearing walls should be strong enough to take its own weight,
superimposed weight and lateral pressure of wind. They should provide stability, weather
resistance, fire resistance, heat insulation, sound insulation, privacy and security.
(vii) Roofs: A roof is the uppermost part of a building which is constructed in the form of a
framework to give protection to the building against rain, heat, snow, wind, frost, etc. A roof
basically consists of structural elements provided at the top of building for the support of roof
coverings. A roof consists of the following two components. (a) Roof decking: It is a structural
component which supports the roof covering. It may be flat, sloping, dome shaped, truss, etc.
(b) Roof covering: It is provided on the roof deck to protect the building against sun, rain, wind,
frost, etc.
(viii) Stairs, lifts, ramps, etc: Stairs, lifts, ramps, escalators, etc. are the means of vertical
transportation between the floors. Out of these, a stair is the most common. It is defined as a
sequence of steps suitably arranged for the purpose of ascent and descent between the floors or
landings. It consists of treads, risers, stringers, newel posts, baluster, balustrade, handrail, etc.
Stair may be constructed of different materials like timber, stone, reinforced concrete, metal,
bricks, etc. It may be of different shapes like straight stairs, turning stairs, circular or helical
stairs, geometrical stairs, etc. A ramp is a sloping surface and it is adopted as a substitute for
stair for easy movement between the floors. A slope of 1 in 10 is desirable. The flooring of ramp
should be of non-slippery material. Its shape may be straight, zigzag, spiral, curve, etc. Escalators
are ever moving flights of electrically operated stairs. These escalators are kept in motion by a
revolving drum.
(ix) Building finishes like plastering, painting, whitewashing, flooring, etc: To protect the
exposed surface of walls and floors from the effects of atmospheric actions, building finishes are
used. They improve the appearance of the structure as a whole and give smooth surface. They
also rectify the defective workmanship or conceal inferior materials.
Plastering, pointing, painting, varnishing, distempering, whitewashing, colour washing,
flooring, etc. are considered as building finishes.

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CONVENTIONAL SIGNS FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Conventional signs are used for representing different materials in sectional

drawings. Commonly used conventional signs are

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GLASS

CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS
They are used to indicate doors & windows, Furniture's, water supplyand sanitary fixtures,
Electrical fittings etc..

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IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
PLOT AREA

The area within the boundary is called plot area. It is the total space allocated
for the building project

PLINTH AREA

Plinth area is the covered area of building measured at the floor level excluding
the area of open porch( not enclosed by wall), uncovered stair case, courtyard etc

Plinth area is also called as built-up area

CARPET AREA

The area that can be used to spread a carpet inside a building

It is the net usable area of building excluding staircase, balcony, lift well, corridor etc.

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FLOOR AREA

It is the total area of all floors in a building measured to the outside face of exterior
walls;

FLOOR AREA RATIO

Floor area ratio (F.A.R.) means the quotient obtained by dividing the total floor area on
all floors by the area of the plot; FAR is also known as FSI(Floor Space Index)

COVERED AREA
Covered area’ means the ground area covered by the building and is synonymous to area of
the building foot print.

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COVERAGE
coverage' means the percentage of covered area with respect to the pIot area.

BUILDING LINE
It is a limit beyond which a house must not extend into a street.

MEZZANINE FLOOR
A mezzanine floor an intermediate floor between main floors of a building.

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BUILDING BYE LAWS

Building Bye-Laws are legal tools used to regulate the building activity. Following are the
three main objects of framing bye-laws:

(i) It becomes easier to pre-plan the building activities and provisions of bye laws give guide
lines to the designing architect or engineer.

(ii) The building bye-laws prevent haphazard development without any resemblance to the
development of the area as a whole.

(iii) The provisions of the building bye-laws usually afford safety to the human beings who
work and live in them against fire, noise, health hazard and structural failure.

The bye-laws and regulations govern the following building aspects:

(1) Set-back or building line.

(2) Floor space index or built-up area.

(3) Open space requirements around the building. (4) Size of rooms.

(5) Height of rooms and buildings.

(6) Lighting and ventilation of rooms.

(7) Water supply and sanitary provisions.

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(8) Structural design or sizes and sections.

NATIONAL BUILDING CODES

The National Building Code of India (NBC) is a national instrument providing guidelines
for regulating the building construction activities across the country.

