UNIT V

APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT

 CompleteDesignof EmbeddedSystems

 Developmentof IoT Applications

 Home Automation

 SmartAgriculture

 SmartCities

 SmartHealthcare.
 CompleteDesign ofEmbedded Systems
AnEmbeddedsystemis a controller,whichcontrols manyotherelectronicdevices.It is a
combination of embedded hardware and software. There are two types of embedded
systemsmicroprocessorsandmicro-controller. Micro-processor is based on von Neumann
model/architecture (where program + data resides in the same memory location), it is an
important part of the computer system, where external processors and peripherals are
interfaced to it. It occupies more area and has more power consumption. The application of
the microprocessor is personal computers.

Whatisan EmbeddedSystem Design?

Definition:A system designed with the embedding of hardware and softwaretogether
for a specific function with a larger area is embedded system design. In embedded system
design, a microcontroller plays a vital role. Micro-controller is based on Harvard
architecture, it is an important component of an embedded system. External processor,
internal memory and i/o components are interfaced with the microcontroller. It occupies less
area, less power consumption. The application of microcontrollers is MP3, washing
machines.

EmbeddedDesign
Types ofEmbeddedSystems
 Stand-AloneEmbeddedSystem
 Real-TimeEmbeddedSystem
 NetworkedAppliances
 Mobiledevices

ElementsofEmbeddedSystems
 Processor
 Microprocessor
 Microcontroller
 Digitalsignalprocessor.

Steps in theEmbeddedSystemDesignProcess
Thedifferentstepsintheembeddedsystemdesignflow/flow diagramincludethefollowing.
 Embeddeddesign–process–steps
Abstraction
Inthisstagetheproblemrelatedtothesystemis abstracted.

Hardware–SoftwareArchitecture
Properknowledgeofhardwareandsoftwaretobeknownbeforestartinganydesignprocess.

ExtraFunctionalProperties
Extrafunctionstobeimplementedaretobeunderstoodcompletelyfromthemain design.

SystemRelatedFamilyof Design
Whendesigningasystem,oneshouldrefertoaprevioussystem-relatedfamilyofdesign.

ModularDesign
Separatemoduledesignsmustbemadesothattheycanbeusedlateronwhenrequired.
Mapping
Based on software mapping is done. For example, data flow and program flow are
mappedinto one.
UserInterfaceDesign
In user interface design it depends on user requirements, environment analysis and function
of the system. For example, on a mobile phone if we want to reduce the power consumption
of mobile phones we take care of other parameters, so that power consumption can be
reduced.

Refinement
Everycomponentandmodulemustberefinedappropriatelysothatthesoftwareteamcan understand.
Architecturaldescriptionlanguageisusedtodescribethesoftwaredesign.
 ControlHierarchy
 Partitionofstructure
 Datastructureand hierarchy
 SoftwareProcedure.

EmbeddedSoftwareDevelopmentProcess Activities
Embeddedsoftwaredevelopmentprocessactivitiesmainly includethefollowing.

Specifications
Proper specifications are to be made so that the customer who uses the product can go
through the specification of the product and use it without any confusion. Designers mainly
focus on specifications like hardware, design constraints, life cycle period, resultant system
behavior.

Architecture
HardwareandSoftwarearchitecture layersarespecified.

Components
Inthislayer,componentsdesignisdone.Componentslikesingleprocessprocessor, memories-
RAM/ROM, peripheral devices, buses..etc.

System Integration
Inthis layer,allthecomponents areintegratedintothesystemandtestedwhetherits meeting designers,
expectations.

ChallengesinEmbeddedSystemDesign
Whiledesigninganyembeddedsystem,designersfacelotsofchallengeslike asfollows,
 Environmentadaptability
 Power consumption
 Area occupied
 Packagingand integration
 Updatinginhardwareand software
 Security
 There are various challenges the designers face while testing the design like
Embeddedhardware testing, Verification stage, Validation Maintainability.

Embedded SystemDesign Examples

 Automaticchocolatevendingmachine(ACVM)
 Digitalcamera
 Smartcard
 Mobilephone
 Mobilecomputer..etc.

AutomaticChocolateVendingMachine(ACVM)
The design function of ACVM is to provide chocolate to the child whenever the child inserts
a coin into ACVM.

DesignSteps
Thedesignstepsmainlyincludethefollowing.
1. Requirements
2. Specifications
3. Hardwareandsoftwarefunctioning.

Requirements
Whenachildinsertsacoinintothemachineandselectstheparticularchocolatethathe wants to purchase.

Inputs
 Coins,userselection.
 Aninterruptis generatedateachportwheneveracoinis inserted.
 Aseparatenotificationissent toeach port.

Outputs
 Chocolate
 Refund
 AmessageisdisplayedonLCDlikedate,time,welcomemessage.
System Function
 Using a graphical user interface, the child commands to the system which chocolate
thechild wants to purchase.
 WherethegraphicaluserinterfacehasanLCD,keypad,touchscreen.
 Themachinedeliversthechocolatewhen thechild insertsthecoin ifthecoins inserted are
excess than the actual cost of selected chocolate. The ACVM machine refunds the money
back.
 Using a Universal synchronous bus, the owner of the ACVM can keep track of client
location.

Designingofan embedded system

BasicStructureofanEmbeddedSystem

Let'sseetheblockdiagramshowsthebasicstructureofanembeddedsystem.

o Sensor: Sensor used for sensing the change in environment condition and it generate
the electric signal on the basis of change in environment condition. Therefore it isalso
called as transducers for providing electric input signal on the basis of change in
environment condition.
o A-D Converter: An analog-to-digital converter is a device that converts analog
electric input signal into its equivalent digital signal for further processing in an
embedded system.
o Processor & ASICs: Processor used for processing the signal and data to execute
desired set of instructions with high-speed of operation.

Application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is an integrated circuit designed to

perform task specific operation inside an embedded system.
o D-A Converter: A digital-to-analog converter is a device that converts digital electric
input signal into its equivalent analog signal for further processing in an embedded
system.
 o Actuators:Actuators is acomparatorusedfor comparingtheanalog inputsignal level to
desired output signal level for providing the error free output from the system.

DesignstepsrequiredforthedevelopmentofEmbedded System

Designing steps required for embedded system are different from the design process of
another electronic system.

Let's see a flow chart represent the design steps required in the development of an embedded
system:

Embedded System processors

Processors are the major part in embedded systems that take response from sensors in digital
form and processing of this response to produce output in real-time processing environmentis
performed using processors.
For an embedded system developer it is essential to have the knowledge of both
microprocessors and micro controllers.

Processorsinsideasystem:

Processorsinsideasystemhavetwoessentialunits:

o Control unit: This unit in processors performed the program flow control operation
inside an embedded system. The control unit also acts as a fetching unit for fetching
the set of instructions stored inside a memory.
o Executionunit: Thisunitis usedfor execution thevarioustasksinside aprocessors.It
mainly comprises of arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) and it also include a circuit
that executes the instruction sets used to perform program control operation inside
processors.

