CHAMELI DEVI INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, INDORE

ANTIBIOTICS

SOURABH D JAIN
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
INTRODUCTION
• Antibiotics are chemical substances that inhibit the growth or kill bacteria, aiding in the treatment of bacterial infections

without significantly harming host cells.

• Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections by targeting specific bacterial structures or metabolic pathways, such

as cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, or DNA replication.

• Antibiotics are bioactive compounds, either naturally derived from microorganisms or synthetically produced, that suppress

bacterial growth or cause bacterial cell death.

• Antibiotics are a class of antimicrobial agents designed to prevent, control, and treat bacterial infections, available in

various formulations like oral, topical, and intravenous drugs.

• Antibiotics are secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms, primarily fungi and bacteria, to inhibit the growth of

competing microbes in their natural environment.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Sr. No. Year Event

1 Ancient Times Egyptians, Greeks, and Chinese used moldy bread and plant extracts to treat infections.

2 1860 Louis Pasteur proposed the germ theory of disease, emphasizing the role of microbes.

3 1867 Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery using carbolic acid (phenol).

4 1882 Robert Koch identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis, paving the way for targeted treatment.

5 1909 Paul Ehrlich developed Salvarsan (arsphenamine), the first synthetic antimicrobial agent for syphilis.

6 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin from Penicillium notatum.

7 1932 Gerhard Domagk discovered Prontosil, the first sulfonamide antibiotic.

8 1940 Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain purified and demonstrated the clinical use of penicillin.
Selman Waksman and Albert Schatz discovered streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against
9 1944
tuberculosis.
10 1947 Chloramphenicol was discovered, the first broad-spectrum antibiotic.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Sr. No. Year Event

11 1948 Tetracycline was introduced as a broad-spectrum antibiotic.

12 1952 Discovery of erythromycin as an alternative to penicillin for Gram-positive infections.

13 1955 Cephalosporins were discovered from Acremonium (formerly Cephalosporium).

14 1957 Rifamycin was discovered, later used as rifampin for tuberculosis treatment.

15 1960 Development of semi-synthetic penicillins (ampicillin, methicillin) to overcome resistance.

16 1972 Discovery of vancomycin, effective against Gram-positive bacteria.

17 1981 Introduction of carbapenems (imipenem) as broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics.

18 2000 Introduction of new classes: oxazolidinones (linezolid) and lipopeptides (daptomycin).

19 2010 Development of β-lactamase inhibitors to combat resistance.

NOMENCLATURE
β-lactam antibiotics

•All β-lactam antibiotics contain a β-lactam ring, a four-membered cyclic amide, essential for antibacterial activity.
•Variations in the side chains and additional rings define different classes.

Class Key Structural Feature Naming Pattern & Examples

Penicillins β-lactam ring fused to a thiazolidine ring Suffix: -cillin (e.g., Penicillin G, Amoxicillin, Methicillin)

Prefix: Cef- or Ceph- (e.g., Ceftriaxone, Cephalexin,

Cephalosporins β-lactam ring fused to a dihydrothiazine ring
Cefepime)

Carbapenems Modified β-lactam ring with a double bond Suffix: -penem (e.g., Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem)

Monobactams Single β-lactam ring without a fused system Prefix: Az- (e.g., Aztreonam)
NOMENCLATURE
β-lactam antibiotics

•All β-lactam antibiotics contain a β-lactam ring, a four-membered cyclic amide, essential for antibacterial activity.
•Variations in the side chains and additional rings define different classes.

Class Key Structural Feature Naming Pattern & Examples

Penicillins β-lactam ring fused to a thiazolidine ring Suffix: -cillin (e.g., Penicillin G, Amoxicillin, Methicillin)
NOMENCLATURE
β-lactam antibiotics

•All β-lactam antibiotics contain a β-lactam ring, a four-membered cyclic amide, essential for antibacterial activity.
•Variations in the side chains and additional rings define different classes.

Class Key Structural Feature Naming Pattern & Examples

Prefix: Cef- or Ceph- (e.g., Ceftriaxone, Cephalexin,

Cephalosporins β-lactam ring fused to a dihydrothiazine ring
Cefepime)
NOMENCLATURE
β-lactam antibiotics

•All β-lactam antibiotics contain a β-lactam ring, a four-membered cyclic amide, essential for antibacterial activity.
•Variations in the side chains and additional rings define different classes.

Class Key Structural Feature Naming Pattern & Examples

Carbapenems Modified β-lactam ring with a double bond Suffix: -penem (e.g., Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem)
NOMENCLATURE
β-lactam antibiotics

•All β-lactam antibiotics contain a β-lactam ring, a four-membered cyclic amide, essential for antibacterial activity.
•Variations in the side chains and additional rings define different classes.

Class Key Structural Feature Naming Pattern & Examples

Monobactams Single β-lactam ring without a fused system Prefix: Az- (e.g., Aztreonam)