KMBR- Kerala Muncipality Building Rules

KPBR-Kerala Panchayath Building Rules

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING

Group A : Residential
Group B : Educational
Group C : Institutional
Group D : Assembly
Group E : Buisness
Group F : Mercantile
Group G: Industrial
Group H: Storage
Group J : Hazardous

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GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS

ROW BUILDING REQUIREMENTS

The number of dwelling units in a row of building shall not exceed 10

The area of plot for one unit shall not exceed 85 sq.meters

The maximum number of floors permitted shall be two and a staircase room

HEIGHT OF BUILDING

The maximum height of any building or part thereof shall be limited according to the width of
the street as follows:

The maximum height of a building or part there of shall not exceed 2 times the width of the
street abutting the plot plus 2 times the width of the yard from the building to the abutting street.

If a building plot abuts on two or more streets of different width, the building shall be deemed
to abut the street that has the greater width and the height of the building shall be regulated by
the width of that street and may be continued at this height along the narrower street

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SET BACK

Setback can be explained as the minimum open space required around any building or structure.
Setbacks are required at the front, rear and sides of buildings or other words setback is the
minimum distance which a building must be set back from a street or road

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Drawing no. : 1

Date:

LINE PLAN EXERCISE 1 – RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Prepare a line plan for a residential building to suit for a plot of 26m x 24m size,
according to NBC and KMBR requirements. A road of 5m width abutsthe 26m side. The total
built up area of the building should not exceed 200m2. It should satisfy the following
requirements
 Sit out
 Car porch
 2 bed rooms with attached bath rooms
 Dining room
 Drawing room
 Kitchen and work area

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Drawing no. : 2

Date:

LINE PLAN EXERCISE 2 – RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Prepare a line plan for a residential building to suit for a plot of 17.5m x 20m size, based on
the rules and regulations of KMBR. The total built up area of the building is 110m2 and should
contain the following facilities.

 Drawing and dining

 2 bed room with attached bathrooms
 Kitchen
 Sitout
 Carporch

A road of 6m width passing along the 20m side of the plot which is in the north south
direction

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Drawing no. : 3

Date:

LINE PLAN-PUBLIC LIBRARY

Prepare the line plan of public library according to NBC and KMBR requirements.

 Reference room-72m2
 Reading room 15 m2 
 Binding room 36 m2
 Office room 36 m2
 Toilet 12 m2 
 Reception area 18 m2

The size of the plot is 22mx26m.A 6 m wide road passing through 22m side

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Drawing no. : 4

Date:

LINE PLAN EXERCISE 4- SCHOOL BUILDING

Prepare the line plan of a school building according to NBC and KMBR requirements.

 Classrooms – 5nos. (72m2 each)

 Laboratory-45m2 
 Store-18m2 
 Toilet 2- nos. (12m2 ) each
 Staffroom- 30m2
 Office-12m2
 Hall-50m2

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FOOTING

The lowest artificially prepared parts of the structures which are in direct contact with the ground
and which transmit the loads of the structures to the ground are known as the foundations or
substructures. The solid ground on which the foundations rest is called the foundation bed or
foundation soil and it ultimately bears the load and interacts with the foundations of buildings. The
lowermost portion of the foundation which is in direct contact with the sub-soil is called the footing.

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Drawing no. : 5

Date:

WALL FOOTING WITH STEPS

Draw the layout of the foundation for a wall and steps. The following details are given below

 Thickness of the wall (Brick work in C.M. 1:4) 30 cm. Width and height of basement (Brick
work in C.M. 1:4)40 cm and 60 cm.
 Foundation (Brick work in C.M. 1:4) 50 cm wide, 60 cm deep.
 Base layer of foundation in plain cement concrete, (P.C.C.1:4:8), 80 cm wide and 20 cm deep,
depth of PCC for steps is 10 cm.
 For steps, Rise and Thread of steps in brick in C.M. 1:5, 15cm and 30 cm respectively.
 Flooring is of terrazzo 2 cm thick over 10 cm thick P. C. C.

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Drawing no. : 6

Date:

RCC COLUMN FOOTING

Prepare the detailed drawing of a R. C. C. Footing given the following:

 Size of the column 30 cm x 30 cm.

 Size of footing 160 cm x 160 cm.
 The depth of the base concrete leveling course is 10 cm. P. C.C. is 1:4:8 with coarse
aggregate size 40 mm.
 The depth of footing at the column face is 40 cm and at the edge is 20 cm.
 Reinforcement in the footing consists of 14 nos. of 10 mm diameter rods (Tor steel HYSD
415) in two directions. Assume the reinforcement for columns.

Sketch the shapes of the main reinforcement and stirrups in columns and the bars in the
foundation.

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STAIR
A stair is defined as a sequence of steps and it is provided to afford the means of ascent and descent
between the floors or landings. The apartment or room of a building, in which the stair is located,
is known as a staircase and the opening or space occupied by the stair is known as a stairway.