Types of processors:
Processorsinsideanembeddedsystemareofthefollowingcategories:
o Application Specific System Processor(ASSP): ASSP is application dependentsystem
processor used for processing signal of embedded system. Therefore for different
application performing task a unique set of system processors is required.
o General Purpose Processor (GPP): GPP is used for processing signal from input to
output by controlling the operation of system bus, address bus and data bus inside an
embedded system.

Typesofgeneralpurposeprocessorare:

o Microprocessor
o Microcontroller
o Digitalsignalprocessor
o Analogsignalprocessor

Embedded Systems
BeforegoingtotheoverviewofEmbeddedSystems,Let’sfirstknowthetwobasic
thingsi.eembeddedandsystem,andwhat actuallydothey mean.
Systemisasetofinterrelatedparts/componentswhicharedesigned/developedtoperform common
tasks or to do some specific work for which it has been created.
Embedded means including something with anything for a reason. Or simply we can say
something which is integrated or attached to another thing. Now after getting what actual
systems and embedded mean we can easily understand what are Embedded Systems.
Embedded Systemis an integrated system that is formed as a combination of computer
hardware and software for a specific function. It can be said as a dedicated computer system
has been developed for some particular reason. But it is not our traditional computer system
orgeneral-purposecomputers,thesearetheEmbeddedsystems thatmayworkindependently or
attached to a larger system to work on a few specific functions. These embedded systems can
work without human intervention or with little human intervention.

Threemain componentsofEmbeddedsystemsare:
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Firmware

Someexamplesofembedded systems:
 Digitalwatches
 WashingMachine
 Toys
 Televisions
 Digitalphones
 LaserPrinter
 Cameras
 Industrialmachines
 ElectronicCalculators
 Automobiles
 MedicalEquipment

ApplicationareasofEmbeddedSystem:
Mostly Embedded systems are present everywhere. We use it in our everyday life
unknowinglyasin mostcasesitis integrated into thelarger systems.So,herearesomeof the
application areas of Embedded systems:

 Homeappliances
 Transportation
 Healthcare
 Businesssector& offices
 Defensesector
 Aerospace
 AgriculturalSector
ImportantCharacteristicsofanEmbeddedSystem:
1. Performsspecifictask:Embeddedsystemsperformsomespecificfunctionor tasks.
2. LowCost:Thepriceofanembeddedsystemis notso expensive.
3. TimeSpecific:Itperformsthetaskswithinacertaintimeframe.
4. LowPower:EmbeddedSystemsdon’trequiremuchpowerto operate.
5. HighEfficiency:The efficiencylevelofembeddedsystemsisso high.
6. MinimalUserinterface:Thesesystemsrequirelessuserinterfaceandareeasytouse.
7. LessHumanintervention:Embeddedsystemsrequirenohumaninterventionorvery less
human intervention.
8. HighlyStable:Embeddedsystemsdonotchangefrequentlymostlyfixedmaintaining stability.
9. HighReliability:Embeddedsystemsarereliabletheyperformtasksconsistently well.
10. Use microprocessorsor microcontrollers:Embedded systems use microprocessors or
microcontrollers to design and use limited memory.
11. Manufacturable:Themajorityofembeddedsystemsarecompactandaffordableto
manufacture. They are based on the size and low complexity of the hardware.

BlockStructureDiagramofEmbeddedSystem

AdvantagesofEmbedded System:
 Smallsize.
 Enhancedreal-timeperformance.
 Easilycustomizableforaspecificapplication.

DisadvantagesofEmbeddedSystem:
 Highdevelopment cost.
 Time-consumingdesignprocess.
 Asitisapplication-specificlessmarketavailable.

Top Embedded Programming Languages:Embedded systems can be programmed using

different programming languages likeEmbedded C, Embedded C++, Embedded Java,
andEmbedded Python.However,itentirelydepends onthedevelopertousewhichprogramming
language for the development of the embedded systems.

InternetofThings Applications
TheInternetofThings (IoT)provides theability to interconnect computingdevices,
mechanical machines, objects, animals or unique identifiers and people to transfer
dataacrossanetworkwithouttheneedforhuman-to-humanorhuman-to-computerisasystemof
conversation.IoT applications bring a lot of value in our lives. The Internet of Things
providesobjects,
dataacrossanetwork withoutthehuman-to-humanor human-to-computer interaction.
Atrafficcameraisanintelligentdevice.Thecameramonitors trafficcongestion, accidents and
weather conditions and can access it to a common entrance.
This gateway receives data from such cameras and transmits information to the city's traffic
monitoring system.

For example, the municipal corporation has decided to repair a road that is connected to the
tothetraffic monitoring system.
The intelligent system analyzes the situation, estimate their impact, and relay information to
other cities connected to the same highway. It generates live instructions to drivers by smart
devices and radio channels.

Itcreates anetworkof self-dependentsystemsthattakeadvantageofreal-timecontrol.

WhatisIoT?
IoTisaplatformwhereembeddeddevicesareconnectedtotheInternet tocollectand
exchangedata.Itenablesmachinesto interact,collaborateandlearnfrom
experienceslikehumans.IoTapplicationsequippedbillionsofobjectswith connectivity and
intelligence.

Wearable
Wearable technology is the hallmark of IoT applications and one of the earliest industries to
deploy IoT. We have fit bits, heart rate monitors and smartwatches these days.
Guardian glucose monitoring device has been developed to help people with diabetes. It
detects glucose levels in our body, uses asmall electrode called the glucose sensor under the
skin, and relates it to a radiofrequency monitoring device.

SmartHomeApplications
The smart home is probably the first thing when we talk about the IoT application. The
exampleweseetheAIhomeautomationisemployedby MarkZuckerberg.Alan Pan's home
automation system, where a string of musical notes uses in-house functions.

Healthcare
IoT applications can transform reactive medical-based systems into active wellness-based
systems. Resources that are used in current medical research lack important real-world
information. It uses controlled environments, leftover data, and volunteers for clinical trials.
TheInternetofThings improvesthedevice's power,precision andavailability.IoT focuses on
building systems rather than just tools. Here's how the IoT-enabled care device works.

SmartCities
Mostofyouhaveheardaboutthetermsmartcity.Smartcityusestechnologyto
provideservices.
The problems faced by Mumbai are very different from Delhi. Even global issues, such as
clean drinking water, declining air quality, and increasing urban density, occur in varying
intensity cities. Therefore, they affect every city.
Governments and engineers use the Internet of Things to analyze the complex factors
oftownandeachcity.IoT applicationshelp inthearea ofwatermanagement,wastecontroland
emergencies.

Exampleofasmartcity -Palo Alto.

Palo Alto, San Francisco, is the first city to acquire the traffic approach. He realized thatmost
cars roam around the same block on the streets in search of parking spots. It is the primary
cause of traffic congestion in the city. Thus, the sensors were installed at all parking areas in
thecity. Thesesensors pass occupancy status to thecloud of each spot. This solution involves
the use of sensor arrays that collects data and uses it for many purposes.