TECHNICAL TERMS

The definitions of technical terms used in connection with the stairs are as follows:
(1) Baluster: This is the vertical member which is fixed between string and handrail to give support
to the handrail
(2) Balustrade or barrister: The combined framework of handrail and balusters known as the
balustrade or barrister.
(3) Flight: This is defined as an unbroken series of steps between the landings.
(4) Going: This is the horizontal distance between the faces of two consecutive risers
(5) Handrail: The inclined rail over the string is known as a handrail. The handrail serves as a
guard rail and it should be provided at a convenient height so as to give grasp to the hand during
ascent and descent.
(6) Headroom: The vertical distance between the nosings of one flight and the bottom of flight
immediately above is known as the headroom and it should be of sufficient value so as not to cause
any difficulty to the persons using the stair.
(7) Landing: The horizontal platform between two flights of a stair is known as the landing A
landing facilitates change of direction and provides an opportunity for taking rest during the use of
a stair.
(8) Newel post: This is the vertical member which is placed at the ends of flights connect the ends
of strings and handrails
(9) Nosing: The projecting part of the tread beyond the face of riser is known as a nosing. The term
line of nosings is used to denote an imaginary line parallel to the strings and tangential to the
nosings. It is useful in the construction of handrails. The undersurface of the handrail should
coincide with the line of nosings.
(10) Pitch: The angle of inclination of the stair with the floor is known as a pitch. It also indicates
the angle which the line of nosings makes with the horizontal.

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(11) Rise: This is the vertical distance between two successive treads.
(12) Riser: The vertical or front member of the step, which is connected to the treads, is known as
a riser
(14) Thread:The horizontal upper portion of a step is known as thread
(15) Step:Combination of thread and riser
(16) Waist:The thickness of structural slab in case of an RCC stair is known as waist slab

TYPES OF STAIRS
The stairs are classified as follows:
(1) Straight stairs (2) Turning stairs
(3) Circular or helical or spiral stairs (4) Geometrical stairs.

(1) Straight stairs: In case of a straight stair, all steps lead in one direction only as shown in fig.
(2) Turning stairs: In case of turning stairs, the flights take turn. The usual types of turning stairs
are described below.

Quarter-turn stairs: A stair turning through one right angle is known as a quarter-turn stair. If a
quarter-turn stair is branched into two flights at fanding, as shown in fig., it is known as a bifurcated
stair. This type of stair is commonly used in the public buildings near their entrance hall. The stair
has a wider flight at the bottom which bifurcates into free narrower flights at the landing - one
turning to the left and the other to the right.
Half-turn stairs: A stair turning through two right angles is known as a half-turn stair. A half-turn
stair may be of dog-legged type or open newel type as shown in fig.
In case of a dog-legged stair, the flights run in opposite directions and there is no space between
them in plan. These stairs are useful where total width of space available for the staircase is equal
to twice the width of steps. Its name is derived from its appearance in the sectional elevation. In
case of an open newel stair, there is a well or hole or opening between the flights in plan. This well
may be rectangular or of any geometrical shape and it can be used for fixing lift. These stairs are
useful where available space for staircase has a width greater than twice the width of steps.

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STAIRCASE REQUIREMENTS
Min width of stair-1m for residential building
Min thread-300 mm
Max rise-150 mm
Max number of steps in one flight-12
Min head room-2.2 m
Min height of hand rail-90cm
Number of risers= total height of floor
Height of riser
Number of treads in a flight=number of risers-1

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Drawing no. : 7

Date:

OPEN WELL RCC STAIR

Draw to suitable scale the plan and sectional elevation of an open well RCC stair of the following
details

 Height of room-297.5cm
 Width of stair -1m
 Open well width-0.5 m
 Rise-17.5 cm,Thread-25cm
 Width of landing slab-1m,Thickness of landing slab-12.5 cm
 Thickness of waist slab -12.5cm
 Reinforcement details-Main reinforcement 8mm dia @15cm c/c,Distributor 6mm dia
@15cm c/c, Suspender 6mm dia@15cm c/c

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Drawing no. : 8

Date:

RCC DOG LEGGED STAIR

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Drawing no. : 9

Date:

TILE ROOF

Draw the elevation of a couple roof showing all details

• Wall thickness -30cm

• Clear span -3m

• Ridge – 8cm*20cm

• Rafter – 5cm*12.5cm

• Eve projection-60cm

• Wall plate- 15cm*10cm

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Drawing no. : 10

Date:

STEEL TRUSS

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Drawing no. : 11

Date:

ELECTRICAL SERVICE PLAN

Draw the electrical service plan of the given figure and denote the symbols for fittings.

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Drawing no. 12

Date:

PLUMBING LAYOUT

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OPEN ENDED ASSESMENT

Prepare the plan, section and elevation of a single storied residential building using Auto-CAD
software.

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