Agriculture
By the year2050, the world's growing population is estimated to have reached about 10
billion. To feed such a large population, agriculture needs to marry technology and get the
best results. There are many possibilities in this area. One of them is Smart Greenhouse.

Farming techniques grow crops byenvironmental parameters. However, manual handling

results in production losses, energy losses and labor costs, making it less effective.
Thegreenhousemakesiteasytomonitorandenablestocontroltheclimateinsideit.

IndustrialAutomation
Itisone of the areaswhere the quality ofproductsis an essentialfactor fora more significant
investment return. Anyone canre-engineerproducts and their packaging to provide superior
performance incostand customer experiencewith IoT applications. IoT will prove as a
game-changer. In industrial automation, IoT is used in the following areas:
 o Productflowmonitoring
o Factorydigitization
o Inventorymanagement
o Safety andsecurity
o LogisticsandSupplyChain Optimization
o Qualitycontrol
o Packagingcustomization

HackedCar

A connected car is a technology-driven car with Internet access and a WAN network. The
technology offers the user some benefits such as in-car infotainment, advanced navigation
and fuel efficiency.

Healthcare
Healthcare do real-time monitoring with the help of smart devices. It gathers and transfers
health datasuch as blood pressure, blood sugarlevels, weight, oxygen, and ECG. Thepatient
can contact the doctor by the smart mobile application in case of any emergency.
 SmartRetail
IoT applications in retail give shoppers a new experience. Customers do not have to stand in
long queues as the checkout system can read the tags of the products and deduct the total
amount from the customer's payment app with IoT applications' help.

Smart SupplyChain
Customers automate the delivery and shipping with a smart supply chain. It also provides
details of real-time conditions and supply networks.

SmartFarming

Farmers can minimize waste and increase productivity. The system allows the monitoring of
fields with the help of sensors. Farmers can monitor the status of the area.
Internet-connected devices go from 5 million to billions in just one year. Business Insider
Intelligence estimates 24 billion IoT devices will install and generate more than 300 billionin
revenue in the future.

SmartGrid
The smart grid is the IoT that attends to energy systems. Utility companies use smart grid
technologies to find energy efficiencies through various means, including monitoring energy
consumption, predicting energy shortages and power outages, and gathering data on how
differentindividuals andcompanies useenergy.The averageindividualcanalsouseinsights from
the smart grid to assess their own energy use and find efficiencies in their household.
 IOTProjects

HomeAutomation

IoTbasedWebcontrolledHomeAutomationusingPICMicrocontrollerandAdafruitIO

IoTbasedWebcontrolledHomeAutomationusingPICMicrocontrollerandAdafruitIO
 HomeAutomationhas always beeninspiring projects for mostof us. Toggling an AC
load from the comfort of our chairs or bed of any room without reaching for the switch in
another room sounds cool doesn’t it!!. And now in the era of IoT, thanks to the ESP8266
module which made it easy to control anything from anywhere in the world.
In this IoT based project, we will use Adafuit IO to control Home appliaces from a webpage
using ESP8266 and PIC microcontroller. We have connected three AC light as loads andthey
can be controlled remotely using either your phone or computer. Here ESP8266 is used with
PIC microcontroller.
ComponentRequired
ESP8266
PICmicrocontroller(PIC16f877A)
12V5AElectromagneticRelayModule-1
12v Power supply (12V/1A or above) -1
LM7805 Voltage Regulator -1
LM317Regulator-1
10kohmResistor-1
1k Resistor – 3
10k Pot–1
1k Pot -1
16x2 LCD
1000uFcapacitor-1
10uF capacitor -2
Wiresforconnection
18.432MHzCrystaloscillator -1
LED-2
22pFcapacitor -2
BreadBoardorPCB(optional)

CircuitDiagram
InWeb controlled Home Automation project, we have used PIC microcontroller
PIC16F877A for performing all the operations. It will communicate with ESP8266 Wi-Fi
moduleto send and receive data from the Adafruit server and take action accordingly to turn
ON/OFFrelay or load and displaying thestatus of loads over LCD. Wehaveused 16x2 LCD
display for displaying the status of connected AC appliances.
Inthisprojectwehavethreepowersupplies:
As we have used a 12v relay modulewe need 12v so we have used a 12v adaptor to power
the relay.
We needed 5v for powering the PIC microcontroller, LCD and some of the relay module
circuit. So we have used a 7805 voltage regulator connected with a 12v supply. This voltage
regulator provides 5v output.
A 3.3v power supply is used for powering the ESP8266 as it works on 3.3v. This supply is
made by using LM317 voltage regulator which can be configurable to 3.3v by using some
voltage divider circuitry with this. Learn moreabout creating a LM317 based variablepower
supply.
All the connections for this project have been shown in the circuit diagram. The final setup
will look like this:

SetupAdafruitIO forIoTHomeAutomation

In this project, we are going to control some home AC appliance via a web page crated using
Adafruit IO.Adafruit IOis a simple to use internet service that easily enables IoT devices to
GET and POST data. Additionally, it can be used to create GUI interfaces for viewing data,
controlling devices, and triggers for alerts/warnings.
Followbelowstepsto setupAdafruit IOforIoTHome Automation
Step1:inthisstep,wehavetocreateanaccountonadafruit.ioorifyoualreadyhavean account just login
into it.
Step2:Createadashboardbyclickingon‘Dashboards’ attheleftsideofthepageandthen
clickon‘Action’andthenon‘CreateaNewDashboard’.
Nowapop-upwindowformwillopen,fillinanynamelikeHomeAutomationandclick on Create.
You can also add some description related to project.

Step3:Nowclickonthenewlycreated dashboard
Nowweneedtoclick on+sizeattherightsideofthepageunderbluesquireandred circle.

Nowanotherpop-upwindowopentoselectdesirednewblockitemlikeON/OFFswitch.

AfterselectingtheBlock(On/Offbutton) anewpop-upwindowwillopen.Enterherethe name of your

new feed like Light1 or and click on create.
Nowclickonanewlycreatedfeedandfillsomedetailsandclickovercreateablock.

You can create more feeds and blocks according to requirement. Here we have created three
for controlling three lights from this web interface
Step4:Nowclickon‘KEY’symbolon thesamepageand copyusernameandtheactive key given
there.

Step 5:Now open the code and replace the username with your username everywhere in the
code, also replace the MQTTPassword with the active key in the code. Complete codeis
given at the end of this project.
constcharMQTTHost[]="io.adafruit.com";
const char MQTTPort[] = "1883";
constcharMQTTClientID[]="ABCDEF";
constcharMQTTTopicRelay1[]="saddam4201/feeds/Light1";
constcharMQTTTopicRelay2[]="saddam4201/feeds/Light2";
constcharMQTTTopicRelay3[]="saddam4201/feeds/Light3";
constcharMQTTTopicRelay4[]="saddam4201/feeds/Light4"; const
char MQTTProtocolName[] = "MQTT";
const char MQTTLVL = 0x03;
constcharMQTTFlags=0xC2;
constunsignedintMQTTKeepAlive=60;
constcharMQTTUsername[]="saddam4201"; //putyour Username
constcharMQTTPassword[]="xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"; //PutYour
Password
constcharMQTTQOS =0x00;
constcharMQTTPacketID= 0x0001;
Step 6: Now compile and upload the code into PIC microcontroller, if you are new with PIC
microcontroller.

MQTT Protocol
ThisIoT based Home Automation Project uses MQTT protocol for exchanging data between
serverandclient.ThisprotocolisveryfastcomparedtotheTCP/IPprotocol.Andthe
workingconceptisalsodifferentfromtheTCP/IPprotocol.Thisprotocolhasthreemain components.
Publish
Broker
Subscriber
According toMQTT.org(official website), “MQTT stands for MQ Telemetry Transport. It is a
publish/subscribe, extremely simple and lightweight messaging protocol, designed for
constrained devices and low-bandwidth, high-latency or unreliable networks. The design
principles are to minimize network bandwidth and device resource requirements whilst also
attempting to ensure reliability and some degree of assurance of delivery. These principles
also turn out to make the protocol ideal of the emerging “machine-to-machine” (M2M) or
“Internet of Things” world of connected devices, and for mobile applications where
bandwidth and battery power are at a premium.”
ProgrammingExplanation
Programming part of this Adafruit.io Home Automation is a little bit difficult because of
MQTT protocol and its frame format. But if you don’t want to go into this then you can
directly try the code given at the end. Here we have explained few parts of code below:
Firstofall,includealltherequiredlibraries andsetconfigurationbitsforPIC Microcontroller.
#define_XTAL_FREQ18432000
#include
<xc.h>#include<pi
c.h>#include
<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>

//BEGIN CONFIG
#pragma config FOSC = HS // Oscillator Selection bits (HS oscillator)
#pragmaconfigWDTE=OFF//Watchdog TimerEnablebit(WDTenabled)
#pragmaconfigPWRTE=OFF//Power-upTimer Enablebit(PWRTdisabled)
#pragma config BOREN = ON // Brown-out Reset Enable bit (BOR enabled)
#pragma config LVP = OFF // Low-Voltage (Single-Supply) In-Circuit Serial Programming
Enable bit (RB3 is digital I/O, HV on MCLR must be used for programming)
#pragma config CPD = OFF// Data EEPROM Memory Code Protection bit (Data EEPROM
code protection off)
#pragma config WRT = OFF // Flash Program Memory Write Enable bits (Write protection
off; all program memory may be written to by EECON control)
#pragma config CP = OFF // Flash Program Memory Code Protection bit (Code
protectionoff)
//ENDCONFIG
Afterthis,wehavedefinedsomemacrosthatareusedtodeclarepinsforLCDandother GPIOs.
#defineucharunsignedchar
#define uint unsigned int

#defineLCDPORTDIRTRISA
#defineLCDPORTPORTA
#define RS RE1
#defineENRE0

#definerelay1dirTRISC0
#definerelay2dirTRISC1
#definerelay3dirTRISC2
#definerelay4dirTRISC4
#define relay1 RC0
#define relay2 RC1
#define relay3 RC2
#define relay4 RC4

#defineleddirTRISC3
#define led RC3

#definetxDirTRISD0
#define tx RD0
Nowingivingpartofthecode,wehavesomevariablesthatwehavesuedin thisproject volatile
char buf[95];
ucharbuf1[70];
ucharbuf2[15];
int retry;
int restartFlag=0;
volatile char index=0;
volatile char flag=0;
volatileintmsCount=0;
volatilecharg_timerflag=1;
volatile int counter=0;
volatile char sec=0;
unsigned int topiclength;
unsigned char topic[25];
unsignedcharencodedByte;
int X;
BelowfunctionisusedforWi-Fiinitializationwhichisresponsibleforinitializingwifi module and
connect ESP8266 with Wi-Fi hotspot or Wi-Fi router.
void espInitize()
{
lcdwrite(0x01, CMD);
lcdprint("ESPInitilizing");
serialprintln("AT+RST");
delay_ms(5000);
espInit("AT","OK",2);
espInit("ATE1","OK",2);
espInit("AT+CWMODE=3","OK",2);
espInit("AT+CWQAP","OK",2);
espInit("AT+CWJAP=\"wifi_name\",\"password\"","OK",3);
serialprintln("AT+CIFSR");
serialFlush();
delay_ms(500);
}
BelowcodeisusedtoconfigureMQTTandadafrut.io. const
char MQTTHost[] = "io.adafruit.com";
constcharMQTTPort[]="1883";
constcharMQTTClientID[]="AB”
constcharMQTTTopicRelay1[]="saddam4201/feeds/Light1";
constcharMQTTTopicRelay2[]="saddam4201/feeds/Light2";
constcharMQTTTopicRelay3[]="saddam4201/feeds/Light3";
constcharMQTTTopicRelay4[]="saddam4201/feeds/Light4";
const char MQTTProtocolName[] = "MQTT";
const char MQTTLVL = 0x03;
constcharMQTTFlags=0xC2;
constunsignedintMQTTKeepAlive=60;
constcharMQTTUsername[]="saddam4201"; //putyour Username
constcharMQTTPassword[]="xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"; //PutYour
Password
constcharMQTTQOS =0x00;
constcharMQTTPacketID= 0x0001;
Given function is used to connect with Adafruit IO broker and subscribing the topics that we
have used in this project.
void restartESP()
{
espInitize();
espInit("AT+CIPSTART=\"TCP\",\"io.adafruit.com\",1883","CONNECT",5)
 SendConnectPacket()

SendSubscribePacket(&MQTTTopicRelay1[0],strlen(MQTTTopicRelay1))

SendSubscribePacket(&MQTTTopicRelay2[0],strlen(MQTTTopicRelay2))

SendSubscribePacket(&MQTTTopicRelay3[0],strlen(MQTTTopicRelay3))
lcdwrite(1,CMD);
led=1;
}
GivenfunctionisforconnectingwithAdafruitIOMQTTbroker int
SendConnectPacket(void)
{
inttxIndex=0;
unsignedintMQTTProtocolNameLength=strlen(MQTTProtocolName);
unsigned int MQTTClientIDLength = strlen(MQTTClientID);
unsignedintMQTTUsernameLength=strlen(MQTTUsername);
unsigned int MQTTPasswordLength = strlen(MQTTPassword);
X = MQTTProtocolNameLength + 2 + 4 + MQTTClientIDLength + 2 +
MQTTUsernameLength + 2 + MQTTPasswordLength + 2;
do
{
encodedByte=X%128; X
= X / 128;
if( X > 0 )
{
encodedByte|=128;
}
}while(X>0 );

buf1[txIndex++]=0x10;
buf1[txIndex++]=encodedByte;
buf1[txIndex++]=MQTTProtocolNameLength<<8;
buf1[txIndex++]=MQTTProtocolNameLength;
memcpy((unsigned char *)&buf1[txIndex],(unsigned char
*)&MQTTProtocolName,MQTTProtocolNameLength);
GivenfunctionisusedtosendsubscribepackettoMQTTbroker int
SendSubscribePacket(char topic[], int topiclength)
{
X=2+2+topiclength+1;
 do
{
encodedByte=X%128; X
= X / 128;
if( X > 0 )
{
encodedByte|=128;
}
//serialwrite(encodedByte);
}while(X>0 );

int txIndex=0;
buf1[txIndex++]=0x82;
buf1[txIndex++]=encodedByte;
buf1[txIndex++]=MQTTPacketID<<8;
buf1[txIndex++]=MQTTPacketID;
buf1[txIndex++]=topiclength<<8;
buf1[txIndex++]=topiclength;
memcpy(&buf1[txIndex],(char*)&topic[0],topiclength);
txIndex+=topiclength;

SmartAgriculture
This issmart farming using IoTin this project we will use the server to store the sensor data
this is similar to our recent smart agriculture using IoT project.
Whatis SmartfarmingusingIoT?
Smart farming project is in trend nowadays. everyone wants their farm and land to be
smart because it is attractive and techy and also it reduces the manpower they needed tomake
the system work.

Here, you need a circuit diagram, code, and thingspeak instruction. so we are going to
giveyou all the things below. follow all the steps and make your circuit as we have given.

Herewearegoingtousetwo nodemcu.
becausewehavehere5analogsensors and1 DHT.
sowewilluse4soilmoisturesensorswiththeNodemcu1anddht11and1soilmoisture sensor with the
second node MCU.
andthereweneedtwocodes forthesetwonodemcu.
So,makethisprojectcarefully.uploadfirstcodewiththefirstnodemcuaswehavegiven below.

Components Required:-
 NodeMcu-2
 General-purposePCB
 4channelADC multiplexer
 5soilmoisturesensor
 DHT11
 Breadboard
 Jumperwires
  connectingcables
 SmartfarmingusingIoTCircuitDiagram(1stnodemcu)

Connection Diagram

Nodemcuesp8266 4ChannelADC

VV,Vin VCC

G,GND GND

D1Pin SCLPin

D2Pin SDAPin

Soil1 Sensor Soil2 Sensor Soil3 Sensor Soil4 Sensor 4ChannelADC

VCC VCC VCC VCC VCC

GND GND GND GND GND

A0 A0
www.EnggTree.co m
A0 A1

A0 A2

A0 A3
AftermakingalltheconnectionsYouneedtouploadtheCode.
Connect all the Soil moisture sensor Vcc to the Nodemcu Vin
Connect MultiplexerVcc to the Nodemcu Vin
ConnectalltheSoilmoisturesensorGndtotheNodemcuoGnd Connect
MultiplexerGnd to the Nodemcu Gnd
SoilmoisturesensorOutputconnects totheMultiplexeras givenintheaboveimage
After complete, the connection Upload the given code to the Nodemcu. This code is for the
First nodemcu.
SmartfarmingusingIoTCode(first nodemcu)
//TECHATRONIC.COM
//library
//https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_ADS1X15
//https://github.com/manrueda/ESP8266HttpClient
//https://github.com/ekstrand/ESP8266wifi
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include
<ESP8266HTTPClient.h>#include
<Adafruit_ADS1015.h> WiFiClient
client;
StringthingSpeakAddress="http://api.thingspeak.com/update?";
String writeAPIKey;
String tsfield1Name;
String request_string;
HTTPClient http;
Adafruit_ADS1115 ads;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);
delay(3000);
WiFi.disconnect();
Serial.println("START");
WiFi.begin("DESKTOP","asdfghjkl");//Wifi("ID","Password") while
((!(WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED))){
delay(300);
Serial.println("...");
}
!");
Serial.println("Gettingsingle-endedreadingsfrom AIN0..3");
Serial.println("ADCRange:+/-6.144V(1bit=3mV/ADS1015,0.1875mV/ADS1115)");
ads.begin();
}
void loop()
{
int16_tadc0,adc1,adc2,adc3;
Serial.println("");
adc0=ads.readADC_SingleEnded(0);
adc0 = adc0 / 25;
adc1=ads.readADC_SingleEnded(1);
adc1 = adc1 / 25;
adc2=ads.readADC_SingleEnded(2);
adc2 = adc2 / 25;
adc3=ads.readADC_SingleEnded(3);
adc3 = adc3 / 25;
Serial.print("SOILMOISTUREinpersent1%:");Serial.println(adc0);
Serial.print("SOILMOISTUREinpersent2%:"); Serial.println(adc1);
 Serial.print("SOILMOISTUREinpersent3%:");Serial.println(adc2);
Serial.print("SOILMOISTUREinpersent4%:");Serial.println(adc3);
Serial.println("");
if (client.connect("api.thingspeak.com",80))
{
request_string=thingSpeakAddress;
request_string += "key=";
request_string+="2YGO2FHN3XI3GFE7";
request_string += "&";
request_string+="field1";
request_string += "=";
request_string += adc0;
http.begin(request_string);
http.GET();
http.end();
}
delay(10);
if (client.connect("api.thingspeak.com",80))
{
request_string=thingSpeakAddress;
request_string+="key=";
request_string+="2YGO2FHN3XI3GFE7";
request_string += "&";
request_string+="field2";
request_string += "=";
request_string += adc1;
http.begin(request_string);
http.GET();
http.end();
}
delay(10);
if (client.connect("api.thingspeak.com",80))
{
request_string=thingSpeakAddress;
request_string += "key=";
request_string+="2YGO2FHN3XI3GFE7";
request_string += "&";
request_string+="field3";
request_string += "=";
request_string += adc2;
 http.begin(request_string);
http.GET();
http.end();
}
delay(10);
if (client.connect("api.thingspeak.com",80))
{
request_string=thingSpeakAddress;
request_string += "key=";
request_string+="2YGO2FHN3XI3GFE7";
request_string += "&";
request_string+="field4";
request_string += "=";
request_string += adc3;
http.begin(request_string);
http.GET();
http.end();
}
delay(10);
}
ForthesecondNodMCU
Connectiontable2
Nodemcuesp8266 Dht11Sensor

VV,Vin ( V) VCC

G,GND ( G) GND

D3Pin ( S)OUTPin

Nodemcuesp8266 SoilMoistureSensor

VV,Vin VCC

G,GND GND

A0Pin ( A0)OUTPin
ConnectDHT11outputpintotheNodemcu d3
SoilmoisturesensoroutputtobeconnectedtotheA0
Connect DHT 11 VCC to the Nodemcu Vin
ConnectDHT11GndtotheNodemcuGnd
After complete, the connection second nodemcu.
ForSecondNodeMCU:-
//TECHATRONIC.COM
//library
//https://github.com/adafruit/DHT-sensor-library
//https://github.com/manrueda/ESP8266HttpClient
//https://github.com/ekstrand/ESP8266wifi
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include<ESP8266HTTPClient.h>
StringthingSpeakAddress="http://api.thingspeak.com/update?";
String writeAPIKey;
Stringtsfield1Name;
Stringrequest_string,request_string1;
HTTPClient http;
#include<DHT.h>//Includinglibraryfordht
//library
//https://github.com/adafruit/DHT-sensor-library
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
StringapiKey="77921LPMGM2OAGQE";//EnteryourWriteAPIkeyfromThingSpeak const
char *ssid = "DESKTOP"; // replace with your wifi ssid and wpa2 key
const char *pass = "asdfghjkl"; //WIFIPassword
const char* server = "api.thingspeak.com";
#define DHTPIN 0 //pinD3wherethedht11isconnected
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHT11);
WiFiClientclient;
void setup()
{dht.begin();
Serial.begin(115200);
delay(3000);
WiFi.disconnect();
Serial.println("START");
WiFi.begin("DESKTOP","asdfghjkl");
while((!(WiFi.status()==WL_CONNECTED))){
delay(300);
Serial.println("...");
}
Serial.println("IAM CONNECTED");
}
void loop()
{
{
request_string=thingSpeakAddress;
request_string += "key=";
request_string+="77921LPMGM2OAGQE";
request_string += "&";
request_string += "field3";
request_string += "=";
request_string+=analogRead(A0);
http.begin(request_string);
http.GET();
http.end();
}
delay(10);
float h = dht.readHumidity();
floatt=dht.readTemperature();
if(isnan(h)||isnan(t))
{
Serial.println("FailedtoreadfromDHTsensor!"); return;
 }
if(client.connect(server,80))//"184.106.153.149"orapi.thingspeak.com
{
StringpostStr=apiKey;
postStr +="&field1=";
postStr += String(t);
postStr +="&field2=";
postStr += String(h);
postStr += "\r\n\r\n";
client.print("POST /update HTTP/1.1\n");
client.print("Host:api.thingspeak.com\n");
client.print("Connection: close\n");
client.print("X-THINGSPEAKAPIKEY: "+apiKey+"\n");
client.print("Content-Type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded\n");
client.print("Content-Length: ");
client.print(postStr.length());
client.print("\n\n");
client.print(postStr);
Serial.print("Temperature:");
Serial.print(t);
Serial.print(h);Serial.print("
SoilSensor");
Serial.print(A0);
Serial.println("%.SendtoThingspeak.");
}
client.stop();
Serial.println("Waiting...");
//thingspeakneedsminimum15secdelaybetweenupdates
delay(10);
}
So,herewehavegivendataforbothsetupsnowfollowthegiveninstructiontomakethe thingspeak
server.
ThingspeakSetup
Step 1
OpenThingspeakwebsite

Step 2
Registerorloginonthewebsite
Login in Thingspeak
Step 3
Create anewchannel here

Step 4
Tickmarkinfrontofthechannelandrenameas youwant
Step 6
SavethisChannel

Step 7
Now,youcanseeyourchannelhere
Step 8
AddApi
Copyyourapikeyfromhereandpasteinyourcode.

Step 9
Nowyoucanseemychannel
Now you can See your project data on the server. All the best for your project. and if you are
unable to make this you can buy this project from us. link is given here.

SmartCities
A smart cityusesinformation andcommunicationtechnologytoimprove the utility, share
knowledgewiththepublic,
governmentassistance.Shrewdurbancommunitiesarethosethatmakeuseofbrilliantideas
andinformationastherequiredresourcestoaddressthemaintainabilityissuesthaturban
communitiesface.Manymetropolitanareasarecurrentlybecomingmoreintelligent,
utilizinginformationandinnovationtoadvancetransportation,energyconsumption,wellness,anda
irquality,aswellas to spur economic growth. A great city'smain objective is to streamline
municipal operations, promote economic development, and address resident
happinessthroughcleverdevelopmentsanddataanalysis.Weintendedtospendagreat amount of
time reading up on several shrewd urban groups in this post. As a result, some of
thekeyboundariesthatcanbebuiltincludeclevermanagement,cleverenergy,cleverbuilding,
clever flexibility, clever structure, clever invention, clever medical care, and clever
residence. Urban areas collect and analyze information using IoT devices such as connected
sensors,lighting,andmeters.Thefoundation,public usage, and administrations,to name just
afew,areallprogressivelydevelopedinurbanareasusingthisknowledge.Smarturban
communitiesfocusonimprovingthelivesoftheirresidentsinsuchfundamentalareasas strategy
effectiveness,reducingwasteandeverydayproblems,improvingfriendlyand financial quality,
and enhancing the social consideration of their residents.

Introduction

TheInternetofThings(IoT)isafreshperspectiveoncomputerizedconnectivitythatenvisions a not-
too-distant future in which everyday things will be fitted with microcontrollers and
smartphones.Intelligentdisplaystacks will equip themtocommunicatewithoneanother and
theclients,evolvingintoanessentialcomponentoftheInternet.Smart,self-designing
objects that are connected to one another through a global organizational framework are
anticipated to be produced under the IoT model. IoT is typically thought about as real,widely
distributed,lowcapacity,andmanagingproductswiththeaimofadvancing theunwaveringquality,
performance, and security of the brilliant city and its frameworks. Due to the ongoing
population growth, development is necessary. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel
approach to computerized networking that predicts the fitting of everyday objects with
microcontrollers andsmartphones in the not-too-distant future. Intelligent display stacks will
enable them to interact with clients and one another, developing into a crucial element of the
Internet.Under theIoTconcept, itisenvisaged thatintelligent,self-designingitemswouldbe
createdandconnectedtooneanotherthroughaglobalorganizationalframework.IoTisoften viewed
as actual, widely dispersed, low capacity, and controlling items with the objective of
enhancing the bright city's and its systems' unwavering quality, performance, and security.
Development is required becauseof the populationexpansion that is happening. The Internet
of Things (IoT) is a novel approach to computerized networking that predicts the fitting of
everyday objects with microcontrollers and smartphones in the not-too-distant future.
Intelligent display stacks will enable them to interact with clients and one another,developing
into a crucial element of the Internet. Under the IoT concept, it is envisaged that intelligent,
self-designing items would be created and connected to one another through a global
organizational framework. IoT is often viewed as actual, widely dispersed, low capacity, and
controlling items with the objective of enhancing the bright city's and its
systems'unwaveringquality,performance,andsecurity.Developmentisrequiredbecauseof
thepopulationexpansionthatishappening.Thesearesomechallengesofasmartcityare
following:

Lack of funds: As urban communities try to work on their foundation with brilliant
innovations, paying for such undertakings presents a significant test while presenting savvy
advancements for an enormous scope.

Governance: The implementation of these large-scale projects involves a long series of

legislative and policy agreements.

Lackofinfrastructureand labor: Metropolitan foundation assumes an essential part in savvy

city projects. Contingent upon the current foundation in energy, water, and transportation
frameworks, among others, a task might be figured out requiring pretty much speculation
time.

Digital Security: In intelligent cities, the interrelationship between public and private is
possible thanks to the flow of data.

Infrastructure and services are needed to meet the needs of city dwellers due to the rapid
increase in population density in metropolitan areas. Due to the ability of all devices to
connect to the Internet and communicate with one another, there has been considerable
growth in the use of digital devices, such as sensors, actuators, and smartphones.

AdvantagesofSmart City:
• AutomaticSwitchingofStreetlights.
• MaintenanceCost Reduction.
• Reductionoflightpollution.
• Keepthecity clean.
• Improvetrafficandreduceparkingtimes.
• Reductionofmanpower.

Theobjectivesofthispaperareasfollows:

1. Tostudysmartcitiesofoverallcountries.
2. Thisreview is focusedonthelastdecadesofsmartcities.
3. SmartparkingsystemusingIoT.
4. AsmartstreetlightingsystemusingIoT.
5. GarbagemonitoringsystemusingIoT.

IoT-basedsmart city

ThefollowingFigureprovidesandillustrationofanIoT-basedsmartcity.

AnillustrationofanIoT-basedsmartcity

The IR sensors, LDR, PIC16F877A microcontroller, relay, UART, and Wi-Fi module make
up the ingenious street lamp's construction. LDRs are light-dependent devices, and their
blockagegrows in thedark and shrinkswhen exposed to light. A light-dependent resistor has a
high resistance when maintained dull. The vehicle that is passing the streetlight is recognized
byanIRsensor.Thestreetlightbulbcanbe turnedonandoffduringthetransfer.
The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) software on a microcontroller
manages the PC's connection to the associated streetlight framework.

Blockdiagramofsmartstreetlightingsystem [5]

The clever street lamp's structure is made up of IR sensors, LDR, PIC16F877A

microcontroller, relay, UART, and Wi-Fi module. LDRs are light-dependent devices whose
blockage expands in darkness and decreases when light shines on them. When a light-
dependent resistor is kept dull, its resistance is quite high. An IR
sensor identifies the car that is driving past the streetlight. During the transfer, the streetlight
bulb can beturnedon andoff.Amicrocontroller with softwareknownas aUART(Universal
Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) controls a PC's connection point to its connected
streetlight framework.

Blockdiagramofsmartparkingsystem [8]

It is divided into three areas. The parking area is the first, and it includes an IR sensor and
Arduino devices. With the aid of these devices, the client establishes a connection with the
halting location. Without the aid of an RFID card, the user is unable to enter the parking
space. The cloud-based web administrations, which serve as a go-between for the client and
the stopping region, are covered in the following section. Depending on whether a parking
space is available, the cloud is updated. The user can view the admin to see if the cloud
services are available, and the admin manages the cloud services. The user side is the third
section.
 IoTpotentialapplication[9]

AfewadministrationsthatworkwiththeclimatemayemergeasaresultoftheIoT'ssuccessful
implementation. It can then open up a variety of contextualization and geo-mindfulness
options. Heterogeneous hardware permits the mechanization of comparative and customary
workouts using the IoT stage in homes and buildings. The execution of administrations via
web interfaces is undoubtedly possible when transforming items into the information of
apparatuses that are completely connected via the Internet. Huge numbers of sophisticated
home applications use sensor networks [9]. The government (at the municipal, state, and
federal levels) should deploy IoT services in all crucial issue areas to enhance government
information systems and administration.

IoTbasedinterconnections

The latest developments in computerized innovations have made shrewd urban regions even
more shrewd than previously. A smart city has sensors for transportation systems, road
cameras for perception systems, and other electronic components that are used in numerous
applications. Additionally, this may increase the use of personal cell phones. This way,
different concepts like article highlights, givers, inspirations, and security standards shouldbe
investigated while accounting for the diverse climate.
 IoTArchitecture

We need to create a schematic architecture that allows us to quickly and easily depict the
completeprocess inordertodemonstratetheplausibilityandsuitability of thisframework,as
illustrated in fig. We can infer from the architecture that the system as a whole is a
combinationofessentiallyjusttwodifferent components. Thefirstis atrafficcontrolsystem,

Blockdiagramofparkingsystem

Theparkingdevicesandsensorsaretheninstalledin theirparkingzonesbyateamofparking
installation workers who then travel to the parking place. Things and personality-specific
gadgets were where the Internet of Things (IoT) concept first emerged.

Thedevicesmightbemonitored,controlled,ortestedusingdistantInternet-connectedPCs.
 Thearchitectureofwirelesssensornode

WSNs make diverse genuine information available and can be used for many things,
including government and natural administrations, healthcare, and many other things.
Additionally, WSNs and RFIDs can be combined to achieve a variety of goals, such as
gathering dataabout the whereabouts ofpeople andobjects,developments,temperatures,and
other things. A WSN is made up of distant sensor hubs that have a radio point of contact, an
analoguetodigitalconverter(ADC),anumberofsensors,memory,andapowersource..

Thearchitectureofsmartcityplanning

TheIoT-basedsmarttechnologiesareintegratedforcitydatacreationfordevelopingthenext-
generationSuperCity,asdepictedinFigure.Datafromthosesmartsystemsarekeptinbig
storage facilities so that they may be later examined for Super City planning. Government
officialscanassesslastyear'selectricityconsumptionand estimate the demand for electricity in
the upcoming year using data supplied by smart homes. Municipalities can therefore
implementtherequired action to meetfutureneeds and developa long-termplan for creating
new dams to increase energy production.

ConceptualrepresentationofanurbanIoTnetworkbasedonthewebserviceapproach

Webrieflygoovertheconnectionlayerinnovationsthatcanbeusedtoconnectthevarious
components of the IoT before we start outlining the web administration approach for the
design of IoT administrations, which requires the organization of reasonable convention
layers in the various components of the organization, as displayed in the convention stacks
portrayed in Fig. Last but not least, we show the varied configuration of devices that consent
to an urban IoT.
 Proposedflowofenergyefficientsmartandintelligentstreetroadlightingsystem
The information and energy flow of the proposed sustainable energy efficient smart street
road lighting system (EESSRLS) is depicted in Figure 1. It consists of a smart electric pole
that transmits light and motion information via sensors and actuators to the Master control
unit (MCU), which computes intensity based on this information and tunes the LED lamps
using a PWM-based dimming system via a smart electric pole-mounted LED light controller
(LLC). We utilize a separate sustainable power system for energy made up of a PV solar
panel, battery storage system, and intelligent electric utility grid.

Resultsanddiscussion

Thefollowing tableshowsthecomparativestudy ofthedifferentmethods used forIoT-based

smart cities:

Sr.No. Methods Components Advantages Disadvantages

LDR, LED, Smart AutomaticSwitching More

1. Smartstreetlighting Sensors,Arduinonano, of Energy
System using IoT. Lightning pole. Streetlights. Consumption.

ArduinoNano,LDR,
An illustration of an IR Sensors, LED,
2. Securityanddata
IoT-basedsmartcity.
privacyconcerns.

Decreased
ArduinoNano,Cloud,
SystemArchitecture managementcosts Itverywellmightbea
3. IR Sensors, Parking
of smart parking and reduced piece mistaking for
Slot, LED, Lamp.
system using IoT. pollution. new clients.

IoT Potential ArduinoNano,LDR,

IR Sensors, LED, Bettertransportation
4. Applicationsfor
Buzzer, Ultrasonic service and safer Securityconcernsand
Smart Cities.
Sensor,Dustbins, communication. dataprivacyconcerns.
Cloud.
SmartSensors,
IoT based
5. Arduino nano, Minimizethehuman Highlydependenton
interconnections.
Lightningpole. work and effort. the Internet.
LCD, LDR,
Internet of Smart cities are
Signal
thingsSchematic technology-driven,
6. Generator,Internet, It starts in homes
showingofthesystem and most decision
Database, where you may suffer
architecture. making
Server,Street light. fromalackofprivacy.
 Availability of the
Smartparkingsystem Arduino Nano, IR space could be found
7. Cost and time
usingIoTtechnology. Senso.rs,LED,Parking only after the car
efficientsolution.
Slots. enterstheparkingslot.

Increasedcostsfor
PowerSupply, Reducedcostofin-
Thearchitectureofa data or service
8. Sensors, house IT
wirelesssensornode migration and
Transceiver, management.
integration.
Microcontroller,ADC.
Aggregator,Water
Sensor'sdeployment System,Vehicular
Creation of
and smart systems Traffic,
9. safer Significant
data Front
communication. capital investment in
generation Screen,Sensors,
technologyisrequired.
Temperature.

Conceptual
WAN, Control
representationofan Automaticand
10. urban IoT network Center,Gateway,Web Considerableincrease
efficienturban
Fronted, Database in electronic waste.
based on the web management.
Manager.
service approach

The method of IoT based smart cities are displayed in the above table. In smart street
lightningsystem using IoTstreetlights areautomatic switching of.Moreenergyconsumption in
this method. An illustration of an IoT based smart city method help for less crime. To
decreased management costs and reduced pollution system architecture of smart parking
system using IoT method developed. There are several applications of an IoT based smartcity
that are explained in IoT potential applications for smart cities.

IoT based interconnections minimize human work and effort. Internet of things schematic
showingofthesystem architecture method are technology driven and most decision making.
To reduce the cost of in-house IT management the architecture of a wireless sensor node
method is used. Smart parking systems using IoT technology method is solution to reduce
time and humans’ effort as well as the overall cost of the fuel burnt in search of the parking
space. The main idea is the creation of smart parking using the internet of things and
ultrasonic sensors, where available parking places display in web application.

SmartHealthcare
The healthcare monitoring systems has emerged as one of the most vital system and
became technology oriented from the past decade. Humans are facing a problem of
unexpected death due to various illness which is because oflack of medical care to the
patients at right time. The primary goal was to develop a reliable patient monitoring system
usingIoTsothatthehealthcareprofessionalscanmonitortheirpatients,whoareeither
hospitalized or at home using an IoT based integrated healthcare system with the view of
ensuring patients are cared for better. A mobile device based wireless healthcare monitoring
system was developed which can provide realtime online information about physiological
conditions of a patient mainly consists of sensors, the data acquisition unit, microcontroller
(i.e., Arduino), and programmed with a software (i.e., JAVA). The patient’s temperature,
heart beat rate, EEG data are monitored, displayed and stored by the system and sent to the
doctor’s mobile containing the application. Thus, IoT based patient monitoring system
effectively monitor patient’s health status and save life on time.

INTRODUCTION
The increased use of mobile technologies and smart devices in the area of health has caused
greatimpactontheworld.Healthexpertsareincreasinglytakingadvantageofthe benefits these
technologies bring, thus generating a significantimprovement in health carein clinical
settings. Likewise, countless ordinary users are being served from the advantages of the M-
Health (Mobile Health) applications and E-Health (health care supported by ICT) to improve,
help and assist their health.

According to the constitutions ofWorld Health Organization (WHO) the highest attainable
standard of health is a fundamental right for an individual. As we are truly inspired by this,
we attempt to propose an innovative system that puts forward a smart patient health tracking
system that uses sensors to track patient vital parameters and uses internet to update the
doctors so that they can help in case of any issues at the earliest preventing death rates.

.
 PositionofSensorPads Input

BlockDiagram

BlockdiagramofsensorsconnectedwiththePC
 BlockdiagramofHealthmonitoringsystem

RESULTSANDDISCUSSION

OperatingMechanism

STEP1:TheHeartbeatsensorisfixedtothepatient’s finger.ThiscontainsanIRsensorinit
.Everypumpingweget pulsefromthatsensor.This sensoroutputisgiven tothearduinovia Signal
conditioning unit for amplification

Heartbeatsensor
STEP2

NTC type thermistor is used as a temperature sensor. This temperaturesensor output varies
based on the temperature, this output is also given to arduino.
 Temperaturesensor
STEP3

EEG sensoris a cost-effective board used to measure the electrical activity of the heart.This
electrical activity can be charted as an ECG or Electrocardiogram output as an analog
reading. ECGs can be extremely noisy, the AD8232 Single Lead Heart Rate Monitor acts as
an op-amp to help obtain a clear signal fromthe PR and QT Intervalseasily and connectedto
arduino.

EEGsensor
STEP4

All these valuesare transferred to PC via RS232 and by using theURL,itistransferredto the
mobile app created.

Output inLCD
Outputin theMobileApplication:

The output is displayed in the form of string in a particular interval of time. The applicationis
very simple as it just displays the analog values followed by a statement describing the kind
of value displayed.
 Outputdisplayedinthemobileapplicationdevice

Testing and findings health care unit

The Patient Health Monitoring System developed is tested using various personswith
normaltoabnormalhealthconditions.Thevarioustestingand findings producing results with
minimal error rate and the observationsare listed below.

TemperatureFindings
The NC type thermistor used is programmed to display the value at room temperature for
demo purposes with minimal error of+ or – 5.

temperaturesensor

Testings Normalvalue Observedvalue Errorrate

Person 1 24 28 +4

Person 2 24 30 +6
Observedtemperaturereadings
ECGFindings

TheIRsensorisusedtomeasurethepulserateintheerrorrangeof+or–6.
 ECGmeasurementsensor

Testings Normalvalue Observedvalue Errorrate

Person 1 74-78 72 -2

Person 2 74-78 84 +6
ECGvaluesobservedfromdifferent person

EEGFindings
The EEG sensor is used with electrodes with error rate indicating the status as active or
inactive.

EEGmeasurement sensor

Testings Normalvalue Observedvalued Status

Person 1 100-300 131 Active

Person 2 100-300 165 Active

Table4.3EEGvaluesobservedfromdifferentperson

Data display in the mobile application unit

The day to day vital parameters such as heart beat, body temperature, EEG signals can be
displayed in the mobile phone and the same can be send to the doctor during emergency
situations.
Outputdisplayedin themobileapplication unit